University of Warwick

About: University of Warwick is a education organization based out in Coventry, Warwickshire, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & White dwarf. The organization has 26212 authors who have published 77127 publications receiving 2666552 citations. The organization is also known as: Warwick University & The University of Warwick.

NDR1, a Pathogen-Induced Component Required for Arabidopsis Disease Resistance

Abstract: Plant disease resistance (R) genes confer an ability to resist infection by pathogens expressing specific corresponding avirulence genes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, resistance to both bacterial and fungal pathogens, mediated by several R gene products, requires the NDR1 gene. Positional cloning was used to isolate NDR1, which encodes a 660-base pair open reading frame. The predicted 219-amino acid sequence suggests that NDR1 may be associated with a membrane. NDR1 expression is induced in response to pathogen challenge and may function to integrate various pathogen recognition signals.

The Spectral Flow and the Maslov Index

Abstract: exist and have no zero eigenvalue A typical example for A(t) is the div-grad-curl operator on a 3-manifold twisted by a connection which depends on t Atiyah et al proved that the Fredholm index of such an operator DA is equal to minus the “spectral flow” of the family {A(t)}t∈R This spectral flow represents the net change in the number of negative eigenvalues of A(t) as t runs from −∞ to ∞ This “Fredholm index = spectral flow” theorem holds for rather general families {A(t)}t∈R of self-adjoint operators on Hilbert spaces This is a folk theorem that has been used many times in the literature, but no adequate exposition has yet appeared We give such an exposition here as well as several applications More precisely, we shall prove the following theorem

Phosphorylation of chloroplast membrane polypeptides

Abstract: ILLUMINATION of chloroplast thylakoids leads to the formation of the so-called high energy state of the membrane1–3. The establishment of this state is accompanied by several structural changes within the membrane, including a conformational change in the coupling factor4, increased accessibility of photosystem II to the chemical probe p-diazonium benzene sulphonate5, and a reduction in the thickness of the partition between stacked thylakoids6. I describe here a rather different type of structural change that has not previously been reported for chloroplast membranes—protein phosphorylation. Like the above changes, protein phosphorylation is a reversible, energy-dependent membrane modification, but it differs from the other changes in that it takes the form of a specific chemical reaction involving certain identifiable chloroplast membrane polypeptides. The most conspicuous of these polypeptides is the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein, the most abundant thylakoid polypeptide7.

The Distinctive Challenge of Educating Social Entrepreneurs: A Postscript and Rejoinder to the Special Issue on Entrepreneurship Education

Abstract: published aspecial issue on the role of management educationin the training and development of entrepreneurs.It sought to “inform AMLE’s readers about the the-ories, methods and best practices in entrepreneur-ship education” (Greene, Katz, & Johannisson, 2004:238). In so doing, it incorporated perspectives fromleading scholars in the field, experienced educa-tors, and successful entrepreneurs.The special issue represents a timely contribu-tion: Through the constituent papers, many of thespecific challenges that the subject poses are ar-ticulated, and some of the most established ideasin the field are critiqued and questioned. For ex-ample, Honig (2004) argues that while the develop-ment of a business plan forms a central componentin most entrepreneurship curricula, there is little ev-idence that it leads to the creation of successful newventures, and it may even inhibit new venture cre-ation in some circumstances. Shepherd (2004) alsodevelops a provocative line of argument, suggestingthat learning from business failure requires that ed-ucators move beyond the cognitive dimension of en-trepreneurship (i.e., how or what entrepreneurs“think”), and explore the emotional relationship thatexists between entrepreneurs and their businesses.In another insightful paper, DeTienne and Chandler(2004) show empirically that it is possible to teachstudentstoidentifybusinessopportunities,andmoregenerally, to exhibit higher levels of innovation, sug-gesting both that entrepreneurship education canhave tangible outcomes and that “entrepreneurshipis not about who the entrepreneur is, but what theentrepreneur does” (p. 254).Taken together, the articles published in the spe-cial issue show that there is no single “best” ap-proach to entrepreneurship education—the keypoint is that content should be based on solid con-ceptual building blocks, allowing students to un-

The Emergence of a Standards Market: Multiplicity of Sustainability Standards in the Global Coffee Industry

Abstract: The growing number of voluntary standards for governing transnational arenas is presenting standards organizations with a problem. While claiming that they are pursuing shared, overarching objectives, at the same time they are promoting their own respective standards that are increasingly similar. By developing the notion of ‘standards markets’, this paper examines this tension and studies how different social movement and industry-driven standards organizations compete as well as collaborate over governance in transnational arenas. Based on an in-depth case study of sustainability standards in the global coffee industry, we find that the ongoing co-existence of multiple standards is being promoted by the interplay between two countervailing mechanisms: convergence and differentiation. In conjunction, these mechanisms are enabling the emergence and persistence of a market for standards through what we describe as meta-standardization of sustainable practices. Meta-standardization leads to convergence at t...