Showing papers by "University of Vienna published in 1976"
TL;DR: In this article, a clear distinction is made between nucleophilic and electrophilic solvent functions towards the solute and rules are presented which are extremely useful in choosing the most suitable solvent for a particular purpose.
667 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new preparative method using triphenylphosphine-diethylazodicarboxylate-hydroxycompound is presented, in which the anions of phosphonium salts can be used as the nucleophils as is shown by the preparation of the derivatives 2a, 2c, 2f, 2h and 2i from 5α-cholestane-3β-ol.
Abstract: New preparative methods using triphenylphosphine-diethyl-azodicarboxylate-hydroxycompound.
The present paper deals with new preparative methods by which the system of triphenylphosphine-diethylazodicarboxylate-hydroxycompound is treated with many nucleophiles. On one side, the transformation of 5α-cholestane-3β-ol to the 3α-substituted derivatives 2a-2e (Scheme 1) by hitherto unregarded nucleophiles like azide, cyanide, thiocyanate, trifluoroacetate and thiophenoxide is shown. Further examples demonstrate the great applicability of the reaction in the case of sensitive substrates. Cholesterol (5) is transformed to the 3α-derivative 6a without any neighbouring group participation by the Δ5-double bond. The analogous transformation of the hydroxysteroides 7 and 9 to the corresponding 3α-substituted compounds 8a and 10a represent further examples to be noted. Noteworthy is also the formation of the epi-vitamine D3-p-nitrobenzoate from the vitamin-D3 itself. On the other side the sources for nucleophils require special consideration. Scheme 1 demonstarates that the anions of phosphonium salts can be used as the nucleophils as is shown by the preparation of the derivatives 2a, 2c, 2f, 2h and 2i from 5α-cholestane-3β-ol (1). From scheme 2 one can see the very useful preparative fact (12f, 2g, 2h, 21 and 2m) that alkylhalides, alkylsulfates and alkylsulfonates can be used for supplying of the corresponding nucleophile. The possibility of a direct tosylation of a chiral hydroxycompound with inversion of configuration-as it is shown by transformation of (S)-2-butanol to the tosylate, obtained also from (R)-2-butanol and tosylchloride is a further is a further remarkable point. The absence of neighbouring group effects allows also to prepare cis-1, 2- disubstituted cyclohexane compounds type C6H10 (X) (Y) (X = N3, Cl, Y = N3, J) from the corresponding trans-1,2-disubstituted cyclohexanoles C6H10 (X) (OH) (X = N3, Cl). The synthesis of the compounds 14a-15d can be regarded as representative of this new useful methodic principle.
206 citations
TL;DR: Quantitatively evaluated C-banding karyograms and further observations on karyotype structure are presented for Scilla persica, 7 species of the Scilla hohenackeri group, and Puschkinia scilloides, finding very diverse and species-specific banding patterns are found.
Abstract: Quantitatively evaluated C-banding karyograms and further observations on karyotype structure are presented forScilla persica, 7 species of theScilla hohenackeri group, andPuschkinia scilloides. Within theS. hohenackeri group very diverse and species-specific banding patterns are found. On the basis of karyology,S. bisotunensis andS. furseorum should be closely grouped together, whileS. persica andPuschkinia scilloides appear quite isolated.
190 citations
151 citations
TL;DR: The boundaries as well as the macro-epibenthic biomass distribution and composition of a North Adriatic benthic community, dominated by the brittle star Ophiothrix quinquemaculata, are determined and the ecological function and meaning of the observed patterns are discussed.
Abstract: The boundaries as well as the macro-epibenthic biomass distribution and composition of a North Adriatic benthic community, dominated by the brittle star Ophiothrix quinquemaculata (D.Ch.), the sponges Reniera ssp., and the ascidians Microcosmus ssp. were determined. Transects totalling more than 80 km (i.e., a recorded area of approximately 150 000 m2) were taken by means of a combined TV- and photocamera sled. The observations, TV-recordings, and photos, together with 392 diver-collected quantitative samples were evaluated. The biomass values were used to establish isobenths. Within the community, the mean biomass, measured as wet weight, amounted to 370 (±73) g/m2 with maxima of more than 1000 g/m2. 64% of the biomass was due to the designating group Ophiothrix-Reniera-Micrcosmus, 87.5% were represented by filter- and suspension-feeding species alone. The mean biomass in the peripheral areas was evaluated at 166 (±62) g/m2. Biomass distribution and composition is examined, and the ecological function and meaning of the observed patterns is discussed.
109 citations
TL;DR: The histologic pattern of CNS lesions in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and their frequent association with leukemic conversion suggest the importance of hematogenous dissemination rather than of direct spread from bone marrow or local manifestation in multisystem disease.
Abstract: A retrospective histologic study of 145 consecutive autopsy cases of systemic malignant lymphomas (including lymphatic leukemias) was performed. The classification followed the Kiel Classification (Gerard-Marchant et al., 1974). There was an overall secondary CNS involvement in 26.2% of the total or in 30.4% of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas including ALL, with intracranial lesions in 21.4 and 26.1%, respectively, and spinal epidural spread in 5.5 (5.1)%. Peripheral nerve involvement was seen in almost 40% of the examined cases. Ten further cases were isolated (“primary”) intracranial lymphomas without evidence of extraneural deposits or systemic lymphatic disease. The CNS complications in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were diffuse meningeal and/or perivascular infiltration with or without invasion of the nervous parenchyma, and did not differ from those in CNS leukemia. Isolated solid mass lesions in the brain were only present in 7% of the secondary CNS lymphomas, but were seen in all instances of “primary” cerebral lymphomas. The incidence of CNS complications was highest in lymphoblastic lymphomas including ALL (39%), CLL (31%), immunocytic lymphoma (29%), less frequent in immunoblastic (18.7%), and centrocytic lymphomas (16.6%). No intracranial lesion was observed in centroblastic-centrocytic and centroblastic lymphomas which only produced epidural spread. Bone marrow involvement was present in 92.8% of the cases with secondary CNS lesions, and in 83.2% of the epidural lymphomas. Leukemic conversion, present in 44% of the total (52% with ALL), was demonstrated in 83.3% of the cases with secondary brain lesions, but was hardly combined with epidural spread. The histologic pattern of CNS lesions in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and their frequent association with leukemic conversion suggest the importance of hematogenous dissemination rather than of direct spread from bone marrow or local manifestation in multisystem disease. Isolated (“primary”) lymphomas of the CNS which are morphologically identical with the extraneural lymphomas may represent a primary, often lethal manifestation of a multisystem disease with or without secondary generalization.
92 citations
TL;DR: The spastic paraplegia-AD syndrome could be neuropathologically classified as an adult variant of ALD, and ultrastructurally prominent leaflet structures may originate from myelin remnants, thus relating ALD to pathological storage of a myelin degradation product.
Abstract: Clinical and pathological features of an adult variant of adreno-leukodystrophy (ALD) are presented. A male with clinical and laboratory signs of Addison's disease (AD) developed at age 22 a slowly progressing paraplegia with slight sensory deficits in both legs and bladder and sphincter dysfunctions; he died at age 24 in an AD crisis. Autopsy revealed hyperplasia of lymphatic tissues, lymphocytic infiltrates in various organs including the CNS and adrenocortical atrophy with prominence of large ballooned, sometimes bizarre and occasionally striated cortical cells. CNS lesions consisted in incomplete demyelination of long tracts of brain stem and spinal cord with accentuation in the pyramical tracts; in these areas, perivascular cuffs of “epitheloid” histiocytic cells contained a strongly PAS-positive non-sudanophilic material. Electron microscopy demonstrated massive storage of leaflet structures in perivascular histiocytes identical to the lamellar profiles previously described as specific for ALD. Some leaflets were found in close contact with compact lamellar arrays and with an electron-dense fingerprint material within astrocytes.
87 citations
TL;DR: Giemsa C-banding allows the differentiation of six, otherwise very similar karyotypes from the small genusAnacyclus and relationships with other nucleotype parameters and evolutionary mechanisms are discussed.
Abstract: Giemsa C-banding allows the differentiation of six, otherwise very similar karyotypes from the small genusAnacyclus. “Banding style”—with stable centromeric and nucleolar bands, and diverse specific banding patterns in distal chromosome segments—contributes significantly to generic demarcation and systematic grouping. The amount of banding corresponds to heterochromatic chromocentres and increases from perennials to annuals. Relationships with other nucleotype parameters and evolutionary mechanisms are discussed.
82 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the polarographic behavior of tetra-n-butylammonium hexacyanoferrate (II) has been studied in N-methylpyrrolidinone, N-N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, dimethylsulphoxide, N,Ndimethylthioformamide and 1,2-dichloroethane.
79 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that the phosphoprotein represents a phosphorylated intermediate of the calcium-dependent ATPase which formation occurs as an early step in the reaction sequence of calcium translocation by cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum similar as in skeletal muscle.
Abstract: 1
The terminal phosphate of (γ-32P)ATP is rapidly incorporated into cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes (0.7–1.3 μmol/g protein) in the presence of calcium and magnesium. Cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes catalize an ATP-ADP phosphate exchange in the presence of calcium and magnesium.
2
Half-maximum activation of the phosphoprotein formation and ATP-ADP phosphate exchange is reached at an ionized calcium concentration of about 0.3 μM. The Hill coefficients are 1.3.
3
Transphosphorylation and ATP-ADP phosphate exchange require magnesium and are maximally activated at magnesium concentrations close to or equal to the ATP concentration.
4
The phosphoprotein level is reduced to about 45% at an ADP/ATP ratio of 0.1. The rate of calcium-dependent ATP splitting declines, whilst the rate of the calcium-dependent ATP-ADP phosphate exchange increases when the ADP/ATP ratio is varied from 0.1 to 1. The sum of both, the rate of ATP splitting and the rate of ADP-ATP phosphate exchange remains constant.
5
Phosphoprotein formation and ATP-ADP phosphate exchange are not affected by azide, dinitrophenol, dicyclohexyl carbodiimide and oubain, whilst both activities are reduced by blockade of –SH groups localized on the outside of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.
6
The isolated phosphoprotein is acid stable. The trichloroacetic acid denatured 32P-labelled membrane complex is dephosphorylated by hydroxylamine, which might indicate that the phosphorylated protein is an acyl-phosphate.
7
Polyacrylamide gel elctrophoresis (performed with phenol/acetic acid/water) of phosphorylated sarcoplasmic reticulum fractions demonstrates that the 32P-incorporation occurs into a protein of about 100000 molecular weight.
8
It is suggested that the phosphoprotein represents a phosphorylated intermediate of the calcium-dependent ATPase which formation occurs as an early step in the reaction sequence of calcium translocation by cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum similar as in skeletal muscle.
76 citations
TL;DR: Cultured human lymphocytes exposed to these agents in vitro show an increased infrequency of sister chromatid exchanges, related to 8-MOP-DNA photoadducts, which may represent cellular repair of DNA damage.
TL;DR: In order to form a double bond in an organic molecule, two fragments (atoms or groups) are abstracted from adjacent carbon atoms as mentioned in this paper, which is called a β-elimination.
Abstract: In order to form a double bond in an organic molecule, two fragments (atoms or groups) are abstracted from adjacent carbon atoms. Such a reaction is called a β-elimination [12, 221. In many cases one of the fragments is hydrogen.
TL;DR: In this article, the enantiomeric methyl nonactinates 7a and 7b have been synthesized, and the corresponding benzyl esters 7α and 7β have been constructed via nucleophilic reaction of the potassium corboxylate and the ρ-toluenesulfonate using Walden inversion.
Abstract: Beginnend mit (S)-Propylenoxid werden die beiden enantiomeren Nonactinsaure-methylester 7a und 7b bzw. die entsprechenden Benzylester 7α und 7β aufgebaut. Durch nucleophile Esterbildung aus Tosylester und Kaliumcarboxylat unter Waldenscher Umkehr gelang es, den „Diester” 14 aus zwei enantiomeren Nonactinsauren und den „Tetraester” 18 aus den alternierend angeordneten enantiomeren Nonactinsauren zu synthetisieren. Ringschlus des „Tetraesters” fuhrte zum Nonactin.
Highly Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Nonactin
Starting with (S)-propylene oxide both enantiomeric methyl nonactinates 7a and 7b, and the corresponding benzyl esters 7α and 7β have been synthesized. The “diester” 14, consisting of the two enantiomeric nonactinic acids has been constructed via nucleophilic reaction of the potassium corboxylate and the ρ-toluenesulfonate using Walden inversion. In a similar way the “tetraester” 18 with alternating arrangement of the nonactinic acids was formed. Ring closure of the latter gave nonactin.
TL;DR: A hypothesis on the evolution of the cuticle within the vermiform Spiralia is proposed and new data on interstitial Turbellaria and other new forms of interstitial worms suggest a morphological and functional sequence from the multiciliated epidermis of Tur Bellaria to the cuticularized hypodermis of Annelida.
Abstract: The fine structure of the cuticle in the archiannelids Polygordius, Protodrilus, Trilobodrilus, and Diurodrilus is described. Polygordius and Protodrilus are unique with respect to the filiform microvilli penetrating through the cuticle. Basically all forms conform to the most common type of cuticular structure in the Annelida: a fibrous matrix of varying complexity penetrated by micro-villar-like cell processes. Following the ideas expressed by Lyons (1970), a hypothesis on the evolution of the cuticle within the vermiform Spiralia (e.g. Turbellaria, Nemertea, Annelida) is proposed. New data on interstitial Turbellaria and other new forms of interstitial worms suggest a morphological and functional sequence from the multiciliated epidermis of Turbellaria to the cuticularized hypodermis of Annelida.
TL;DR: It is shown that the observations cannot be interpreted simply as a result of base specific drug-DNA interaction, as well as the effect of prestaining with actinomycin D on the differential DAPI fluorescence in nuclei and chromosomes.
TL;DR: The selective affinity of IgA deposits to microbfibrillar bundles may be relevant to the hypothesis that the skin pathology in dermatitis herpetiformis is caused by circulating gluten-antigluten complexes, trapped in the skin by reticulin-bound antireticulin antibodies which cross-react with gluten.
TL;DR: Seven cases are reported of anaplastic cerebral gliomas with metastases outside the neuraxis, seen among about 1500gliomas, and in four cases they transgressed the dura and surrounding bone or soft tissues.
Abstract: Seven cases are reported of anaplastic cerebral gliomas with metastases outside the neuraxis, seen among about 1500 gliomas. There were two children with anaplastic ependymomas, one adult with oligodendroglioma, and four young to middle-aged adults with astrocytomas grade III and IV. All patients had one or more craniotomies, and four had radiotherapy prior to the appearance of distant tumour deposits. The survival times ranged from 7 to 31 months in cases with gliomas grade II, and from 8 to 18 months with high grade astrocytomas. All seven tumours showed invasion of the meninges, ventricular walls, or both, and in four cases they transgressed the dura and surrounding bone or soft tissues. In six autopsy cases there was widespread dissemination of gliomas through the CSF pathways. Distant metastases involved regional or distant lymph nodes in six patients, the lungs in two, and the vertebrae, pleura, liver, or mediastinum in one patient each. The possible pathways for distant spread of intracranial gliomas and the factors which are considered responsible are briefly discussed.
TL;DR: Some patients with positive skin tests to benzylpenicillin and penicilloic acid did not have detectable circulating IgE antibodies to BPO, emphasizing the need for including these antigens in in vitro methods.
Abstract: SUMMARY
Seventy-nine patients with acute or former reactions to penicillin were investigated by a benzyl-penicilloyl (BPO)-specific RAST and/or by skin tests with penicilloyl-polylysine (PPL), benzyl-penicillin and penicilloic acid and the results were correlated with the different clinical pictures. Positive RAST and skin test results could be found in patients with anaphylactic shock, urticaria and serum sickness-like reaction and sometimes in a special group of exanthems, which are characterized by the existence of many different lesions at the same time, therefore called ‘polymorphic exanthems’, and often observed after high-dosage penicillin therapy. In cases of scarlatiniform or morbilliform exanthems no positive results were found. The BPO-specific RAST showed an overall correlation of 95·1% with skin tests using PPL. However, some patients with positive skin tests to benzylpenicillin and penicilloic acid did not have detectable circulating IgE antibodies to BPO. This emphasizes the need for including these antigens in in vitro methods.
The RAST was informative even at the time of the allergic reaction or in the first 15 days afterwards and seems to be very valuable for early diagnosis of penicillin allergy especially in cases when many drugs have been given.
TL;DR: It is proposed that the Presuicidal Syndrome provides a basis for better judgment of the danger of suicide, makes more focused suicide prevention possible, and is an aid in the disclosure of those factors in society that often lead to suicide.
Abstract: The Presuicidal Syndrome, first described in 1958, relates to that specific psychic state of mind that leads to suicidal acts. It is an alarm signal indicating a tendency to suicide. The Presuicidal Syndrome has three principal components: constriction; inhibited aggression turned toward the self; and suicidal fantasies. The clinical details of these components are explicated. It is proposed that the Presuicidal Syndrome provides a basis for better judgment of the danger of suicide, makes more focused suicide prevention possible, and is an aid in the disclosure of those factors in society that often lead to suicide.
TL;DR: In this article, crystal orbital calculations on linear infinite chains of hydrogen fluoride and MO calculations on HF and the linear dimer were performed, and equilibrium geometries, force constants, band structures, densities of states and longitudinal phonon dispersions were compared with the available data.
TL;DR: Electron microscopic immunocytochemical investigations revealed the in vivo-bound IgG to be localized at the epidermal basal lamina and to exhibit a distribution pattern which is identical to that reported for bullous pemphigoid.
TL;DR: The immediate response to alteration of the enzyme activity suggests a close association of a fraction of bile acid active transport with the sodium pump, and a stimulatory action of extracellular sodium on this pathway was observed.
TL;DR: The present circumscription ofCentrospermae, including the “central position” of the closely related Molluginaceae-Aizoaceae-Phytolaccaceae, and the divergence of the other centrospermous families are discussed, appears to be monophyletic.
Abstract: The present circumscription ofCentrospermae, including the “central position” of the closely relatedMolluginaceae-Aizoaceae-Phytolaccaceae, and the divergence of the other centrospermous families are discussed. The group appears to be monophyletic and may have been derived from “Polycarpicae” (reminiscent ofIlliciales?). Flower reduction, a trend towards anemophily, and loss of anthocyanin pigments appear significant for primitiveCentrospermae. Development of showy flowers, secondary polyandry and betalain pigments characterize later evolutionary stages towards zoophily (e.g.Portulacaceae, Cactaceae). Further reductions are again connected with anemophily (e.g.Achatocarpaceae, Chenopodiaceae).
TL;DR: The effect was studied of local anesthetics on the forward and the backward reactions of the calcium pump of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum on the account of a reduction of the phosphoprotein formation by orthophosphate.
TL;DR: In this article, a rigorous analysis of the Iterated Defect Correction (IDC) algorithm for two-point boundary value problems is presented, and a complete proof of Theorem 5.1 of [1] is given.
Abstract: In Part II of this paper we present a rigorous analysis of the Iterated Defect-Correction -- applied to two-point boundary value problems -- which was introduced in Part I of this paper [1]. A complete proof of Theorem 5. 1 of [1] is given.
TL;DR: In this article, the dissected plantar nerves of 105 patients with clinical symptoms of Morton's disease were examined under light and electron microscopy, and 75 patients showed characteristic neuronal lesions; in the others different pathologic substrates responsible for the clinical symptoms could be demonstrated.
Abstract: The dissected plantar nerves of 105 patients with clinical symptoms of Morton's disease were examined under light and electron microscopy. Of the 105 cases, 75 showed characteristic neuronal lesions; in the others different pathologic substrates responsible for the clinical symptoms could be demonstrated. The nervous lesions are characterized by:
1.
Thickening of the walls of the endoneurial vessels produced by multiple layers of basement membranes.
2.
Edema and sclerosis of the endoneurium. In the electron microscope the endoneurium was filled by deposits of fibrils with a tubular substructure and a diameter of 100–110 A.
3.
Thickening of the perineurium.
4.
Degeneration of the nerve fibers without signs of wallerian degeneration or obvious reactive Schwann's cell hyperplasia.
TL;DR: This paper describes the design principles of a new endoprosthesis made of dense aluminum oxide (A12O3) and implanted without bone cement and the clinical-radiologic and the first histological findings available are encouraging.
Abstract: This paper describes the design principles of a new endoprosthesis made of dense aluminum oxide (A12O3) and implanted without bone cement. Mechanical tests and animal experiments have proved the sufficient mechanical strength of the bone-prosthesis connection as well as the biocompatibility of the material. So far, 12 tumor patients selected according to strict indication criteria have been operated on. Both the clinical-radiologic and the first histological findings available are encouraging. Special reference is made to the first fully ceramic total hip joint endoprostheses implanted in a human without bone cement.
TL;DR: Comparison of the mode of synthesis of catalase T and A shows that no precursor-product relationship exists between the two proteins, and the enzyme and its precursors are absent from anaerobic cells.
Abstract: Catalase A from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its biosynthetic precursors can specifically be immunoprecipitated from extracts obtained from yeast cells grown in the presence of l-[3H]leucine or 59FeCl3. The enzyme and its precursors recognized by a specific antiserum are absent from anaerobic cells. During oxygen adaptation of yeast pre-grown on 0.3% glucose under anaerobic conditions catalase A is formed via a heme-less precursor, probably the apomonomer of the protein, and a heme-containing intermediate. When cells are grown in the presence of Tween 80 the amount of catalase A, but not of catalase T, increases 4-fold. Comparison of the mode of synthesis of catalase T and A shows that no precursor-product relationship exists between the two proteins.
TL;DR: Male albino rats fed for 2–6 weeks on a diet containing 0.75% clofibrate showed an increase in the number of microbodies and as compared to the controlsmicrobodies were lying in groups more frequently and small particles located closely adjacent to “normal” sized peroxisomes were found particularly after short feeding periods.
Abstract: Male albino rats (Sprague Dawley) were fed for 2–6 weeks on a diet containing 0.75% clofibrate. Liver cell fractions obtained from these animals were assayed for peroxisomal enzymes. In the cell homogenate the catalase activity was doubled, whereas the activity of urate oxidase was found to be only slightly depressed. The activity of carnitine acetyltransferase increased several times. In liver peroxisomes purified by isopycnic gradient centrifugation the specific activity of urate oxidase decreased appreciably showing that peroxisomes formed under the proliferative influence of clofibrate are not only modified with respect to their morphological characteristics but also to their enzymic equipment. This is also obvious from the changes in peroxisomal carnitine acetyltransferase activity which was enhanced by clofibrate to more than the fivefold amount. In purified mitochondria this enzyme was even more active: clofibrate advances both, the peroxisomal and the mitochondrial moiety of carnitine acetyltransferase. Morphological and cytochemical studies showed an increase in the number of microbodies and as compared to the controls microbodies were lying in groups more frequently. Small particles located closely adjacent to “normal” sized peroxisomes were found particularly after short feeding periods. While the number of coreless microbodies increased studies gave no clear evidence for an increase in marked shape irregularities of the peroxisomes.
TL;DR: Measurements of macro- and micro-features of the Mediterranean gorgonian Eunicella cavolinii Koch showed significant differences in the growth form between colonies from exposed and sheltered localities, correlated with velocities of orbital water movement of the habitat.