University of Warwick

About: University of Warwick is a education organization based out in Coventry, Warwickshire, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & White dwarf. The organization has 26212 authors who have published 77127 publications receiving 2666552 citations. The organization is also known as: Warwick University & The University of Warwick.

Purchasing Power Parity and the Real Exchange Rate

Abstract: We assess the progress made by the profession in understanding real exchange rate behavior through a selective and critical, but nonetheless expository, review of the literature. Our reading of the literature leads us to the main conclusions that purchasing power parity might be viewed as a valid long-run international parity condition when applied to bilateral exchange rates obtaining among major industrialized countries, and that mean reversion in real exchange rates displays significant nonlinearities. However, further work investigating the effects of real shocks on the long-run equilibrium level also seems warranted. Copyright 2002, International Monetary Fund

The Global Costs of Schizophrenia

Abstract: Schizophrenia is a chronic disease associated with a significant and long-lasting health, social, and financial burden, not only for patients but also for families, other caregivers, and the wider society. Many national and local studies have sought to estimate the societal burden of the illness--or some components of it--in monetary terms. Findings vary. We systematically reviewed the literature to locate all existing international estimates to date. Sixty-two relevant studies were found and summarized. Within- and between-country differences were analyzed descriptively. Despite the wide diversity of data sets and methods applied, all cost-of-illness estimates highlight the heavy societal burden of schizophrenia. Such information helps us to understand the health, health care, economic, and policy importance of schizophrenia, and to better interpret and explain the large within- and across-country differences that exist.

Epidemiology and one-year outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved, mid-range and reduced ejection fraction: An analysis of the ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry

Abstract: Aims The objectives of the present study were to describe epidemiology and outcomes in ambulatory heart failure (HF) patients stratified by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and to identify predictors for mortality at 1 year in each group Methods and results The European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Long-Term Registry is a prospective, observational study collecting epidemiological information and 1-year follow-up data in 9134 HF patients Patients were classified according to baseline LVEF into HF with reduced EF [EF 50% (HFpEF)] In comparison with HFpEF subjects, patients with HFrEF were younger (64 years vs 69 years), more commonly male (78% vs 52%), more likely to have an ischaemic aetiology (49% vs 24%) and left bundle branch block (24% vs 9%), but less likely to have hypertension (56% vs 67%) or atrial fibrillation (18% vs 32%) The HFmrEF group resembled the HFrEF group in some features, including age, gender and ischaemic aetiology, but had less left ventricular and atrial dilation Mortality at 1 year differed significantly between HFrEF and HFpEF (88% vs 63%); HFmrEF patients experienced intermediate rates (76%) Age, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III/IV status and chronic kidney disease predicted mortality in all LVEF groups Low systolic blood pressure and high heart rate were predictors for mortality in HFrEF and HFmrEF A lower body mass index was independently associated with mortality in HFrEF and HFpEF patients Atrial fibrillation predicted mortality in HFpEF patients Conclusions Heart failure patients stratified according to different categories of LVEF represent diverse phenotypes of demography, clinical presentation, aetiology and outcomes at 1 year Differences in predictors for mortality might improve risk stratification and management goals

Salicylic acid has a role in regulating gene expression during leaf senescence

Abstract: Leaf senescence is a complex process that is controlled by multiple developmental and environmental signals and is manifested by induced expression of a large number of different genes. In this paper we describe experiments that show, for the first time, that the salicylic acid (SA)-signalling pathway has a role in the control of gene expression during developmental senescence. Arabidopsis plants defective in the SA-signalling pathway (npr1 and pad4 mutants and NahG transgenic plants) were used to investigate senescence-enhanced gene expression, and a number of genes showed altered expression patterns. Senescence-induced expression of the cysteine protease gene SAG12, for example, was conditional on the presence of SA, together with another unidentified senescence-specific factor. Changes in gene expression patterns were accompanied by a delayed yellowing and reduced necrosis in the mutant plants defective in SA-signalling, suggesting a role for SA in the cell death that occurs at the final stage of senescence. We propose the presence of a minimum of three senescence-enhanced signalling factors in senescing leaves, one of which is SA. We also suggest that a combination of signalling factors is required for the optimum expression of many genes during senescence.