Showing papers by "University of Washington published in 1968"
TL;DR: Several indications exist that the acyltransferase reaction is the major source of plasma esterified cholesterol in man, and one possibility is that it plays a role in the transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.
2,336 citations
TL;DR: A protein kinase that catalyzes an adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP)-dependent phosphorylation of casein and protamine has been purified from rabbit skeletal muscle.
1,376 citations
TL;DR: Volumes calculated from measurements made only on A-P films closely agreed with biplane calculations of volume and the use of single plane techniques did not result in significant errors for the calculation of absolute end-systolic volume or for calculation of stroke volume.
1,081 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the ways to develop techniques to isolate, contain in a trap, thermalize, and possibly refrigerate the atomic systems under observation by providing simultaneously a radiative damping mechanism, the trapping is made permanent.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the ways to develop techniques to isolate, contain in a trap, thermalize, and possibly refrigerate the atomic systems under observation. The electrons move along bound orbits that are characterized by three frequencies. In ultrahigh vacuums, a beam of low-energy electrons is reflected upon itself. Temporary trapping occurs by the transformation of longitudinal kinetic energy into transverse because of e–e collisions. By providing simultaneously a radiative damping mechanism, the trapping is made permanent. Because ion–ion collisions cannot transform energy of the motion of the center of mass into the kinetic energy of the relative motion of the ions, no energy absorption from the field can take place. The ions having been formed by fast ions passing on their charge to thermal atoms may, independent of the collision parameter, be assumed to be initially at rest in good approximation. No energy input into the self-regenerating ion cloud occurs because of the collision process.
666 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a theory is presented which indicates that the quasi-biennial oscillation of the zonal wind in the tropical stratosphere is a result of the interaction of long-period, vertically propagating gravity waves with the Zonal wind.
Abstract: A theory is presented which indicates that the quasi-biennial oscillation of the zonal wind in the tropical stratosphere is a result of the interaction of long-period, vertically propagating gravity waves with the zonal wind. We discuss the theoretical basis and observational evidence for the existence of long-period gravity waves near the equator, and the mechanism of their interaction with the zonal wind, and present some simple numerical results which show how the absorption of the momentum of these waves by the mean flow leads to a downward propagating zonal wind profile. It is shown that the interaction of these gravity waves with the observed semiannual zonal wind oscillation above 40 km will produce a downward propagating quasi-biennial oscillation. We present the results of several numerical experiments with a model of the tropical stratosphere which includes the gravity wave interaction mechanism. The quasi-biennial oscillation is simulated quite successfully. Finally, we discuss possibl...
649 citations
TL;DR: This review of connective tissue repair has attempted to place into historical perspective information obtained by newer approaches, what is known of the inflammatory response, the fine structure of the connective tissues cells in healing wounds and with correlated chemical findings in these tissues.
Abstract: Summary
This review of connective tissue repair has attempted to place into historical perspective information obtained by newer approaches. The literature review is incomplete, as it was unfortunately necessary to leave many interesting studies out of the discussion. Emphasis has been placed upon what is known of the inflammatory response, the fine structure of the connective tissue cells in healing wounds and with correlated chemical findings in these tissues.
An optimal inflammatory response appears to be an important, rapid, non-specific stimulus for fibroplasia. It is not clear how inflammation exerts this effect. The inflammatory cells and their enzymes markedly alter the extracellular matrix of injured tissue. The matrix of connective tissue may itself participate in the control of its own synthesis and degradation. It is possible that modification of this environment by injury and/or inflammation with ensuing matrix alteration may provide a stimulus for cell migration and protein synthesis. The converse may also be true, that is, a given level of matrix concentration may have an inhibitory effect upon the connective tissue cells. The inter-relationships between the connective tissue matrix and the cells, and the possibilities of feedback mechanisms playing a role in maintaining a balance between these two are important areas for future investigation. In this regard, additional questions may be asked concerning the role of the fibroblast in remodelling and degradation of connective tissue. It is not yet clear how important a balance between collagenolytic enzymes and the solubility states, or stability, of collagen are in each connective tissue. It will be interesting to determine which cells make collagenolytic and/or proteolytic enzymes upon appropriate stimulus.
It is possible to distinguish between the fibroblast and the monocyte, or potential macrophage with the electron microscope. The rough endoplasmic reticulum with its large numbers of attached ribosomes is extensively developed in the fibroblast in contrast to the monocyte. The endoplasmic reticulum sequesters collagen precursors and other secretory proteins for transport either directly to the extracellular space, as appears to be the case for collagen, or to the Golgi complex as is the case for other exportable proteins. Collagen precursors are secreted into the environment and are not shed from within the cell surface.
A number of cytoplasmic alterations have been described for fibroblasts and other cells during various pathological states. The significance of these alterations is not clear. It will be important to distinguish between specific and non-specific responses to injury, if these alterations are to aid us in understanding the various cellular responses.
The source of the fibroblasts in granulation tissue appears to be mesenchymal cells from adjacent tissues rather than blood-borne precursors. Although contact inhibition can be demonstrated in vitro, it is not clear how important this phenomenon is in vivo, nor are the reasons for the ability of some tissues to heal by regeneration rather than by scar tissue formation understood.
These and many other questions remain to be answered. The healing wound is multifaceted and presents the opportunity for systematic investigation into the problems of cell proliferation, cell and matrix interactions, and protein synthesis in vivo and it also can help to further our understanding of the ubiquitous fibroblast and its complex extracellular matrix.
411 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of the submicroscopic cytology of differentiating and maturing regenerated epidermis reveals that, in the sequence of events, the formation of filaments, basal lamina, and desmosomes is followed chronologically by evolution of keratohyalin granules and, subsequently, by keratinization of the surface epidermal elements.
Abstract: A series of linearly incised superficial skin wounds was made on the forearms of young adult male volunteers. Wounds were sampled at several intervals between 3 hr and 21 days after wounding, for study by light and electron microscopy. The light microscopic observations show that regeneration of epidermis in human wounds conforms chronologically to that reported for the epidermis in superficial wound repair in laboratory animals. It is further shown that "ruffling" of cell membranes characterizes the cells of the migrating epidermis in early wound healing. This study reveals that the basement lamina and hemidesmosomes are established by epidermis in contact with the fibrin net at the base of early wounds. Epidermal cells in the wound environment are shown to be phagocytic. Analysis of the submicroscopic cytology of differentiating and maturing regenerated epidermis reveals that, in the sequence of events, the formation of filaments, basal lamina, and desmosomes is followed chronologically by evolution of keratohyalin granules and, subsequently, by keratinization of the surface epidermal elements. The entire sequence of migration, differentiation, and ultimate keratinization in the superficial wounds studied requires 3–5 days for completion.
399 citations
TL;DR: MOST experimentally induced animal neoplasms contain tumour specific transplantation antigens (TSTA), against which immunological reactions can be detected both in vivo and in vitro.
Abstract: MOST experimentally induced animal neoplasms contain tumour specific transplantation antigens (TSTA), against which immunological reactions can be detected both in vivo and in vitro1–5.
366 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a study of synoptic-scale wave motions in the equatorial stratosphere is based on the analysis of six months of radiosonde data from three tropical stations.
Abstract: This study of synoptic-scale wave motions in the equatorial stratosphere is based on the analysis of six months of radiosonde data from three tropical stations. Fluctuations in the zonal wind with an average period of 15 days, and amplitudes in the order of 8–12 m sec−1 are noted. Corresponding fluctuations are found in the temperature field with amplitudes of 3–5C and a phase lead of ¼ cycle with respect to the zonal wind. These wave motions which propagate phase downward do not appear to involve the meridional wind component. The observed fluctuations resemble Kelvin waves, which represent one of the solutions of the wave equation on an equatorial beta plane. One of the notable features of this type of wave is that it produces an upward flux of westerly momentum. The observations indicate that this flux is large enough to account for the westerly accelerations associated with the quasi-biennial oscillation.
342 citations
327 citations
TL;DR: Rabbit skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase has been obtained as a nearly homogeneous protein showing a single peak on electrophoresis and in the ultracentrifuge, and the possibility that cyclic 3',5'-AMP acts through stimulation of a second enzyme involved in the system was suggested by the failure to find any evidence for a significant degree of binding of this nucleotide to purified phosphorylated protein.
TL;DR: Connective tissue repair was studied in a series of skin wounds in young adult males, finding cells which appear like poorly developed or immature fibroblasts can be followed during the different stages of wound repair.
Abstract: Connective tissue repair was studied in a series of skin wounds in young adult males. The tissues were examined at 3, 12, and 24 hr, and at 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days after wounding. The neutrophilic leukocytes contain within membrane-bounded vacuoles some fibrin and serum protein from the wound; however, most of the granulocytes lyse and release their cytoplasmic contents into the extracellular space. The mononuclear cells undergo a series of morphologic alterations during which they develop a modest amount of relatively poorly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and an extensive system of smooth-surfaced membranes prior to active phagocytosis. They could be clearly distinguished from immature fibroblasts by the differences in the development of their organelles, particularly the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The perivascular connective tissue adjacent to the wound contains cells which appear like poorly developed or immature fibroblasts. The development of these cells into mature fibroblasts can be followed during the different stages of wound repair. Intimate contact was observed between basal cells of the regenerated epidermis and monocytes in the wound below: cytoplasmic projections of the basal cells extended beneath the basement lamina to the surface of the monocytes. Such contacts were seen only on the 4th–7th day after wounding. Their possible significance is discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that a continuous convex function of one real variable is not differentiable, except perhaps at a countable subset of its interval of continuity, except for a subset of the variables in the norm topology.
Abstract: A continuous convex function of one real variable is differentiable, except perhaps at a countable subset of its interval of continuity. The present paper deals with generalizat ions of this e lementary s ta tement to convex functions which are defined on some Banach space E, and continuous in the norm topology, with \"differentiable\" replaced either by \"Frdchet differentiable\" or \"Gateaux differentiable\". Since for E = L ~ ( 0 , 1 ) the very norm funct ion/ (x) = Ilxll for x in E, which is convex and continuous on all of E, is nowhere even G~teaux differentiable (Mazur [13]), this amounts to a classification of the category of all Banach spaces depending upon whether certain differentiability s ta tements hold. Therefore we say tha t a Banach space is a strong di//erentiability space (SDS) if the following theorem holds for it.
TL;DR: In this paper, the rate equations for the magnetic sublevel populations for an ion with $I=\frac{1}{2}$, $J= \frac{ 1/2}$ were derived under the simultaneous action of spin exchange and spin-dependent charge exchange with an alkali atom.
Abstract: A description is given of a technique, whose application to ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ has previously been briefly reported, whereby the rf spectrum of field-confined paramagnetic ions in ultrahigh vacuum is observed through spin-dependent collision processes with a spin-polarized beam of neutral particles. A rf electric quadrupole ion trap is used, and a description of the ion motion, based on the adiabatic approximation, is given, including the effect of randomizing elastic collisions with neutral background particles. With particular reference to the ${({\mathrm{He}}^{3})}^{+}$-Cs system, the rate equations for the magnetic sublevel populations for an ion with $I=\frac{1}{2}$, $J=\frac{1}{2}$ are derived under the simultaneous action of spin exchange and spin-dependent charge exchange with an alkali atom. According to these equations, the relative intensities observed in the $\ensuremath{\Delta}F=0$ transitions of ${({\mathrm{He}}^{3})}^{+}$ indicate that a Cs spin polarization of 0.5 was achieved in the optically pumped atomic beam. The ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ polarization approached that of the Cs atoms. With on-off modulation of the Cs polarization, a total 2% change in the ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ lifetime was observed, with a signal-to-noise ratio of 4, in an interaction period having a duration of 0.8 sec, the optimum value for the observed 0.4-sec lifetime against Cs-induced ion loss. In the absence of the beam, the lifetime was 8 sec at a residual pressure of 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ Torr. The $\ensuremath{\Delta}F=0$ lines obtained with long integration times had a signal-to-noise ratio which indicated that the $\ensuremath{\Delta}F=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ transitions should be observable, as has since been demonstrated.
TL;DR: In this paper, a class of estimators of the probability density function f and the associated cumulative distribution function F are considered and simple expressions for the mean integrated square errors, M.I.S.E.
Abstract: A class of estimators (referred to as the Fourier estimators m and m) of the probability density function f and the associated cumulative distribution function F are considered. Here m = Σmk=0 âkψk and m = Σmk=0 Âk ψk where the functions {ψk} comprise an orthogonal set with respect to weight function w(x), and the statistics âk and Âk are formed from the n unordered observations.Simple expressions are found for the mean integrated square errors, M.I.S.E., of the estimators m and m, i.e., E∫{ƒ(x) – m(x)}2ω(x)dx and E∫{F(x) – m(x)}2w(x)dx in terms of the variances of âk and Âk and the Fourier coefficients of f and F.For Fourier estimators based upon the trigonometric orthogonal functions the âk are the sample trigonometric moments. The variances and covariances of the statistics âk and Âk for these special cases are shown to be linear functions of the density f's Fourier coefficients. Therefore, simple expressions are obtained which relate the M.I.S.E. of the Fourier estimators m and m to the Fourier coeffi...
TL;DR: It is concluded that estimates of stress on aortic and cerebral vessel walls and central baroreceptors would be grossly overestimated by use of peripheral pulse pressures.
Abstract: Blood pressures were recorded simultaneously from the aortic arch and radial artery using two manometric systems with identical static and dynamic sensitivities. Measurements were made in four normal young men at rest and upright exercise requiring 29, 49, 78, and 100% of maximal oxygen uptake. Average radial arterial pressure rose from 133/66 mm Hg at rest to 236/58 mm Hg at maximal exercise. At the same time, average aortic pressures were 112/68 and 154/70 mm Hg, respectively. From rest to maximal exercise, pulse pressures at central and peripheral sites increased by factors of 1.95 and 2.60, respectively. Inducing reactive hyperemia in the arm abolished peripheral amplification. This amplification also diminished with time during prolonged heavy exercise. Mean pressures were nearly identical at the two sites at any oxygen uptake; mean pressures rose from 87 to 104 mm Hg from mild to maximal exercise. We conclude that estimates of stress on aortic and cerebral vessel walls and central baroreceptors woul...
TL;DR: The surface of a retracted chromatophore is extensively folded, but upon contraction of the radial muscle fibers it becomes flattened and the folds of the surface disappear, indicating that the cell membrane cannot be responsible for the elasticity of the chrom atophore as claimed by earlier investigators.
Abstract: The chromatophore organs of Loligo opalescens are composed of five different types of cells: the chromatophore proper; radial muscle fibers; neuronal processes (axons); glial cells; and chromatophoral sheath cells. The surface of a retracted chromatophore is extensively folded, but upon contraction of the radial muscle fibers it becomes flattened and the folds of the surface disappear. The cell membrane cannot be responsible for the elasticity of the chromatophore as claimed by earlier investigators. The pigment granules are confined within a filamentous compartment (cytoelastic sacculus) throughout the cycle of expansion and retraction. The sacculus decreases in thickness during expansion and increases in thickness during retraction and does not become folded. The elastic properties of the chromatophore are attributed to the cytoelastic sacculus. Primary infoldings of the chromatophore surface are anchored to the sacculus at points called focal haptosomes. The periphery of the sacculus attaches to the plasmalemma of the equatorial part of the chromatophore, opposite the area of attachment of the radial muscle fibers (myochromatophoral junction) by a zonular haptosome. The regular, obliquely striated muscle fibers that expand the chromatophore are associated with axons and glial cell processes. Adjacent muscle fibers may be electrically coupled through close junctions. The entire chromatophore and the muscle fibers are surrounded by sheath cells.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the amount of resources devoted to innovating activity is in general not the optimal one because of the pressure of two opposing forces: competition between potential innovators and the inability of innovators to capture all the benefits tends to make the amount too small.
Abstract: The article shows that innovations are induced, since they become more profitable with the expansion of output. The amount of resources devoted to innovating activity, however, is in general not the optimal one because of the pressure of two opposing forces. On the one hand, competition between potential innovators tends to make this amount too large, on the other, the inability of innovators to capture all the benefits tends to make the amount too small. When all benefits are captured by the innovator either there is no economic growth due to innovations or else innovators are the sole beneficiaries from that growth. When benefits are diffused the innovation will always lead to economic growth, but only by sheer coincidence will it lead to maximum growth, which may be missed because the innovation is introduced either too early or too late. The rate of growth is always positive if the innovation is introduced too late. It may fall to zero with too-early introduction or even become negative if innovational activity is subsidized.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a statistical methodology for the selection and analysis of firm selection and data, and conclude that the methodology is based on the assumption that the firm is an independent entity.
Abstract: Introduction, 435. — Firm selection and data, 436. — Statistical methodology, 439. — Interpretation of data, 440. — Conclusion, 442. — Appendix A, 442. — Appendix B, 447. — Appendix C, 448.
TL;DR: The elctrophoretic pattern of phosphohexose isomerase has been examine in the blood of 3397 unrelated individuals from several different populations groups and it is shown that the pattern is similar to that of E.1.
Abstract: SUMMARY
1. The elctrophoretic pattern of phosphohexose isomerase has been examine in the blood of 3397 unrelated individuals from several different populations groups.
2. Eight variant phenotypes were identinfied and these were designated PHI 2-1, 3-1, 4-1, 5-11 6-1, 7-1, 8-1, 9-1. All of these were rare in the populations studied except the variant designated PHI 3-1, which was observed with a frequency of about 1% in a mixed population of Asiatic Indians.
3. Studies of selected families indicated that the variants occured in individuals who are heterozygous for one or another of a series of rare alleles at an autosomal locus.
4. Studies on the family of a patient that the patient was heterozygous for two different rare alleles at the PHI locus, each associated with reduced PHI activity. The patinet's mother showed the PHI 9-1 phenotype and his father showed a new phenotype designated PHI 10-1. The patient's phenotype has been designeated PHI 9-10.
5. The enzyme appears to be a dimer and in heterozygotes isozymes of hybrid submit compostion as well as isozymes of like subunit compostion are apparently formed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive treatment of the hydrography in the area between Bombay and Karachi where time-series are not available from the open shelf is presented, based on the shape of the T-S relation.
TL;DR: In this paper, a field program was conducted within six tidal channels in Puget Sound, Washington, and the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and measurements were made of the velocity distribution, bed configuration, and sediment textural characteristics in each of the channels.
TL;DR: In this article, the use of a linear function for discriminating with dichotomous variables is discussed and evaluated, and four such functions are considered: Fisher's linear discriminant function, two functions based upon a logistic model, and a function based upon the assumption of mutual independence of the variables.
Abstract: The use of a linear function for discriminating with dichotomous variables is discussed and evaluated. Four such functions are considered: Fisher's linear discriminant function, two functions based upon a logistic model, and a function based upon the assumption of mutual independence of the variables. The evaluation of these functions as well as of a completely general multinomial procedure is carried out within the context of a 1st order interaction model by means of computer experiments. The product moment correlation of the optimal function with the linear function under evaluation plays a central role as a criterion for judging the relative merits of the procedures considered.
TL;DR: A survey of twenty heteroploid human cell lines for glucose-6-phosphate de-hydrogenase (G6PD) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) electrophoretic polymorphisms revealed that all had the same G6PD and PGM phenotypes.
Abstract: INTERSPECIFIC cell culture contamination has been detected several times by karyotypic and immunological procedures1–3. These same measurements are of little value as detectors of intraspecific contamination, but polymorphic variants detectable at the cell culture level can be very useful for this purpose, A survey of twenty heteroploid human cell lines for glucose-6-phosphate de-hydrogenase (G6PD) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) electrophoretic polymorphisms revealed that all had the same G6PD and PGM phenotypes. These results were interpreted as reflecting widespread contamination of cultures by the first established human cell line HeLa. These findings were presented at the Second Decennial Review Conference on Cell Tissue and Organ Culture4 and have since been extended to include other American Type Culture Collection lines. Further evidence on the stability of these markers in various conditions has been obtained, and in view of the widespread use of cell lines in a variety of investigations it seems important to make these findings readily accessible to other workers.
TL;DR: Through use of an adaptation of the Duncans' Index of Segregation, some evidence for a decrease in segregation seems to be accompanied by continued resistance by male occupations to females but decreased resistance by female occupations to the entry of males.
Abstract: Through use of an adaptation of the Duncans' Index of Segregation, a measure of the amount of sexual segregation in occupations is calculated for each Census year from 1900 to 1960. Detailed occupations are employed in order to avoid masking effects of broad categories. No change in amount of segregation over this 60 year period is evident. Through use of a measure devised by Gibbs to hold size structure “constant,” some evidence for a decrease in segregation is derived. Such decrease seems to be accompanied by continued resistance by male occupations to females but decreased resistance by female occupations to the entry of males. The latter tendency, it is suggested, should be more carefully studied.
TL;DR: The developmental features of the pancreas are reviewed as an example of cytodifferentiation and organogenesis and the regulatory characteristics of the specific proteins synthesized and secreted by the endocrine and exocrine cells are directed to.
Abstract: The developmental features of the pancreas are reviewed as an example of cytodifferentiation and organogenesis. Attention is directed to the regulatory characteristics of the specific proteins synthesized and secreted by the endocrine and exocrine cells. The following topics are discussed: (1) number of specific protein species and, inferentially, the number of genes involved in differentiated function. (2) The stringent regulation of the concentration of these specific proteins and the probable restriction of their synthesis to exocrine and endocrine cells. (3) The multiphasic pattern of accumulation of these specific proteins during pancreatic development and the synchronized but noncoordinate regulation of individual protein species. Synthetic rates of specific exocrine proteins in vitro correlate closely with measurements of the accumulation of proteins during development. (4) A model postulating three regulatory transitions. The primary transition (related to organ “determination”) denotes the conversion of a “predifferentiated” cell to the “protodifferentiated” state in which low but significant levels of specific proteins are present. The secondary transition is viewed as an amplification of this specific protein synthesis and is associated with typical pancreatic histogenesis. In the third regulatory transition, the synthesis of specific proteins in the “differentiated state” is modulated by diet, or hormonal states, etc. The third regulatory transition may be similar to some types of “enzyme induction” as studied in multicellular systems. (5) The differentiative fidelity in an organotypic culture system; the role of mesenchymal tissue or a particle fraction derived therefrom in supporting the protodifferentiated state and the secondary regulatory transition. (6) The possible mechanisms of the secondary regulatory transition in exocrine cells. Effects of actinomycin D, bromodeoxyuridine, and other mitotic inhibitors suggest the requirement for a critical cell division prior to the loss of proliferative capacity. (7) The synthesis of pro-insulin and insulin during primary and secondary regulatory transitions; the possible interrelationships of endocrine and exocrine cells in pancreas development.