Showing papers by "University of Victoria published in 1998"

Customer Evaluations of Service Complaint Experiences: Implications for Relationship Marketing:

Abstract: Many companies consider investments in complaint handling as means of increasing customer commitment and building customer loyalty. Firms are not well informed, however, on how to deal successfully...

Handbook of Sexuality-Related Measures

Abstract: Fundamental to understanding human sexual expression is reliable and valid measurement and assessment. Many instruments have been developed to measure a myriad of sexuality-related states, traits, behaviours and outcomes. Few are easily accessible and the information is often limited concerning appropriate use and psychometric properties. To counter these problems, the Handbook of Sexuality-Related Measures reproduces more than 200 instruments, accompanied by essential information for their use in research, educational and clinical settings. Each chapter describes the development and appropriate use of each instrument. Reliability and validity data are summarized and referenced.

Eyewitness Identification Procedures: Recommendations for Lineups and Photospreads

Abstract: There is increasing evidence that false eyewitness identification is the primary cause of the conviction of innocent people. In 1996, the American Psychology/Law Society and Division 41 of the American Psychological Association appointed a subcommittee to review scientific evidence and make recommendations regarding the best procedures for constructing and conducting lineups and photospreads. Three important themes from the scientific literature relevant to lineup methods were identified and reviewed, namely relative-judgment processes, the lineups-as-experiments analogy, and confidence malleability. Recommendations are made that double-blind lineup testing should be used, that eyewitnesses should be forewarned that the culprit might not be present, that distractors should be selected based on the eyewitness's verbal description of the perpetrator, and that confidence should be assessed and recorded at the time of identification. The potential costs and benefits of these recommendations are discussed.

Evolution of the scale factor with a variable cosmological term

Abstract: The evolution of the scale factor $a(t)$ in Friedmann models (those with zero pressure and a constant cosmological term $\ensuremath{\Lambda})$ is well understood, and elegantly summarized in the review of Felten and Isaacman [Rev. Mod. Phys. 58, 689 (1986)]. Developments in particle physics and inflationary theory, however, increasingly indicate that $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ ought to be treated as a dynamical quantity. We reexamine the evolution of the scale factor with a variable $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ term, and also generalize the treatment to include nonzero pressure. New solutions are obtained and evaluated using a variety of observational criteria. Existing arguments for the inevitability of a big bang (i.e., an initial state with $a=0)$ are substantially weakened, and can be evaded in some cases with ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{0}$ (the present value of $\ensuremath{\Lambda})$ well below current experimental limits.

Buyer–Seller relationships: Similarity, relationship management, and quality

Abstract: Trends of increased diversity in domestic markets and globalization require marketers to interact with dissimilar others. This study draws on similarity-attraction theory and examines the effects of similarity on relationship management behaviors and relationship quality. Similarity in buyer–seller work attitudes, sex, life stage, and personality are found to have differential effects in facilitating open communication, relationship investment, and relationalism. The effects of similarity on relationship quality are found to be primarily indirect, through facets of relationship management. Management implications are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Loss-of-function mutations in a calcium-channel α1-subunit gene in Xp11.23 cause incomplete X-linked congenital stationary night blindness

Abstract: X-linked congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is a recessive non-progressive retinal disorder characterized by night blindness, decreased visual acuity, myopia, nystagmus and strabismus1,2,3 Two distinct clinical entities of X-linked CSNB have been proposed4 Patients with complete CSNB show moderate to severe myopia, undetectable rod function and a normal cone response, whereas patients with incomplete CSNB show moderate myopia to hyperopia and subnormal but measurable rod and cone function The electrophysiological and psychophysical features of these clinical entities suggest a defect in retinal neurotransmission The apparent clinical heterogeneity in X-linked CSNB reflects the recently described genetic heterogeneity in which the locus for complete CSNB (CSNB1) was mapped to Xp114, and the locus for incomplete CSNB (CSNB2) was refined within Xp1123 (ref 5) A novel retina-specific gene mapping to the CSNB2 minimal region was characterized and found to have similarity to voltage-gated L-type calcium channel α1-subunit genes Mutation analysis of this new α1-subunit gene, CACNA1F , in 20 families with incomplete CSNB revealed six different mutations that are all predicted to cause premature protein truncation These findings establish that loss-of-function mutations in CACNA1F cause incomplete CSNB, making this disorder an example of a human channelopathy of the retina

Betrayal of Trust in Organizations

Abstract: Examples of violations or betrayals of trust in organizations abound. Despite growing concern in organizations, relatively little theory exists regarding the dynamics of trust violations from the perpetrator's (rather than the victim's) perspective. We adopt the betrayer's perspective in this article and, drawing from multiple literatures, offer a conceptualization of betrayal, differentiating it from deviant and antisocial behaviors in organizations. Next, we propose a typology of betrayal before focusing on the most common form: opportunistic betrayal. We then develop a model of its antecedents and moderators and highlight the intrapersonal-, interpersonal-, and organization-level characteristics of the model's components. We end by discussing implications for theory, research, and practice.

Changes in the Extremes of the Climate Simulated by CCC GCM2 under CO2 Doubling

Abstract: Changes due to CO2 doubling in the extremes of the surface climate as simulated by the second-generation circulation model of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis are studied in two 20-yr equilibrium simulations. Extreme values of screen temperature, precipitation, and near-surface wind in the control climate are compared to those estimated from 17 yr of the NCEP‐NCAR reanalysis data and from some Canadian station data. The extremes of screen temperature are reasonably well reproduced in the control climate. Their changes under CO2 doubling can be connected with other physical changes such as surface albedo changes due to the reduction of snow and sea ice cover as well as a decrease of soil moisture in the warmer world. The signal in the extremes of daily precipitation and near-surface wind speed due to CO 2 doubling is less obvious. The precipitation extremes increase almost everywhere over the globe. The strongest change, over northwest India, is related to the intensification of the summer monsoon in this region in the warmer world. The modest reduction of wind extremes in the Tropics and middle latitudes is consistent with the reduction of the meridional temperature gradient in the 23CO2 climate. The larger wind extremes occur in the areas where sea ice has retreated.

Mutations of the forkhead/winged-helix gene, FKHL7, in patients with Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly.

Abstract: Genetic linkage, genome mismatch scanning, and analysis of patients with alterations of chromosome 6 have indicated that a major locus for development of the anterior segment of the eye, IRID1, is located at 6p25. Abnormalities of this locus lead to glaucoma. FKHL7 (also called "FREAC3"), a member of the forkhead/winged-helix transcription-factor family, has also been mapped to 6p25. DNA sequencing of FKHL7 in five IRID1 families and 16 sporadic patients with anterior-segment defects revealed three mutations: a 10-bp deletion predicted to cause a frameshift and premature protein truncation prior to the FKHL7 forkhead DNA-binding domain, as well as two missense mutations of conserved amino acids within the FKHL7 forkhead domain. Mf1, the murine homologue of FKHL7, is expressed in the developing brain, skeletal system, and eye, consistent with FKHL7 having a role in ocular development. However, mutational screening and genetic-linkage analyses excluded FKHL7 from underlying the anterior-segment disorders in two IRID1 families with linkage to 6p25. Our findings demonstrate that, although mutations of FKHL7 result in anterior-segment defects and glaucoma in some patients, it is probable that at least one more locus involved in the regulation of eye development is also located at 6p25.

Cell death attenuation by 'Usurpin', a mammalian DED-caspase homologue that precludes caspase-8 recruitment and activation by the CD-95 (Fas, APO-1) receptor complex.

Abstract: Apoptotic cell suicide initiated by ligation of CD95 (Fas/APO-1) occurs through recruitment, oligomerization and autocatalytic activation of the cysteine protease, caspase-8 (MACH, FLICE, Mch5). An endogenous mammalian regulator of this process, named Usurpin, has been identified (aliases for Usurpin include CASH, Casper, CLARP, FLAME-1, FLIP, I-FLICE and MRIT). This protein is ubiquitously expressed and exists as at least three isoforms arising by alternative mRNA splicing. The Usurpin gene is comprised of 13 exons and is clustered within approximately 200 Kb with the caspase-8 and -10 genes on human chromosome 2q33-34. The Usurpin polypeptide has features in common with pro-caspase-8 and -10, including tandem 'death effector domains' on the N-terminus of a large subunit/small subunit caspase-like domain, but it lacks key residues that are necessary for caspase proteolytic activity, including the His and Cys which form the catalytic substrates diad, and residues that stabilize the P1 aspartic acid in substrates. Retro-mutation of these residues to functional caspase counterparts failed to restore proteolytic activity, indicating that other determinants also ensure the absence of catalytic potential. Usurpin heterodimerized with pro-caspase-8 in vitro and precluded pro-caspase-8 recruitment by the FADD/MORT1 adapter protein. Cell death induced by CD95 (Fas/APO-1) ligation was attenuated in cells transfected with Usurpin. In vivo, a Usurpin deficit was found in cardiac infarcts where TUNEL-positive myocytes and active caspase-3 expression were prominent following ischemia/reperfusion injury. In contrast, abundant Usurpin expression (and a caspase-3 deficit) occurred in surrounding unaffected cardiac tissue, suggesting reciprocal regulation of these pro- and anti-apoptotic molecules in vivo. Usurpin thus appears to be an endogenous modulator of apoptosis sensitivity in mammalian cells, including the susceptibility of cardiac myocytes to apoptotic death following ischemia/ reperfusion injury.

Topological invariants for substitution tilings and their associated $C^\ast$-algebras

Abstract: We consider the dynamical systems arising from substitution tilings. Under some hypotheses, we show that the dynamics of the substitution or inflation map on the space of tilings is topologically conjugate to a shift on a stationary inverse limit, i.e. one of R. F. Williams' generalized solenoids. The underlying space in the inverse limit construction is easily computed in most examples and frequently has the structure of a CW-complex. This allows us to compute the cohomology and K-theory of the space of tilings. This is done completely for several one- and two-dimensional tilings, including the Penrose tilings. This approach also allows computation of the zeta function for the substitution. We discuss -algebras related to these dynamical systems and show how the above methods may be used to compute the K-theory of these.

The Dependence of Cluster Galaxy Star Formation Rates on the Global Environment

Abstract: A comparison of star formation properties as a function of environment is made from the spectra of identically selected cluster and field galaxies in the CNOC 1 redshift survey of over 2000 galaxies in the fields of 15 X-ray luminous clusters at 0.18 < z < 0.55. The ratio of bulge luminosity to total galaxy luminosity (B/T) is computed for galaxies in this sample, and this measure of morphology is compared with the galaxy star formation rate as determined from the [O II] λ3727 emission line. The mean star formation rate of cluster galaxies brighter than Mr=-17.5+5logh is found to vary from 0.17 ± 0.02 h-2 M☉ yr-1 at R200 (1.5-2 h-1 Mpc) to 0.00 ± 0.01 in the cluster center, and it is always less than the mean star formation rate of field galaxies, which is 0.39 ± 0.01 h-2 M☉ yr-1. It is demonstrated that this significant difference is not exclusively a result of the difference in morphological type, as parameterized by the B/T value, by correcting for the B/T-radius relation. The distribution of [O II] equivalent widths among cluster galaxies is skewed toward lower values relative to the distribution for field galaxies of comparable physical size, B/T, and redshift, with a statistical significance of more than 99%. The cluster environment affects not only the morphological mix of the galaxy population but also suppresses the star formation rate within those galaxies, relative to morphologically similar galaxies in the field.

A Biogeographical Perspective of the Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Fauna

Abstract: Biogeography seeks to distinguish patterns in the distribution of species and to determine causal processes. Hydrothermal vent habitats have several properties that invite biogeographic studies: constrained to active deep-sea ocean ridges, known in most oceans and anticipated in the rest, patchy in distribution, extreme conditions and a limited group of inhabitants. Biologists have studied 30 vent sites mostly in the Pacific and Atlantic. Currently, 443 invertebrate species are known to generic level although many more are under study. Additionally, 32 octopus and fish species are observed in and around vents. The faunas of other sulphide-rich deep-water habitats such as margin cold seeps and organic masses (wood, carcasses) do not show great affinity at the species level to the vent fauna but the higher taxonomic affiliations suggest close evolutionary ties for many groups. Many studies address the formation of regional faunas using the first- known sites on the Galapagos Rift and northern East Pacific Rise as the major sites of comparison. Physical disjunction of ridge crests is a likely factor in promoting the extensive provinciality that currently exists. Nonetheless, faunas on two sides of the Pacific and in the Atlantic have closer relations to each other than to the nearby “normal” deep-sea fauna. At the individual ridge scale, extensive gene flow among separated populations occurs in many species and serves to maintain the regional species pool. However, major discontinuities between major ridges reduce or eliminate gene flow; vicariant processes appear to be important. The role of differing rates of spreading in different provinces and the concomitant effects on vent habitats and faunas need further investigation. Over 75% of vent species occur at only one site and none occur at all sites. Examination of the reproductive characters of some widespread species reveals no special dispersal strategy nor does reproductive strategy predict the extent of distribution. Vestimentiferan tubeworm species are highly endemic and found only at Pacific vents; their limited spread may be a result of recent entry into the habitat. Alvinellid polychaete cladogenetic pattern does not match geographic regions, indicating independent penetration by numerous lineages. Endemicity among vent gastropods is high with over 60% of genera limited to this habitat; many affiliations with other sulphide-rich habitats can be identified. Among the vent gastropods there are some lineages that may have entered the vent habitat in the Mesozoic. Hydrothermal vents provide a good testing ground for processes that control patterns in diversity. Ecological and historical controls at both local and regional scales can be discerned with further study.

Simulated influence of carbon dioxide, orbital forcing and ice sheets on the climate of the Last Glacial Maximum

Abstract: A coupled atmosphere–ocean–sea-ice model is used to investigate the climate of the Last Glacial Maximum (∼21,000 years ago) and the relative climate-forcing effects of atmosphere CO2, the Earth's orbital parameters and ice-sheet albedo. Tropical temperatures are found to be ∼2.2 °C less than today's—slightly colder than indicated by the CLIMAP palaeoclimate reconstruction. This result is consistent with a low to medium climate sensitivity to radiative perturbations. Temperatures are colder still in the northern North Atlantic region, owing to a weakening and shallowing of the thermohaline circulation. A sensitivity analysis suggests that changes in ocean circulation since the Last Glacial Maximum have not contributed directly to the global-mean temperature change since that time.

Thin aggregative fimbriae enhance Salmonella enteritidis biofilm formation

Abstract: Salmonella enteritidis enteropathogens produce a variety of potentially adherent fimbrial types including SEF14, SEF17, SEF18 and SEF21 (type I). In a simplified, pure culture, biofilm generating system the virulent isolate, S. enteritidis 3b, readily adhered to Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) and stainless steel forming thick cell aggregates. The inability of an isogenic SEF17-deficient mutant to form thick biofilms suggested a role for SEF17 in stabilizing cell-cell interactions during biofilm formation. Epifluorescent detection of SEF17 in biofilms confirmed the association of these fimbriae with aggregated cells but not with adherent mutants unable to produce SEF17. The reduced adherence observed with an isogenic SEF14/SEF21-deficient strain implicated the involvement of additional cell surface adherence factors, possibly including SEF21 (type I) fimbriae in the adherence of S. enteritidis to stainless steel or Teflon. The role of SEF17 fimbriae in biofilm formation and the contributions of SEF17 to the persistence of Salmonellae on surfaces and in food are discussed.

Institutional Ethnography and Experience as Data

Abstract: Experience, as concept, is contested among feminists as to its epistemological status, thus its usefulness in knowledge claims. Institutional ethnography (Smith 1987) is a feminist methodology that nonetheless relies fundamentally on people's experience. Not as Truth, nor the object of inquiry, but as thepoint d'appui for sociological inquiry. This article offers a demonstration of institutional enthnography using observational and interview data that show experience as methodologically central to a trustworthy analysis. A moment in the work lives of nursing assistants in a long-term care setting is captured by a participant observer. The analysis produces two lines of argument. One is methodological; it is argued that nursing assistants' experiences are an entry into the social relations of the setting that, when mapped and disclosed, make those experiences understandable in terms of the ruling arrangements permeating both the organization and their own experiences. The other argument is substantive; the inquiry uncovers how a quality improvement' strategy in a long term care hospital in Canada is reorganizing caregivers' values and practices toward a market orientation in which care appears to be compromised. Use of experience as data in this approach holds the analysis accountable to everyday/everynight actualities in a lived world.

MglA and MglB are required for the intramacrophage growth of Francisella novicida

Abstract: Francisella novicida is a facultative intracellular pathogen capable of growing in macrophages. A spontaneous mutant of F. novicida defective for growth in macrophages was isolated on LB media containing the chromogenic phosphatase substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (X-p) and designated GB2. Using an in cis complementation strategy, four strains were isolated that are restored for growth in macrophages. A locus isolated from one of these strains complements GB2 for both the intracellular growth defect and the colony morphology on LB (X-p) media. The locus consists of an apparent operon of two genes, designated mglAB, for macrophage growth locus. Both mglA and mglB transposon insertion mutants are defective for intracellular growth and have a phenotype similar to GB2 on LB (X-p) media. Sequencing of mglA cloned from GB2 identified a missense mutation, providing evidence that both mglA and mglB are required for the intramacrophage growth of F. novicida. mglB expression in GB2 was confirmed using antiserum against recombinant MglB. Cell fractionation studies revealed several differences in the protein profiles of mgl mutants compared with wild-type F. novicida. The deduced amino acid sequences of mglA and mglB show similarity to the SspA and SspB proteins of Escherichia coli and Haemophilus spp. In E. coli, SspA and/or SspB influence the levels of multiple proteins under conditions of nutritional stress, and SspA can associate with the RNA polymerase holoenzyme. Taken together, these observations suggest that in Francisella MglA and MglB may affect the expression of genes whose products contribute to survival and growth within macrophages.

Spatial and temporal variability of Canadian monthly snow depths, 1946–1995

Abstract: In 1995 the Atmospheric Environment Service of Canada (AES) made a major effort to digitize paper records of daily and weekly snow depth that were not in the Canadian Digital Archive of Climate Data. This resulted in the extension of the snow depth record back to the late 1940s at many stations, and the filling of missing data from a number of stations, particularly in the Arctic. This paper describes the database, the methods used both for quality control and to reconstruct missing data, and presents an analysis of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the data over the 1946–1995 period. Principal component analysis of monthly snow depths revealed that snow depths varied coherently over relatively large regions of Canada, with dominant centres of action located over the West Coast, Prairie, Yukon‐Mackenzie, southern Ontario, northern Quebec and Maritime regions. In many cases, nodes of coherent snow depth variations were associated with corresponding nodes of coherent snow cover duration f...

The cosmological origin of the Tully-Fisher relation

Abstract: We use high-resolution cosmological simulations that include the effects of gasdynamics and star formation to investigate the origin of the Tully-Fisher relation in the standard Cold Dark Matter cosmogony. Luminosities are computed for each model galaxy using their full star formation histories and the latest spectrophotometric models. We find that at z=0 the stellar mass of model galaxies is proportional to the total baryonic mass within the virial radius of their surrounding halos. Circular velocity then correlates tightly with the total luminosity of the galaxy, reflecting the equivalence between mass and circular velocity of systems identified in a cosmological context. The slope of the relation steepens slightly from the red to the blue bandpasses, and is in fairly good agreement with observations. Its scatter is small, decreasing from \~0.45 mag in the U-band to ~0.34 mag in the K-band. The particular cosmological model we explore here seems unable to account for the zero-point of the correlation. Model galaxies are too faint at z=0 (by about two magnitudes) if the circular velocity at the edge of the luminous galaxy is used as an estimator of the rotation speed. The Tully-Fisher relation is brighter in the past, by about ~0.7 magnitudes in the B-band at z=1, at odds with recent observations of z~1 galaxies. We conclude that the slope and tightness of the Tully-Fisher relation can be naturally explained in hierarchical models but that its normalization and evolution depend strongly on the star formation algorithm chosen and on the cosmological parameters that determine the universal baryon fraction and the time of assembly of galaxies of different mass.

Player ability, coach feedback, and female adolescent athletes' perceived competence and satisfaction

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between athlete ability and coach feedback with perceived competence and satisfaction among female adolescent athletes. Athletes (N = 123) reported their perceptions of coaches’ use of feedback, their own field hockey competence, and satisfaction with the coach and team involvement. In addition, coaches’ ratings of athletes’ ability were obtained. Analyses revealed that both ability and coach feedback were significantly related to perceived competence and satisfaction. Specifically, a hierarchical regression analysis revealed that higher ability, more frequent praise and information, and less frequent encouragement and corrective information were related to higher perceived competence. Further, a canonical correlation analysis revealed that higher ability, frequent praise and information after a good performance, and frequent encouragement and corrective information after an error were associated with greater satisfaction with the coach and team involvement. The results are discussed in relation to Harter’s (1978) competence motivation theory. Key words: perceived competence, coach behavior, female athlete, adolescents.

Philosophical Perspectives on Music

Abstract: An introduction to diverse philosophical perspectives on the nature and value of music, ranging from the ancient Greeks to idealism to phenomenology to contemporary socio-cultural critiques. Designed to introduce the serious music student with no philosophical background to the vitality of music philosophical discourse, it explores a broad range of music philosophical terrain, showing the philsophers' reasons for holding what can seem to the non-philosopher like extraordinarily bizarre notions, while at the same time pointing out the philosophical shortcomings of what musicians often take for common-sense musical truths.

Galaxy-Galaxy Lensing in the Hubble Deep Field: The Halo Tully-Fisher Relation at Intermediate Redshift

Abstract: A tangential distortion of background source galaxies around foreground lens galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field is detected at the 99.3% confidence level. An important element of our analysis is the use of photometric redshifts to determine distances of lens and source galaxies and rest-frame B-band luminosities of the lens galaxies. The lens galaxy halos obey a Tully-Fisher relation between halo circular velocity and luminosity. The typical lens galaxy, at a redshift z = 0.6, has a circular velocity of 210 ± 40 km s-1 at MB = -18.5, if q0 = 0.5. Control tests, in which lens and source positions and source ellipticities are randomized, confirm the significance level of the detection quoted above. Furthermore, a marginal signal is also detected from an independent, fainter sample of source galaxies without photometric redshifts. Potential systematic effects, such as contamination by aligned satellite galaxies, the distortion of source shapes by the light of the foreground galaxies, PSF anisotropies, and contributions from mass distributed on the scale of galaxy groups are shown to be negligible. A comparison of our result with the local Tully-Fisher relation indicates that intermediate-redshift galaxies are fainter than local spirals by 1.0 ± 0.6 B mag at a fixed circular velocity. This is consistent with some spectroscopic studies of the rotation curves of intermediate-redshift galaxies. This result suggests that the strong increase in the global luminosity density with redshift is dominated by evolution in the galaxy number density.

Accuracy and Confidence in Person Identification: The Relationship Is Strong When Witnessing Conditions Vary Widely

Abstract: We hypothesized that both accuracy and confidence in suspect identifications depend, in part, on participants' ability to identify the target, and that both accuracy and confidence therefore tend to be higher under conditions that lead to good memory for the target than under conditions that lead to poor memory for the target. Furthermore, we hypothesized that a substantial correlation between accuracy and confidence will be observed if, because of variations in conditions, there is considerable variability across participants in ability to identify the target. Consistent with these hypotheses, manipulations that affected accuracy also affected confidence in the same direction, and when data were collapsed across conditions, the accuracy-confidence correlation was substantial (mean r = .59).

Persistent Interactions of Core Histone Tails with Nucleosomal DNA following Acetylation and Transcription Factor Binding

Abstract: In this study, we examined the effect of acetylation of the NH2 tails of core histones on their binding to nucleosomal DNA in the absence or presence of bound transcription factors. To do this, we used a novel UV laser-induced protein-DNA cross-linking technique, combined with immunochemical and molecular biology approaches. Nucleosomes containing one or five GAL4 binding sites were reconstituted with hypoacetylated or hyperacetylated core histones. Within these reconstituted particles, UV laser-induced histone-DNA cross-linking was found to occur only via the nonstructured histone tails and thus presented a unique tool for studying histone tail interactions with nucleosomal DNA. Importantly, these studies demonstrated that the NH2 tails were not released from nucleosomal DNA upon histone acetylation, although some weakening of their interactions was observed at elevated ionic strengths. Moreover, the binding of up to five GAL4-AH dimers to nucleosomes occupying the central 90 bp occurred without displacement of the histone NH2 tails from DNA. GAL4-AH binding perturbed the interaction of each histone tail with nucleosomal DNA to different degrees. However, in all cases, greater than 50% of the interactions between the histone tails and DNA was retained upon GAL4-AH binding, even if the tails were highly acetylated. These data illustrate an interaction of acetylated or nonacetylated histone tails with DNA that persists in the presence of simultaneously bound transcription factors.