Showing papers by "University of Victoria published in 1986"
TL;DR: Although these pooled data suggest that maximal gains in aerobic power are elicited with intensities between 90 to 100% V̇O2 max, 4 times per week with exercise durations of 35 to 45 minutes, it is important to note that lower intensities still produce effective changes and reduce the risks of injury in non-athletic groups.
Abstract: This review has grouped many studies on different populations with different protocols to show the interactive effects of intensity, frequency and duration of training as well as the effects of initial fitness levels and programme length on cardiorespiratory fitness as reflected by aerobic power (VO2max). Within each level of exercise duration, frequency, programme length or initial fitness level, the greatest improvements in aerobic power occur when the greatest challenge to aerobic power occurs i.e., when intensity is from 90 to 100% of VO2max. The pattern of improvement where different intensities are compared with different durations suggests that when exercise exceeds 35 minutes, a lower intensity of training results in the same effect as those achieved at higher intensities for shorter durations. Frequencies of as low as 2 per week can result in improvements in less fit subjects but when aerobic power exceeds 50 ml/kg/min, exercise frequency of at least 3 times per week is required. As the levels of initial fitness improve, the changes in aerobic power decreases regardless of the intensity, frequency or duration of exercise. Although these pooled data suggest that maximal gains in aerobic power are elicited with intensities between 90 to 100% VO2max, 4 times per week with exercise durations of 35 to 45 minutes, it is important to note that lower intensities still produce effective changes and reduce the risks of injury in non-athletic groups.
523 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that a spectrum preserving linear map φ from B (X ) to B (Y ) is either of the form φ (T ) = ATA −1 for an isomorphism A of X onto Y or the form Ά(T) = BT ∗ B ∗ X ∗ onto Y.
188 citations
TL;DR: The high water content and low carbon and nitrogen values for medusae could enable them to grow rapidly when feeding on carbon rich prey, and to reach a relatively large size with little carbon investment in tissues and with low carbon loss through respiration.
175 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that quality of life is adversely affected by increased severity of head injury and greater residual motor deficits, and implications for treatment and recovery are discussed.
Abstract: This study examined predictors and indicators of quality of life in 71 patients with closed-head injury (CHI), 2-4 years postinjury. Predictors included premorbid characteristics and acute injury-related data. Indicators included follow-up data, e.g., neuropsychological functioning. Exploratory canonical correlation analyses demonstrated that the combination of the predictor variable, initial Glasgow Coma Scale score, and indicator variables of neuropsychological data in the areas of motor functioning, memory, and constructional ability were related most strongly to quality of life as reported by the patients. Severity of head injury and motor disability also related strongly to quality of life, based on reports by relatives (n = 68) on the Katz Adjustment Scale (Relatives' Form). These findings suggest that quality of life is adversely affected by increased severity of head injury and greater residual motor deficits. Implications of these findings for treatment and recovery are discussed.
138 citations
TL;DR: The likelihood that an individual had experienced pressure to change hand use was not related significantly to gender or to a number of familial factors, however, the success of the hand change varied with gender; females reported greater success in shifting their handedness.
Abstract: We surveyed 650 young adults to assess both their current handedness behaviors and past attempts to shift their hand preference. We found that 73 (11.2%) individuals had experienced hand preference change attempts and 52 (8.0%) had undergone pressure to switch hand preference to the right. The likelihood that an individual had experienced pressure to change hand use was not related significantly to gender or to a number of familial factors. However, the success of the hand change varied with gender; females reported greater success in shifting their handedness.
135 citations
TL;DR: Impaired quality of life was observed in the areas of psychosocial functioning, social role functioning, leisure activities, and, to a lesser extent, physical functioning, during chronic phases of recovery.
Abstract: This study evaluated quality of life in 78 patients with closed head injury (CHI) 2 to 4 years postinjury. Using both interview data and mean data from the Sickness Impact Profile questionnaire, impaired quality of life was observed in the areas of psychosocial functioning, social role functioning, leisure activities, and, to a lesser extent, physical functioning, during chronic phases of recovery. Relatives and close friends reported by means of the Katz Adjustment Scale that the CHI patients showed a series of negative behavioral symptoms 2 to 4 years postinjury. These data suggest that CHI patients may experience impaired quality of life in a number of domains well beyond the acute postinjury phases. An attempt was also made to compare patients' and relatives' reports of patient quality of life. Preliminary analyses indicated modest correspondence between relatives' and patients' ratings of some areas of postinjury dysfunction, including cognitive and behavioral slowing and social withdrawal.
112 citations
TL;DR: Several forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-like molecules were found in brains of both anurans and urodeles, and it is likely that two separate genes in amphibians code for the distinct primary structures of the molecules.
104 citations
01 Mar 1986
TL;DR: The first submersible exploration of Explorer Ridge found extensive hydrothermal fields in relatively old pillow basalts as mentioned in this paper, where massive coalescing spires formed the basis for 25 m high mounds atop which chimneys emit grey smoke and water over 300°C.
Abstract: The first submersible exploration of Explorer Ridge found extensive hydrothermal fields in relatively old pillow basalts. Massive coalescing spires formed the basis for 25 m high mounds atop which chimneys emit grey ‘moke’ and water over 300°C. These sulfides are among the largest such ocean deposits found to date. Three types of vents were found: (1) abiotic iron- and zinc-rich vents; (2) low temperature biotic vents; and (3) high temperature H 2 S-rich vents. Coordinated suites of water, rock and animal samples indicated a basic similarity to vents on Juan de Fuca Ridge while demonstrating a wide range of variation.
102 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that this component of the larval nervous system of larvae of S. purpuratus is derived from a small number of ectodermal cells associated with the apical tuft.
Abstract: The development of the serotonergic component of the nervous system of larvae of S. purpuratus is traced using indirect immunofluorescence with a polyclonal antibody against the neurotransmitter serotonin. Initially one or two neuroblasts can be detected in the thickened epithelium of the animal plate of late gastrulae (56 hr). The number of immunoreactive cells increases to about eight during formation of the pluteus (85–90 hr). Immunoreactive axons appear simultaneously from all neuroblasts present in the 79 hr prism stage larva and form the apical ganglion. It is proposed that this component of the larval nervous system is derived from a small number of ectodermal cells associated with the apical tuft.
95 citations
TL;DR: The structural gene for the hemolytic toxin aerolysin has been cloned into the plasmid vectors pBR322 and pEMBL8+ and was determined and shown to encode the amino terminus of the protein as well as a typical signal sequence of 23 amino acids.
Abstract: The structural gene for the hemolytic toxin aerolysin has been cloned into the plasmid vectors pBR322 and pEMBL8+. The gene was localized on the hybrid plasmids by analysis of plasmids generated by transposon mutagenesis. The sequence of the first 683 bases of an insert in pEMBL8+ was determined and shown to encode the amino terminus of the protein as well as a typical signal sequence of 23 amino acids. Aerolysin is produced by E. coli cells containing the cloned aerolysin gene and it is processed normally by removal of the signal sequence, however it is not released from the cell. The protein appears to be translocated across the inner membrane of E. coli as its signal sequence is removed and the processed protein can be released by osmotic shock.
95 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a general synthesis procedure is developed which leads to an optimal local state-space 2D digital-filter realization that minimizes the output-noise power due to roundoff subject to a scaling condition on the state variables.
Abstract: Based on a roundoff-noise analysis, a general synthesis procedure is developed which leads to an optimal local state-space 2-D digital-filter realization that minimizes the output-noise power due to roundoff subject to a scaling condition on the state variables. The outputnoise power and the signal scaling condition are closely related to two positive-definite matrices W and K . These matrices provide two sets of invariants, called the 2-D second-order modes of the filter, which play a crucial role in the minimization of the output-noise power. With the availability of matrices W and K , the 2-D similarity transformation that yields an optimal state-space realization can be obtained by solving separately two 1-D optimization problems so that the well-developed techniques for minimizing roundoff noise in 1-D state-space digital filters can also be used for minimizing roundoff noise in 2-D state-space digital filters.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore some properties of a controllable system which is near an uncontrollable pair and show to what extent this distance corresponds to certain properties of the uncontrollability matrix and the reachability Grammian.
Abstract: The main goal of this note is to explore some of the properties of a controllable system which, in a precise sense to be defined, is near an uncontrollable pair. To do this, we first discuss the notion of the distance between a controllable system and the nearest uncontrollable one in both real and complex cases [2]-[5]. When this distance is relatively small, we show to what extent this distance corresponds to certain properties of the uncontrollability matrix and the reachability Grammian.
TL;DR: Physiological adaptations of colonies in the areas of resource-sharing, defensive behaviour and locomotion, and exchange of nutrients between zooids, are reviewed and discussed.
Abstract: Physiological adaptations of colonies in the areas of resource-sharing, defensive behaviour and locomotion are reviewed and discussed. Exchange of nutrients between zooids is a fundamental attribute of true colonies, although the transport systems involved vary and, in some cases, complex junctional structures appear to regulate passage of materials between zooids, as in the parallel case of interconnected cell systems. It is not known if regulatory molecules, as well as nutrients, pass via these interzooidal pathways.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that a nonscalar invertible square matrix can be written as a product of two square matrices with prescribed eigenvalues subject only to the obvious determinant condition.
Abstract: It is shown that a nonscalar invertible square matrix can be written as a product of two square matrices with prescribed eigenvalues subject only to the obvious determinant condition. As corollaries, we give short proofs of some known results such as Ballantine's characterization of products of four or five positive definite matrices, the commutator theorem of Shoda-Thompson for fields with sufficiently many elements and other results.
TL;DR: It is hypothesized that phenol oxidases in post-fire Pezizales function in lignin degradation in saprotrophs, but function primarily in detoxification of host-produced phenols in biotrophs.
Abstract: Forty-one isolates of post-fire Ascomycetes, representing 1 species of Sphaeriales and 25 species of Pezizales, were tested for ability to hydrolyze amylose, amylopectin, gelatin, xylan, lipid, pec...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the inclusive jet cross section in the UA1 experiment at the CERN p p Collider at center-of-mass energies √s = 546 GeV and √ s = 630 eV.
TL;DR: The paper stresses the need for reexamination of the notion of “specific” disabilities and further study of the replicability and long-term outcome of LD subtypes.
Abstract: Test scores of two groups of learning disabled children with a mean age of 10 years (N=63 and N=96) were submitted to cluster analysis in an attempt to replicate previously described subtypes. Part of these subjects and a matched control group (N = 170) followed up into adulthood and tested at a mean age of 24 years were cluster analyzed to investigate the persistence of subtypes into adulthood. The clusters found in both childhood and adult samples did resemble subtypes reported in the literature, although at adult age the ‘linguistic’ subtype was no longer present. The results of several validation procedures indicated that the derived subtypes were somewhat less stable than desired. Tests for age differences across clusters shawed significant effects only with unstandardized variables in the adult sample but not in children. Tests for differences between derived clusters in neurological impairment as assessed in childhood proved significant only between control and LD clusters; a similar analysis with ...
TL;DR: In this paper, changes in species composition of the periphyton on introduced substrates were determined in an oligotrophic mountain stream subject to long-term heavy metal contamination.
Abstract: SUMMARY. 1. Changes in species composition of the periphyton on introduced substrates were determined in an oligotrophic mountain stream subject to long-term heavy metal contamination.
2. At the upstream control site, the numerically most abundant taxa were Bacillarioph yta i(Achnanlhes minutissima, Achnanthes microcephala and Achnanthes linearis) as well as, in summer, the Chlorophyta (Mougeotia spp. and Ulothrix subtilissima).
3. At the downstream contaminated site the periphyton community was totally dominated by Bacillariophyta throughout the sampling period. A, minutissima and A, microcephala were co-dominants during spring. Seasonal succession patterns did not parallel those at the upstream site. Chlorophyta were virtually absent and A. minutissima comprised 94% of the community during summer.
4. Species diversity, species evenness and dissimilarity index were utilized to detect differences in species composition, abundance and number. Slight differences were found in spring samples while summer samples indicated major differences between sampling sites.
TL;DR: These sensitive methods revealed furocoumarins not previously detected using HPLC analysis and photobiological bioassay.
TL;DR: In this article, the properties of a sample of 172 charged intermediate vector bosons decaying in the (e v e ) channel and 16 neutral intermediate vector particles decaying in (e + e − ) channel are summarized.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report the results of a study of the three-prong decay mode of the tau in data taken with the DELCO detector at the SLAC e/sup +/e/sup -/ storage ring PEP.
Abstract: We report the results of a study of the three-prong-decay mode of the tau in data taken with the DELCO detector at the SLAC e/sup +/e/sup -/ storage ring PEP. We determine the total three-prong branching ratio to be B(3) = (12.1 +- 0.5 +- 1.2)% and the exclusive branching ratios B(tau..--> pi../sup +/..pi../sup -/..pi../sup + -/..nu..) = (5.0 +- 1 .0)% and B(tau..--> pi../sup +/..pi../sup -/..pi../sup + -/..pi../sup 0/..nu..) = (6 .0 +- 1.2)%, respectively. The data with three charged pions allow for the determination of the mass and width of the A/sub 1/ resonance as M/sub A//sub 1/ = 1056 +- 20 +- 15 MeV and GAMMA/sub a//sub 1/ = 476/sub -/120/sup +132/ +- 5 4 MeV.
TL;DR: In this paper, the claim that Salish languages do not have grammatical categories corresponding to those typically named "noun" and "verb" in most other languages but rather have only a single undifferentiated class which is sometimes used predicatively, sometimes substantively.
TL;DR: GnRH has a variety of novel functions in addition to release of gonadotropin from the pituitary, and certain functions such as those in the retina and sympathetic ganglia have apparently disappeared in amniotes, but GnRH placental functions have appeared in mammals.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a small peptide in the brain, is essential for reproduction. It is now clear that GnRH is part of a family of closely related molecules. The primary structure has been identified for 4 GnRH molecules: mammalian, chicken I, chicken II and salmon. During evolution the molecule has been conserved in length, terminal amino acid structure, 70–90% of amino acid sequence and the His2Trp3 residues,residues, which are important in the release of gonadotropin. Alterations have occurred in positions 5, 7 and 8, regions thought to be involved in receptor binding. The receptors for GnRH have apparently evolved also in that the mammalian and avian receptors vary considerably in their ability to bind different GnRH molecules. Other GnRH family members have been distinguished indirectly by chromatographic or immunological means; 3 different GnRH-like molecules are present, respectively, in lamprey, sturgeon and salmon (a second form). Several GnRH-like molecules including those in chondrichthyes have not yet been distinguished from the proposed salmon II molecule. The lamprey GnRH-like molecule may be a nodal point inthe analysis of the ancestral molecule; hagfish do not contain a detectable GnRH molecule. The elucidation of the GnRH precursor molecule in human placenta showed the presence of a 53-amino-acid gene-related peptide of unknown function, but did not reveal the basis for expression of multiple GnRH forms in many nonmammalian species. GnRH has a variety of novel functions in addition to release of gonadotropin from the pituitary. During evolution certain functions such as those in the retina and sympathetic ganglia have apparently disappeared in amniotes, but GnRH placental functions have appeared in mammals.
TL;DR: An experimental test of the model largely supported the predictions and indicated that with naive users the optimal number of alternatives per page is four to five, which resulted in the shortest search times, the highest success rates, and the highest preference rankings.
Abstract: The paper investigates the issue of the optimal number of alternatives that should be placed on database menu pages. A previous search-time model (Lee and MacGregor, 1985) is extended by proposing a criterion-based decision model, which makes predictions about how the number of alternatives affects the search process and the pattern of errors that will result. An experimental test of the model largely supported the predictions and indicated that with naive users the optimal number of alternatives per page is four to five. These values resulted in the shortest search times, the highest success rates, and the highest preference rankings.
TL;DR: This article investigated sentence context effects on word identification in a lexical decision task and found that words that formed congruent endings for sentence contexts were identified more quickly than incongruent targets.
TL;DR: In this paper, the angular distribution of high-mass jet pairs was shown independent of the subprocess center-of-mass (CM) energy over this range, and the data were used to put constraints on the definition of the Q2 scale.
TL;DR: A representative strain from the high virulence group, strain TF7, was shown by electron microscopy to be covered by a regular surface protein array (S-layer) which was found to be composed primarily of the 52 KD protein antigen.
TL;DR: The studies reported here show that exogenous GnRH can be absorbed by goldfish from the intraperitoneal (ip) cavity, gill surface, or surrounding water, and was equally effective with water or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as vehicle.
TL;DR: Primary data and data from the literature show that the type of larval development in both paleotaxodont and cryptodont bivalves cannot be reliably estimated from egg or prodissoconch sizes.
Abstract: Solemya reidi Bernard 1980 is a gutless protobranch bivalve known to possess intracellular chemoautotrophic bacterial symbionts in its gill. A light and electron microscope study on the embryology and larval development of S. reidi provides data for the bivalve Subclass Cryptodonta. S. reidi spontaneously spawned large eggs (271 μm in diameter), which developed within individual gelatious egg capsules. The first several cleavages were equal and a distinct molluscan cross was formed at the animal pole of the embryo, features previously unreported in bivalve development. Lecithotrophic pericalymma larvae (similar to the larvae of paleotaxodont protobranch bivalves and aplacophoran molluscs) hatched at 18 to 24 h and remained in the water column for a further 5 d at 10°C. At hatching, larvae measured from 360 to 440 μm in length and from 225 to 265 μm in cross-sectional diameter. Definitive adult structures developed within an epithelial locomotory test entirely covered with compound cilia. The test histolysed at metamorphosis and was ingested throught the mouth into the perivisceral cavity. Length and height of the shell following metamorphosis was 433 μm (±42 μm, n=16) and 282 μm (± 29 μm, n=13), respectively. Primary data and data from the literature show that the type of larval development in both paleotaxodont and cryptodont bivalves cannot be reliably estimated from egg or prodissoconch sizes.
TL;DR: The effects of scale of operation and market structure upon the unit costs of residential solid waste collection are simultaneously estimated for a sample of 100 Canadian cities as mentioned in this paper, finding that private producers are 28% less expensive than their public counterparts.
Abstract: The effects of scale of operation and market structure upon the unit costs of residential solid waste collection are simultaneously estimated for a sample of 100 Canadian cities. The findings point to substantial unit cost differences between public and private (contract) producers of solid waste collection. Private producers are 28% less expensive than their public counterparts. Scale economies were found for the producers in the sample. This finding is generally consistent with research published on American cities, but contradicts earlier research in Canada reported by Kitchen (1976). Important differences in costs attributable to service levels were also discovered. Frequency of collection was a key predictor of costs. Changing the frequency of collection from once per week to once every two weeks reduced unit costs by 34%.