Showing papers by "University of Virginia published in 1976"
Book•
01 Jan 1976TL;DR: In this article, a confused decision maker, who wishes to make a reasonable and responsible choice among alternatives, can systematically probe his true feelings in order to make those critically important, vexing trade-offs between incommensurable objectives.
Abstract: Many of the complex problems faced by decision makers involve multiple conflicting objectives. This book describes how a confused decision maker, who wishes to make a reasonable and responsible choice among alternatives, can systematically probe his true feelings in order to make those critically important, vexing trade-offs between incommensurable objectives. The theory is illustrated by many real concrete examples taken from a host of disciplinary settings. The standard approach in decision theory or decision analysis specifies a simplified single objective like monetary return to maximise. By generalising from the single objective case to the multiple objective case, this book considerably widens the range of applicability of decision analysis.
8,895 citations
TL;DR: The present study re‐examines, with autoradiographic methods, the pattern of termination of fibers originating from various medio‐lateral divisions of the entorhinal cortex on dentate granule cells and on hippocampa pyramidal cells of the rat.
Abstract: The present study re-examines, with autoradiographic methods, the pattern of termination of fibers originating from various medio-lateral divisions of the entorhinal cortex on dentate granule cells and on hippocampal pyramidal cells of the rat. Entorhinal fibers were found to distribute in a proximo-distal gradient along the dendrites of dentate granule cells, with afferents from the medial entorhinal area terminating in the innermost portion of the entorhinal synaptic field, afferents from the lateral entorhinal area terminating in the most superficial portions of the entorhinal synaptic field, and intermediate medio-lateral locations in the entorhinal area terminating in intermediate locations in the entorhinal synaptic zone. A similar graded pattern of termination of medial and lateral entorhinal fibers was apparent in the very slight crossed projection of the entorhinal area to the contralateral dentate gyrus. In addition, a comparable gradient in the pattern of termination of entorhinal fibers was evident in the entorhinal projection field in the distal regions of the pyramidal cells of regio inferior of the hippocampus proper. Entorhinal projections to regio superior were, however, organized in quite a different fashion. In this zone, there was no evidence of a proximo-distal gradient in the patterns of termination of medial and lateral entorhinal areas along the dendrites of regio superior pyramidal cells. Rather, the medio-lateral organization was in a longitudinal dimension, with medial entorhinal afferents terminating in the portions of regio superior near the CA1-CA2 transition, and lateral entorhinal afferents terminating furthest from the CA1-CA2 transition, immediately adjacent to the CA1-subicular transition, and in the molecular layer of the subiculum proper. A comparable longitudinal organization of entorhinal projections to regio superior was also evident in the zones of termination of the crossed temporo-ammonic tract, contralateral to the injection. These results demonstrate a heretofore unrecognized complexity in the patterns of projection of the entorhinal area to the hippocampal formation, and illustrate that the entorhinal cortex cannot be divided into only two discrete divisions on the basis of the pattern of projection.
889 citations
TL;DR: The pathway from the entorhinal cortical region to the hippocampal formation has previously been shown to be comprised of two sub‐systems, one of which projects predominantly to the ipsilateral fascia dentata and regio inferior of the hippocampus proper, and a second which projects bilaterally to regio superior.
Abstract: The pathway from the entorhinal cortical region to the hippocampal formation has previously been shown to be comprised of two sub-systems, one of which projects predominantly to the ipsilateral fascia dentata and regio inferior of the hippocampus proper, and a second which projects bilaterally to regio superior. The goal of the present investigation was to determine if these two pathways might originate from different cell populations within the entorhinal area. The cells of origin of these entorhinal pathways were identified by retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP).
Injections which labeled the entorhinal terminal fields in both the fascia dentata and regio superior resulted in the retrograde labeling of two populations of cells in the entorhinal area. Ipsilateral to the injection, HRP reaction product was found in the cells of layer II (predominantly stellate cells) and the cells of layer III (predominantly pyramidal cells). Contralateral to the injections, however, the reaction product was found almost exclusively in the cells of layer III.
With selective injections of the entorhinal terminal field in regio superior, only the cells of layer III were labeled, but these were labeled bilaterally. Selective injection of the entorhinal terminal field in the fascia dentata, however, resulted in the labeling of cells of layer II, but not of layer III, and these cells of layer II were labeled almost exclusively ipsilaterally. A very small number of labeled cells in layer II were, however, found contralateral to the injection as well.
No labeled cells were found either in the presubiculum or parasubiculum following injections of the hippocampal formation. These cell populations were found capable of retrograde transport of HRP, however, since cells in both presubiculum and parasubiculum were labeled following HRP injections into the contralateral entorhinal area.
These results suggest that the projections to the fascia dentata originate from the cells of layer II, while the projections to regio superior originate from the cells of layer III of the entorhinal region proper. The very slight crossed projection from the entorhinal area to the contralateral area dentata probably originates from the small population of cells in layer II which are labeled following HRP injections in the contralateral area dentata.
851 citations
TL;DR: The fluorescence deplorarization associated with the hydrophobic fluorescent probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene is used to monitor changes in fluidity accompanying the gel-liquid crystalline phase transition in phosphatidylcholine dispersions, and phase diagrams are interpreted to suggest that the miscibilities of the lipids studied are markedly different in small, single-lamellar vesicles and large multilameLLar lip
Abstract: The fluorescence depolarization associated with the hydrophobic fluorescent probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene is used to monitor the changes in fluidity accompanying the gel-liquid crystalline phase transition in synthetic phosphatidycholine dispersions. The parameters of the phase transition are determined for both large, multilamellar liposomes and small, single-lamellar vesicles. These parameters are compared with those obtained using other techniques. In addition, the data are interpreted in terms of two limiting molecular models, which in turn offer insight into the structural differences between multilammelar liposomes and small vesicles.
749 citations
TL;DR: An experimentally testable thermodynamic and kinetic model based upon the results of a calorimetric and fluorescent probe study of the thermotropic behavior of various types of dispersions of dipalmitolphosphatidylcholine bilayer vesicles is developed.
Abstract: The results of a calorimetric and fluorescent probe study of the thermotropic behavior of various types of dispersions of dipalmitolphosphatidylcholine bilayer vesicles are reported. Bangham-type, multilamellar vesicles exhibit tow distinct phase transitions at 34.6 and 41.2 degrees C. On the other hand, single-lamellar spherical vesicles appear to exhibit a single transition at 37 degrees C. The single-lamellar vesicles are thermodynamically unstable below 27 degrees C and slowly transform into a multilamellar structure with a single phase transition of 41.2 degrees C. These transformed structures resemble, but are not identical with, Bangham-type vesicles. An experimentally testable thermodynamic and kinetic model based upon these results is developed.
439 citations
TL;DR: The structure of carp muscle calcium-binding parvalbumin has been refined to an overall residual of 0.25 by a combination of model building and difference Fourier analyses, and these procedures and results are applicable to other protein refinement problems.
413 citations
TL;DR: All rRNA loci, whether having complete or incomplete gradients, exhibit high densities of nascent transcripts per unit length, suggesting that the rate of chromatin transcription, rather than the RNA polymarase I pool size, limits rRNA synthesis on individual genes.
379 citations
366 citations
TL;DR: One study as mentioned in this paper found that breakpoints were more accurate at breakpoints than at non-breakpoints, and increased in accuracy as a function of length of deletion for breakpoints only.
364 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is reported that whereas guanine nucleotides have no effect on the binding of this iodinated antagonist, GTP, GDP, and guanylyl imidodiphosphate all impair the ability of beta adrenergic agonists to inhibit thebinding of [125I]iodohydroxybenzylpindolol.
Abstract: We have previously characterized the binding of [125I]iodohydroxybenzylpindolol to beta adrenergic receptor sites in two clonal lines of cultured cells [Maguire, M. E. , Wiklund, R. A., Anderson, H. J. & Gilman, A. G. (1976) J. Biol. Chem., 251, in press]. We now report that whereas guanine nucleotides have no effect on the binding of this iodinated antagonist, GTP, GDP, and guanylyl imidodiphosphate all impair the ability of beta adrenergic agonists to inhibit the binding of [125I]iodohydroxybenzylpindolol. The nucleotides have no effect on the ability of other beta adrenergic antagonists to inhibit binding. Thus, with this method, beta adrenergic agonists and antagonists can be distinguished by means of binding alone; no assessment of "effect" need be made.
306 citations
TL;DR: From approximately 48,000 procedures, ten deaths were reported and are described: all patients who died had either myocardial disease, severe chronic pulmonary disease, serious pneumonia, or cancer.
TL;DR: This control mechanism could serve to protect the myocardial cell during periods of regional ischemia by acting to conserve ATP through reduced Ca ++ influx and contraction, and thus preventing the affected cells from working themselves to death.
Abstract: Calcium ion influx into the myocardial cell during the action potential initiates and controls the degree of contraction. The Ca ++ influx leads to an increase of the myoplasmic free Ca ++ concentration to about 10 −5 molar for activation of the myofibrils; Ca ++ may also be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum by the entering Ca ++ or by voltage change across its membrane. The inward Ca ++ current during the action potential plateau traverses the sarcolemma through a separate set of slow cation channels that have some peculiar properties compared to fast sodium ion channels: Slow channels are not sensitive to tetrodotoxin, have lower activation and inactivation potentials and are kinetically slow (slow activation, inactivation and recovery processes). Slow Ca ++ channels require metabolic energy and are blocked by verapamil, manganese ion, lanthanum ion and acidosis. When the fast Na ++ channels are blocked by tetrodotoxin or voltage inactivated by 27 millimolar potassium ion, excitability is lost but can be restored by catecholamines and methylxanthines: Propagating slowly rising electrical responses (accompanied by contractions) occur that resemble the plateau of the normal action potential. Positive inotropic agents such as norepinephrine, theophylline and histamine appear to act by elevating cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) levels and increasing the number of Ca ++ channels available for voltage activation. Increased cyclic AMP could lead to phosphorylation of a membrane protein constituent of the slow channels by means of a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Thus, the myocardial cell exercises control over the number of available slow channels and, hence, the Ca ++ influx per impulse. This control mechanism could serve to protect the myocardial cell during periods of regional ischemia by acting to conserve ATP through reduced Ca ++ influx and contraction, and thus preventing the affected cells from working themselves to death. The Ca ++ channels in ischemic cells could be made inoperative by decreased ATP, decreased pH or accumulation of some other metabolite.
TL;DR: While most compounds that interacted with the beta-adrenergic receptor also influenced binding to the second site, the latter did not distinguish between stereoisomers of propranolol, and its affinity for the other compounds tested was poorer.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that octyl glucoside is superior to the other detergents, with the possible exception of digitonin, by the above criteria.
TL;DR: It was concluded that a strong stereotype of a stutterer's personal characteristics exists, that the stereotype is predominantly unfavorable, thatThe stereotype is essentially unaffected by amount of exposure to actual stutterers, and that the traits attributed to boys and men who stutter are similar.
Abstract: To determine if a stereotype of the “typical stutterer” exists and to identify possible differences in that stereotype due to exposure to stuttering, seven groups of subjects having a wide range of...
TL;DR: The owl monkey, as do other mammals, has Xand Y-cells in its lateral geniculate nucleus, and the vast majority of neurons in this nucleus was clearly composed of either Xor Ycells, but there was no activation by fast targets of appropriate contrast to excite the cell through the surround.
Abstract: The owl monkey, as do other mammals, has X- and Y-cells in its lateral geniculate nucleus. X-cells are found in the parvocellular laminae; Y-cells, in the magnocellular laminae.
TL;DR: Extracts of Euphorbia esula L. and Croton tiglium L., two members of the Euphorbiaceae which have been used widely in folk medicine for treating cancers, showed antileukemic activity against the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice.
Abstract: Extracts of Euphorbia esula L. and Croton tiglium L., two members of the Euphorbiaceae which have been used widely in folk medicine for treating cancers, showed antileukemic activity against the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice. Systematic fractionation of the extract of Euphorbia esula L. led to characterization of a major antileukemic component as the new diterpenoid diester, ingenol 3,20-dibenzoate. Similar fractionation of Croton oil led to characterization of phorbol 12-tiglate 13-decanoate as an active principle.
TL;DR: A developmental analysis of central recall for the three learning disabled groups revealed constant age-related increases in overall central recall and in primacy recall, andrelational findings suggest that the selective attention of the learning disabled improves with age.
TL;DR: By attaching appropriate measuring devices to the wall of an intact aortic root at the level of leaflet coaptation, a 16 per cent diameter change during each cardiac cycle is measured.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conducted 125 interviews with businessmen actively involved in plant size and multi-plant operating decisions and investigated the experience of twelve industries in six countries (West Germany, France, United Kingdom, Sweden, Canada, and the United States).
Abstract: Why should manufacturing firms in many national industries maintain multiple small scale plants when they might produce the same output at a lower unit cost in a single large establishment? What specific benefits are attained through the operation of multiple plants? To address these questions, the authors conducted 125 in-depth interviews with businessmen actively involved in plant size and multi-plant operating decisions. They investigated the experience of twelve industries in six countries (West Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Canada, and the United States).The authors develop an economic theory of plant size and multi-plant decisions and apply it to analyze the statistical and qualitative evidence on factors affecting plant size choices. They then examine the extent of multi-plant operation, its statistical correlate, and the economy actually or potentially realizable from various modes of multi-plant operation. Implications are drawn from antitrust and foreign trade policy, the evolution of scientific business management, and the development of industrial organization knowledge.
TL;DR: In this article, the reactionivity of cis dichloro Pt(II) amine antitumor complexes is reduced by Cl−, OH− and dihydroxy bridged dimer substituents, the formation of which is time dependent.
TL;DR: Simultaneous demonstration of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been achieved by staining frozen sections with a modified Koelle-Friedenwald thiocholine method for AChE followed directly by the Graham-Karnovsky procedure for HRP.
TL;DR: The study evaluated the psychosocial functioning levels of a group of chronically ill children across a battery of standardized personality instruments, demonstrating the normalcy rather than the deviance of these children.
Abstract: The study evaluated the psychosocial functioning levels of a group of chronically ill (diabetic, asthmatic, cystic fibrotic, and hearing-impaired) children across a battery of standardized personality instruments. The assessments were performed to provide a rigorous test of the popular hypothesis that chronically ill children are especially vulnerable to psychopathology. In contrast to this stereotype, results across measures demonstrated the normalcy rather than the deviance of these children. Although exceptions were noted, the children's functional strengths and coping abilities noticeably outweighed their weaknesses.
TL;DR: High pressure syringe irrigation is being employed routinely in the emergency department for the care of traumatic wounds on the basis of studies conducted on the influence of the fluid dynamics of Syringe irrigation on the efficacy of wound cleansing and the infection rate of experimental wounds.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the fluid dynamics of syringe irrigation on the efficacy of wound cleansing and the infection rate of experimental wounds. The pressure experienced by a surface following wound irrigation was directly proportional to the pressure within the syringe and the size of the needle. High pressure syringe irrigation effectively removed bacteria from the surface of the wound. reduction in the wound bacterial count resulted in a decrease in the infection rate of tissues. Low pressure irrigation with an asepto syringe did not significantly cleanse the wound of its bacterial contaminants and did no demonstrable clinical merit. On the basis of these studies, high pressure syringe irrigation is being employed routinely in our emergency department for the care of traumatic wounds.
TL;DR: Increases in the anatomical extent of the crossed projection as a consequence of unilateral entorhinal lesions are reflected electrophysiologically and the population spikes are quite prominent in the reinnervated dentate gyrus, indicating a large increase in the effective synaptic drive of the proliferated crossed projections.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the most common form of rhizome disturbance is from the propellers of motor boats, and that damage of this type is most likely to occur in the shallow passes between islands and keys.
Book•
01 Jan 1976TL;DR: A "Then and Now" overview of the Immigrant family in America can be found in this paper, where the authors discuss the diversity among America's ethnic minorities, including the Greek-American family, African-American families, Native American families, and Mexican American families.
Abstract: I. SETTING THE STAGE. 1. Diversity Among America's Ethnic Minorities. 2. A "Then and Now" Overview of the Immigrant Family in America. II. EUROPEAN ETHNIC MINORITIES. 3. The Irish-American Family, Ellen Somers Horgan. 4. The Greek-American Family: A Generational Approach, George Kourvetaris. 5. The Italian-American Family, D. Ann Squiers and Jill S. Quadagno. 6. The Polish-American Family, Helena Znaniecka Lopata. III. HISPANIC ETHNIC MINORITIES. 7. The Mexican-American Family, Rosina Becerra. 8. The Cuban-American Family, Zulima Suarez. 9. The Puerto Rican Family, Melba Sanchez-Ayendez. IV. ASIAN ETHNIC MINORITIES. 10. The Korean-American Family, Pyong Gap Min. 11. The Vietnamese-American Family, Thanh Van Tran. 12. The Chinese-American Family, Morrison G. Wong. 13. The Japanese-American Family, Kerrily J. Kitano and Harry H.L. Kitano. 14. The Asian Indian-American Family, Uma A. Segal. V. HISTORICALLY SUBJUGATED ETHNIC MINORITIES. 15. African-American Families, Harriet Pipes McAdoo. 16. Native American Families, Robert John. VI. SOCIORELIGIOUS ETHNIC MINORITIES. 17. The Jewish-American Family, Bernard Farber, Bernard Lazerwitz, and Charles H. Mindel. 18. The Amish Family, Gertrude Enders Huntington. 19. The Mormon Family, Bruce L. Campbell and Eugene E. Campbell. Index.
TL;DR: Raman measurements on the 1 T -polytype of TaS 2 are reported in this paper, where a large number of Raman-active peaks are observed below 400 cm -1, most of which are attributed to k = 0 optic phonons resulting from superlattice formation.