University of Veterinary Science

About: University of Veterinary Science is a education organization based out in Pyinmana, Myanmar. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Receptor. The organization has 597 authors who have published 650 publications receiving 14262 citations.

New evidence of bovine leukemia virus circulating in Myanmar cattle through epidemiological and molecular characterization.

Abstract: Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, which is the most common neoplastic disease of cattle. BLV infects cattle worldwide and causes serious problems for the cattle industry. In this study, we examined the prevalence of BLV infection and the distribution of BLV genotypes in cattle in the northern, central, and southern parts of Myanmar. The prevalence of BLV infection among Myanmar cattle (37.04%) in this study was markedly higher than the prevalence (9.1%) observed in our earlier study in which BLV was detected from the limited number of cattle only from a small area of Myanmar. Phylogenetic analysis of partial env-gp51 sequence of the isolated BLV strains revealed that there are at least three BLV genotypes (genotype-1, genotype-6, and genotype-10) in Myanmar, which have also been detected in the neighboring countries. We performed this study to estimate the BLV proviral load, which is a major diagnosis index for determining the virus transmission risk. The cattle of the three test regions with warm, wet, and humid climatic conditions (upper Sagaing, Yangon, and Kayin) exhibited a high mean proviral load, while cattle of three other regions with low annual rainfall and very high temperature (Mandalay, Magway, and upper Bago) exhibited a low mean proviral load. Further, the level of proviral load and the prevalence of BLV infection in Myanmar native cattle (N = 235) were lower than that in the hybrid cattle (Holstein Friesian × Myanmar native) (N = 62). We also observed that the cattle with high risk for BLV transmission, which have high proviral load, may enhance the BLV infection rate. Hence, to control BLV transmission, it is necessary to eliminate these cattle with high-risk for BLV transmission and to diagnose BLV provirus in cattle in the remaining regions/states of Myanmar sharing a boundary with neighboring countries.

DNA structure, and hemagglutination properties of bovine adenovirus type 2 strains which bypass species specificity

Abstract: Bovine adenovirus type 2 (Ad bos 2) strains were examined which had been isolated during natural outbreaks among calves, and lambs in Hungary [Belak, S., Palfi, V.: Arch. ges. Virusforsch.46, 366–369 (1974)]. Differences were detected in hemagglutination properties, and in the restriction site maps of the DNA, which seem to be sufficient to group isolates of Ad bos 2 into two subtypes (subspecies). Some of the strains, recovered from cattle including prototype strain No. 19 are suggested to be separated assubtype A. These viruses hemagglutinate bovine red blood cells, and the physical map of the DNA is similar to, or identical with that of the prototype strain. Virus strains tentatively grouped intosubtype B are pathogenic for both cattle, and sheep under natural conditions. Members ofsubtype B hemagglutinate only rat erythrocytes, and characteristic differences may be detected withBamHI,EcoRI,KpnI, andSalI restriction endonucleases in comparison to the physical maps of the DNA of prototype virus. The genome size of all isolates tested was measured to be ofMr 19.5 to 20.0×106, similar to Ad ovi 1, 4, and Ad bos 4, and 6. All isolates ofsubtype B characteristics were shown to encapsidate heterogeneous genome populations which could be distinguished from those ofsubtype A by the presence of specific restriction endonuclease cleavage fragments with molar ratios of less than 1.0.

Evaluation of Myanmar Medicinal Plant Extracts for Antitrypanosomal and Cytotoxic Activities

Abstract: Current chemotherapeutic options for African trypanosomiasis in humans and livestock are very limited. In the present study, a total of 71 medicinal plant specimens from 60 plant species collected in Myanmar were screened for antitrypanosomal activity against trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma evansi and cytotoxicity against MRC-5 cells in vitro. The methanol extract of dried rootbark of Vitis repens showed the highest antitrypanosomal activity with IC50 value of 8.6 ± 1.5 μg/ml and the highest selectivity index of 24.4. The extracts of Brucea javanica, Vitex arborea, Eucalyptus globulus and Jatropha podagrica had also remarkable activity with IC50 values and selectivity indices in the range of 27.2-52.6 μg/ml and 11.4-15.1 respectively.

Sulfonamide residues in eggs.

Abstract: In two series of experiments lasting 3 days each, laying hens were medicated with sulfonamides via the drinking water. In the first experiment 8 laying hens were given sulfaquinoxaline (SQ) at a dose rate of 400 mg/l, while in the second trial 16 laying hens received a 3:5:5 sulfonamide mixture containing sulfaquinoxaline (SQ), sulfadimidine (SDI) and sulfamerazine (SMN), at a dose of 390 mg/l. According to the water consumption data, the hens' daily sulfonamide intake was 53.6 and 56.9 mg/kg body mass, respectively. Eggs laid during and in the first 10 days after the treatment were collected and assayed for sulfonamide residues by spectrophotometry. The detection limit of the method was 0.16 mg/l and the recovery percentage was between 70 and 80%. Sulfonamide was found to appear already in eggs laid after the first day of treatment. The absorption half-life of the drug was 0.4-0.6 day in the egg-white and 0.93-1.08 day in the egg-yolk. Peak drug level in the egg-white was measured on the last day of medication, while in the egg-yolk within 3 days after the end of treatment. The residue measured in the yolk was 13-16% of that found in the egg-white. Acetylated sulfonamide could be measured in the yolk for 3 days after the treatment: its level reached 15%. On the basis of the elimination rate, complete elimination of sulfonamides requires at least 5.2-7.4 days. Therefore, observance of the generally accepted withdrawal time of 10 days is indispensable.