Showing papers by "University of Victoria published in 1971"

The ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island

Abstract: It is known that the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island used 122 species of plants. Means of collection, preparation, and utilization of these plants are outlined. The role of plants in Salish culture and economy for food, technology, medicine, religion, recreation, linguistics, and migration and settlement patterns is discussed. When possible, phonetic transcriptions are given of Salish names of plants. The ethnobotanies of the Island and related Salish and other Northwest Coast Indian groups are briefly compared. Sixty percent of the plants used by the Western Washington Salish and 20% of the species used by the Thompson Interior Salish were used similarly by the Island Salish. It is concluded that these differences are mainly the result of differences in regional vegetation, extent of trade and inter-group communications, similarity of cultural traits, and the degree of secrecy surrounding use. A map shows the territory of the Vancouver Island Salish and linguistic subdivisions. Summaries of plant uses are given in an Appendix.

The differential correction algorithm for rational L∞ approximation

Abstract: Given a set of function values f(xt) (t=1,2,...,N), we consider the problem of calculating the rational function R(x)=P(x)/Q(x) that minimizes the quantity $$\begin{gathered}\max |f(xt) - R(xt)|, \hfill \\t \hfill \\\end{gathered}$$ where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials of prescribed degrees. To solve this problem Cheney and Loeb [2] proposed a "differential correction algorithm", ODC say, but in a subsequent paper [3] they modified their algorithm, and now the modified algorithm, DC say, is nearly always used in place of ODC. The purpose of this paper is to direct attention back to the original algorithm, because in practice ODC seems to be much better.

The properties of a blast wave obtained from an analysis of the particle trajectories

Abstract: It is shown that all of the flow properties within an unsteady shock wave of intermediate strength can be determined by an analysis of the experimentally observed particle trajec­tories. The analysis has been applied to the blast waves from two large trinitrotoluene (t. n. t.) explosions. The particle trajectories were observed by high-speed photography of smoke tracers formed close to the charges immediately before detonation. The density throughout the flow was determined by application of the Lagrangian conservation of mass equation. This was then used to calculate the pressure, assuming adiabatic flow for each air element between shock fronts. The temperature and sound speed throughout the flow were found from the pressure and density, assuming a perfect gas equation of state. The particle velocity within the flow was obtained from the time derivative of the observed particle trajectories. The results have been compared with other blast measurements and with theoretical calcula­tions. It is estimated that the technique gives the flow properties to an accuracy comparable with that for other forms of measurement, namely, 5 to 10%. This is the first time that it has been possible to describe all the properties of a blast wave based on experimental measurements, only.

A computer program for identifying species-relevé groups in vegetation studies

Abstract: A new method is described for the sorting of vegetation tables by computer. The computer program is largely based upon the principles ofBraun-Blanquet tablework. The main task of the program is the extraction of those species groups from the table which optimally differentiate corresponding groups of releves.

On Jonckheere's k-Sample Test Against Ordered Alternatives

Abstract: In this paper a k-sample non-parametric test for trend is considered. Given a sample of size ni , i = 1, …, k respectively from each of k populations, the test rejects the hypothesis that the k populations are identical if S = Σ k i=2 Si ≥ Si . Here Si is the Mann-Whitney statistic computed when each observation in the i-th sample is compared with the combined observations from the first (i – 1) populations. A recurrence formula is derived for computing the exact distribution of S. Tables of exact probabilities and critical values are given for nominal values of α = 0.5, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.025, 0.01, and 0.005 for k = 3 and all possible sample sizes from 2 to 8, and for equal sample sizes for values of n = 2(1)6, k = 4(1)6.

An Analysis of Suicide Rates among Occupational Categories

Abstract: The correlation between the NORC prestige scale of 1947 with 1950 suicide rates is extremely low for thirty-six specific occupations. The low correlation calls into question the findings of previous studies which employed gross occupational categories and impressionistic prestige rankings. The results indicate that client dependency and two multivariate models, status inconsistency and distributive justice, deserve further exploration in predicting suicide rates for occupations.

The General Theory of Electromagnetic Induction in a Conducting Half-Space

Abstract: Summary The general theory of electromagnetic induction in a conducting halfspace by an external magnetic source is developed in a new way which simplifies and consolidates the classic treatment of A. T. Price. The novel features of the theory are a systematic application of integral transforms and the use of electric and magnetic Hertz vectors aligned normal to the surface of the conductor. It is shown that the solutions associated with the electric Hertz vector correspond only to a free decay of currents within the conductor so that the entire theory of the induction problem is developed in terms of the one scalar component of the magnetic Hertz vector. The general solution of the magnetic Hertz potential corresponding to induction by an arbitrary time-dependent source is obtained in the form of a closed integral involving just one unknown function which is a Fourier transform of the magnetic Hertz potential of the source evaluated at the surface of the conductor. Results corresponding to the special cases of aperiodic and periodic fields are developed and explicit expressions for the electric and magnetic field vectors are also derived. The general theory is illustrated by considering three specific sources: (i) an aperiodic magnetic dipole normal to the surface of the conductor, (ii) a periodic magnetic dipole parallel to the surface of the conductor, and (iii) a periodic line current flowing parallel to the surface of the conductor.

Electrical Correlates of Ciliary Reversal in Oikopleura

Abstract: 1. Reversal of the water current through the pharynx of Oikopleura is brought about by a change in the action of the cilia of the two stigmatal ciliated rings. These ‘ciliary reversals’ occur synchronously in the two ciliated rings and can be evoked by the addition of particulate material to the incoming water or by tactile or electrical stimulation of the lips. 2. Nerves run from the lips via the brain to individual ciliated cells, and it is therefore likely that the ciliated cells are under nervous control. 3. At each ciliary reversal an electrical potential can be picked up on the body surface. The same events are recorded by microelectrodes inserted into the ciliated rings. The microelectrode recordings resemble intracellular recordings, and the reversal potentials are considered to represent depolarizations of the membranes of the ciliated cells. 4. Ciliary reversals continue after removal of the brain, suggesting the existence of a peripheral pacemaker.

Sex as a factor influencing sensitivity to delayed auditory feedback.

Abstract: 30 men and 30 women read paragraphs under no DAF and 5 different DAF conditions No differences were found in reactions of men and women when DAF conditions were randomized When DAF conditions were ordered, women tended to adapt significantly more than men

Myoid conduction in the siphonophore Nanomia bijuga.

Abstract: MYOID conduction has been suspected in the Cnidaria for some sixty years1, but has only recently been demonstrated2,3. There are no recordings available of activity at the cellular level; until now potentials from cnidarian muscles have been recorded with large extracellular electrodes covering a number of active units.

Prohibition and the Social Gospel in Nova Scotia

Abstract: The success of the Prohibition movement in Nova Scotia in 1921 was a result of the transformation of a narrow nineteenth century temperance crusade, based upon rural values and ideas of personal salvation, into a broad campaign for progressive reform. Armed with a new idealism, leadership and greatly expanded institutional support, prohibition became politically irresistable. The change was brought about largely through the churches, in which development of a collectivist, reform theology accompanied the rise of progressive ideology in secular thought. As influential elements among the clergy became committed to the social gospel, as the new theology was called, they provided both an agency for the propagation of reform ideas and the leadership for their implementation. Viewed in this context, the popular image of the prohibitionists as frustrated puritanical zealots bent on suppressing the pleasures of others rapidly breaks down. A detailed examination of the prohibition movement in Nova Scotia suggests that the prohibitionists were motivated primarily by a desire to eliminate the roots of human unhappiness. They wanted to create a new society in which crime, disease and social injustice would be virtually eliminated. Their success in committing society to these goals would be reflected both in the victory of prohibition in Nova Scotia and in its ultimate defeat.

Student Reaction to the Grade Contract

Abstract: ABSTRxiCT The study describes the grade contract and assesses opinions of students who experienced the technique. Data were secured from seniors in an educational measurement and evaluation course. Analysis of student responses to a 14-item attitude scale showed a generally favorable opinion toward the grade contract system. A further compari son of a grade contract group with a control group showed that the former viewed the grade contract method as a fairer system of assigning grades than the conventional technique (p < .01). No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups on the validity of the course examination, the understanding of the objectives of the course, or the quality of the standards for the course. OVER THE last 70 years, criticisms of grades i have taken many different forms. Grades have been shown to be unreliable for individual teach ers marking the same examinations and unrelated in meaning, within and across departments in the same university as well as across universities. The same criticisms, of course, hold today. It is difficult to find a student or a professor who is satisfied with the conventional grading system. Grades have also been accused of causing anti intellectual motivation and disabling anxiety in students. These factors are currently well docu mented by such strange bedfellows as the Stu dents for a Democratic Society (1) and the Asso ciation for Supervision and Curriculum Develop ment (2). A number of minor adaptions have been made by universities in order to improve the eommuni cability of their evaluative procedures. Some have used evaluations pointing to the range of students' strengths and needs in the mastery of fields of knowledge, powers of criticism, and philosophical maturity. Others are using a pass-fail system, particularly in a student's non-major field. Encour aging though these innovations may be, they still fall short of what conscientious educators deem desirable. One innovation in evaluation that seems to offer real hope for improved communication between students and teachers is the grade con tract. Based on an underlying belief in individual freedom, the necessity of commitment, and per sonal responsibility, the grade contract operates on an individual, one-to-one relationship as other grading procedures do not. |

II. Taverns, Coffee Houses and Clubs: Local Politics and Popular Articulacy in the Birmingham Area, in the Age of the American Revolution

Abstract: It has long been a commonplace among historians of eighteenth-century England that effective participation in the political affairs of the nation was confined to the privileged few. The substantial truth of this is undeniable, but its recognition has carried with it the questionable assumption that there wereTwo worlds of politics in the eighteenth century—a tight political establishment, linked to small groups of powerful managers in the provinces, who controlled parliament, the executive, and all that was effective in the nation, and outside this an amorphous mass of political sentiment that found expression in occasional hysteria and impotent polemic, but whose effective voice in the nation was negligible.

Self Righting by Tridacnid Clams

Abstract: TRIDACNID clams can be divided into two distinct groups on the basis of whether they are physically fastened to the substrate. Of the six species comprising the family Tridacnidae1, Tridacna crocea, T. maxima and T. squamosa live byssally attached to dead coral, coral rubble or limestone during the whole of their adult lives. The other species, T. gigas, T. derasa and Hippopus hippopus, live byssally anchored as juveniles, but when approaching maturity their byssus glands atrophy, and the adult clams take up unattached existence on coral rubble or hard packed sand. This habitat difference is also expressed in the weight and morphology of their shells. The byssally attached species possess shell valves which are in most respects larger editions of those found in other bivalves (Fig. 1 A). The unattached clams, on the other hand, possess bizzare shells which are unusually massive resulting from a unique deposition of solid shell material within the cavities of the umbones (Fig. 1 B).

Activation of the C2 to C19 Monocarboxylic Acids by Pseudomonas

Abstract: Cell extracts of pseudomonads grown on hexadecanoic acid contained C11 to C19 acyl thiokinase, C4 to C14 acyl thiokinase, C2 to C6 acyl thiokinase, acetyl thiokinase, and acetokinase.

Effect of monetary rewards on an insight learning task

Abstract: On an insightful learning task, Ss did not perform significantly different in pay and no-pay situations. Increasing the amount of money did not affect the results. Performance was significantly affected only by prior experience with materials involved in the task. These results indicated that insightful performance by humans can be facilitated by increasing familiarity with the task but not by presentation of external rewards.

Three new species of Eupenicillium from soil.

Abstract: Three new species ofEupenicillium are described from soils from the western United States. They areE. idahoense sp. nov.,E. tularense sp. nov., andE. lasseni sp. nov. The conidial stages are new species ofPenicillium.

A comparison of traditional, cluster and Zürich-Montpellier analyses of infaunal pelecypod associations from two adjacent sediment beds

Abstract: A Zurich-Montpellier analysis provided more detailed information about pelecypod associations in two sediment beds than either a traditional subjective approach or a cluster analysis based on Jaccard's coefficient. The Zurich-Montpellier test separated till and sand pelecypod associations, and indicated distinguishing species and atypical samples. Species distinguishing the till association were Cardita ventricosa, Yoldia myalis, Semele rubropicta, Venerupis kennerlyi, Clinocardium nuttallii, Nuculana minuta and Macoma incongrua. Species distinguishing the sand were Macoma elimata, Compsomyax subdiaphana, Yoldia ensifera, Macoma calcarea, M. lipara, M. brota, Yoldia limatula and Macoma alaskana. Two samples contained species from both associations plus some species rare elsewhere. Combined R-and Q-type grouping procedures, of which the Zurich-Montpellier approach is an example, are useful in evaluating benthic faunal similarities, but the suitability of various forms of the procedure needs further study.

Stagnation probe measurements in flowing plasmas

Abstract: Measurements of the ion current to a circular flat stagnation probe have been performed in a laboratory flame of known ionization density. The measurements were performed over an ionization density range from 1015 to 1018 m−3, probe bias voltages from 5 to 400 V and probe/flame velocities from 3 to 19 m s−1. The measurements show good agreement with the calculated sheath/convection currents: I=(VR)0·8 (neeuinfinity)0·6π(60μ)0·4 (mks) for the case where the sheath is thick compared with the probe, and I=(72R8ne3e3uinfinity3 V2μ0πa−3)0·25 (mks) for the case where the sheath is thin compared with the probe. Here R is the radius of the flat conduction face of the probe, ne the ionization density, e the electronic charge, μ the ion mobility, uinfinity the plasma flow velocity relative to the probe, far from the probe, V the probe bias voltage, 0 the permittivity of free space, and α the radius of the insulator surrounding the conducting face of the probe.

General-relativistic and Newtonian gravitational energy transfer

Abstract: Bondi’s Newtonian inductive energy transfer by gravitation is rederived and new forms are presented to exhibit the lack of uniqueness of the Newtonian gravitational Poynting vector. Einstein’s power transfer theory is employed in a straightforward manner to deduce the energy transfer for weak fields in general relativity. The relativistic and classical expressions, developed in terms of the multipole moments of the matter distributions participating in the interaction, coincide in the limit asc→∞.