University of Vienna

About: University of Vienna is a education organization based out in Vienna, Austria. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Stars. The organization has 44686 authors who have published 95840 publications receiving 2907492 citations.

Reactive oxygen species signaling in plants.

Abstract: The evolution of aerobic metabolism such as respiration and photosynthesis resulted in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A common property of all ROS types is that they can cause oxidative damage to proteins, DNA, and lipids. This toxicity of ROS explains the evolution of complex arrays of nonenzymatic and enzymatic detoxification mechanisms in plants. However, increasing evidence indicates that plants also make use of ROS as signaling molecules for regulating development and various physiological responses. In this review, novel insights into the mechanisms of how plants sense and respond to ROS are discussed in the context of the biological effects and functions of ROS in plants.

Summary of constitutional data on the Aluminum-Carbon-Titanium system

Abstract: The constitution of the titanium-aluminum-carbon ternary system has been investigated combining critical evaluation of literature data with new experimental results. Three ternary phases occur in this system: Ti3AlC, Ti2AlC, and newly discovered Ti3AlC2. As analyzed by wet chemistry methods, all three phases are carbon deficient with respect to their “ideal≓ stoichiometry, which is based on the crystal structure formula. Ti2AlC and Ti3AlC melt incongruently at 1625 ± 10 ‡ and 1580 ± 10 ‡, respectively. Ti3AlC2 decomposes in the solid state. The two isothermal sections at 1000 and 1300 ‡ investigated experimentally are corroborated by thermochemical calculations. A projection of the liquidus surface is given, and a reaction scheme linking this liquidus projection with the isothermal sections observed is proposed.

Dual RNA-seq unveils noncoding RNA functions in host–pathogen interactions

Abstract: Bacteria express many small RNAs for which the regulatory roles in pathogenesis have remained poorly understood due to a paucity of robust phenotypes in standard virulence assays. Here we use a generic 'dual RNA-seq' approach to profile RNA expression simultaneously in pathogen and host during Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection and reveal the molecular impact of bacterial riboregulators. We identify a PhoP-activated small RNA, PinT, which upon bacterial internalization temporally controls the expression of both invasion-associated effectors and virulence genes required for intracellular survival. This riboregulatory activity causes pervasive changes in coding and noncoding transcripts of the host. Interspecies correlation analysis links PinT to host cell JAK-STAT signalling, and we identify infection-specific alterations in multiple long noncoding RNAs. Our study provides a paradigm for a sensitive RNA-based analysis of intracellular bacterial pathogens and their hosts without physical separation, as well as a new discovery route for hidden functions of pathogen genes.

Archaea in Biogeochemical Cycles

Abstract: Archaea constitute a considerable fraction of the microbial biomass on Earth. Like Bacteria they have evolved a variety of energy metabolisms using organic and/or inorganic electron donors and acceptors, and many of them are able to fix carbon from inorganic sources. Archaea thus play crucial roles in the Earth’s global geochemical cycles and influence greenhouse gas emissions. Methanogenesis and anaerobic methane oxidation are important steps in the carbon cycle; both are performed exclusively by anaerobic archaea. Oxidation of ammonia to nitrite is performed by Thaumarchaeota .T hey represent the only archaeal group that resides in large numbers in the global aerobic terrestrial and marine environments on Earth. Sulfur-dependent archaea are confined mostly to hot environments, but metal leaching by acidophiles and reduction of sulfate by anaerobic, nonthermophilic methane oxidizers have a potential impact on the environment. The metabolisms of a large number of archaea, in particular those dominating the subsurface, remain to be explored.

Preserved CD4+ central memory T cells and survival in vaccinated SIV-challenged monkeys.

Abstract: Vaccine-induced cellular immunity controls virus replication in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)–infected monkeys only transiently, leading to the question of whether such vaccines for AIDS will be effective. We immunized monkeys with plasmid DNA and replication-defective adenoviral vectors encoding SIV proteins and then challenged them with pathogenic SIV. Although these monkeys demonstrated a reduction in viremia restricted to the early phase of SIV infection, they showed a prolonged survival. This survival was associated with preserved central memory CD4+ T lymphocytes and could be predicted by the magnitude of the vaccine-induced cellular immune response. These immune correlates of vaccine efficacy should guide the evaluation of AIDS vaccines in humans.