Showing papers by "University of Washington published in 1969"

Spectrophotometric determination of hydrogen sulfide in natural waters1

Abstract: Winkler method for dissolved oxygen analysis. Limnol. Oceanog., 10: 135-140. CARRITT, D. E., AND J. H. CARPENTER. 1966. Comparison and evaluation of currently employed modifications of the Winkler method for determining dissolved oxygen in seawater; a NASCO report. J. Marine Res., 24: 286318. CLINE, J. D. 1968. Kinetics of the sulfide-oxygen reaction in seawater; An investigation at constant temperature and salinity. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Washington, Seattle. 68 p. CUSTER, J. J., AND S. NATELSO?\T. 1949. Spectrophotometric determination of microquantities of iodine. Anal. Chem., 21: 1005-1009. THOMPSON, T. G., AND R. J. ROBINSON. 1939. Notes on the determination of dissolved oxygen in sea water. J. Marine Res., 2: 1-8. WHEATLAND, A. B., AND L. J. SMITH. 1955. Gasometric determination of dissolved oxygen in pure and saline water as a check of titrimetric methods. J. Appl. Chem. (London), 5: 144-148. WINKLER, L. W. 1888. Die Bestimmung des im Wasser gelosten Sauerstoffes. Chem. Ber., 21: 2843-2855.

Multiple Forms of DNA-dependent RNA Polymerase in Eukaryotic Organisms

Abstract: Three distinct RNA polymerase activities have been isolated from developing sea urchin embryos. In rat liver nuclei there are two RNA polymerase activities. One polymerase (I) is probably localized in the nucleolus and one (II) in the nucleoplasm.

Two compounds implicated in the function of the RC gene of Escherichia coli.

Abstract: Autoradiography has revealed in a stringent strain of E. coli two compounds that seem to be involved in the inhibition of the synthesis of RNA.

THE ELASTIC FIBER: I. The Separation and Partial Characterization of its Macromolecular Components

Abstract: The two morphologically different constituents of the mature elastic fiber, the central amorphous and the peripheral microfibrillar components, have been separated and partially characterized. A pure preparation of elastic fibers was obtained from fetal bovine ligamentum nuchae by extraction of the homogenized ligament with 5 M guanidine followed by digestion with collagenase. The resultant preparation consisted of elastic fibers which were morphologically identical with those seen in vivo. The microfibrillar components of these elastic fibers were removed either by proteolytic enzymes or by reduction of disulfide bonds with dithioerythritol in 5 M guanidine. The microfibrils solubilized by both methods were rich in polar, hydroxy, and sulfur-containing amino acids and contained less glycine, valine, and proline than the amorphous component of the elastic fiber. In contrast, the amino acid composition of the amorphous component was identical with that previously described for elastin. This component demonstrated selective susceptibility to elastase digestion, but was relatively resistant to the action of other proteolytic enzymes and to reduction. These observations establish that the microfibrils consist of a different connective tissue protein (or proteins) that is neither collagen nor elastin. During embryologic development the microfibrils form an aggregate structure before the amorphous component is secreted. These microfibrils may therefore play a primary role in the morphogenesis of the elastic fiber.

Operant Conditioning of Cortical Unit Activity

Abstract: The activity of single neurons in precentral cortex of unanesthetized monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was conditioned by reinforcing high rates of neuronal discharge with delivery of a food pellet. Auditory or visual feedback of unit firing rates was usually provided in addition to food reinforcement. After several training sessions, monkeys could increase the activity of newly isolated cells by 50 to 500 percent above rates before reinforcement.

The effects of grazing by sea urchins, strongylocentrotus spp., on benthic algal populations1

Abstract: A series of shallow intertidal pools at Mukkaw Bay, Washington, ranging in height from −0.3 to +0.6 m had the urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus removed from them. Subtidal rocks at Friday Harbor, −7.3 to −8.2 m, were either caged or had Strongylocentrotus fransiscanus removed at monthly intervals. Observations of the rate and pattern of algal succession for periods of up to three years showed that following an initial establishment of new species, brown algae began to dominate. The rate of domination is related to the area’s tidal height, with succession most rapid in the lower intertidal areas or subtidally. After a variable period, the majority of the algal biomass was vested in a single perennial brown algal species, Hedophyllum sessile in the inter tidal and Laminaria complanata or Laminaria groenlandica subtidally. These plants existed neither in the control areas throughout the study, nor in the experimental pools and rocks before urchin removal. Intermittent urchin browsing could make a major contribution to the variety of algae coexisting within limited areas on these rocky shores.

Hellfire and Delinquency

Abstract: Religious training is assumed to prevent delinquency by promoting the development of moral values, acceptance of conventional authority, and belief in the existence of supernatural sanctions. The relations between church attendance and these presumed consequences are examined. Children who attend church are no more likely than non-attenders to accept ethical principles; they are only slightly more likely than non-attenders to respect conventional authority; they are much more likely to believe in the literal existence of the Devil and a life after death. Those variables affected by church attendance, however, are unrelated to the commission of delinquent acts, while those variables strongly related to delinquency are unaffected by church attendance. The lack of a relation between church attendance and delinquency is thus “explained.”

Exploratory Investigations of Empathy1

Abstract: Publisher Summary It is possible for one person to experience an emotion when he or she perceives that another person is experiencing an emotion. The relationship between action and the sharing of feelings is obviously not a simple or direct one. It is possible to study so subtle and important a phenomenon as empathy in the laboratory and to examine some of the determinants of empathy. The process leading to empathy can be understood in terms of cognitive variables such as the mental set that the person has when he or she observes the other. The form or type of social relationships between one person and another influences the amount of empathy, presumably because the form of the social relationship influences the manner of perceiving the other and thinking about him or her. Individual differences in reactions to social situations, in perceiving the other, and in thinking about him or her must be considered in predicting how much empathizing will occur. These individual differences appear to be determined in part by the birth order of the person.

Rate of Fixation of Nucleotide Substitutions in Evolution

Abstract: Nucleotide sequences of rodents and of artiodactyls have been compared by DNA/DNA duplex formation. The rate of evolution in terms of fixation of nucleotide substitutions inferred from non-repeated artiodactyl DNAs is three times greater than that inferred from comparative amino-acid sequence of the α and β chains of haemoglobin from these same organisms. The initial rate of nucleotide sequence variation among rodents is ten-fold higher than that among artiodactyls when divergence time is estimated in years. This difference diminishes if generations, rather than years, represent the appropriate interval of evolutionary divergence.

Cellular immunity against tumor antigens.

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the evidence that tumors possess tumor-specific transplantation antigens (TSTA). Virtually all animal neoplasms contain TSTA. Immune reactions against the specific antigens of syngeneic tumors are similar to allograft reactions by which transplanted normal and tumor cells are rejected if they contain isoantigens that are foreign to the recipients. They are to a large extent mediated by immunologically competent cells—that is, lymphocytes and macrophages. The chapter describes several techniques by which cellular immunity to transplantation antigens can be demonstrated, along with a review of different systems in which such techniques were used to detect lymphocyte-mediated immune reactions to TSTA. TSTA are macromolecules present in tumor cells and absent in the normal cells of the same individual and against which immune reactions can be demonstrated with transplantation techniques. The transplantation methods used to demonstrate TSTA can involve the immunization of recipient animals with tumor cells that have been rendered incapable of multiplication (X-irradiation) or that are inoculated in subthreshold doses. Immunization can be also achieved by the inoculation of living tumor cells and excision of the subsequent tumor nodule. The possible role of cellular immunity to TSTA is also discussed in the chapter. The demonstration of cellular immunity to TSTA implies that autochthonous neoplasms appear in the presence of immune lymph node cells, which can destroy their cells at least in vitro . The chapter reviews the phenomenon of allogeneic inhibition. This phenomenon has been postulated to operate in parallel to the immunological mechanisms as part of the organism's defense against antigenic neoplastic cells.

Algorithm 360: shortest-path forest with topological ordering [H]

Abstract: row one of IL down the right edge of a strip of paper using the same spacing as for the observations. Now place this movable strip alongside the observation vector so that the top element on the paper strip is opposite the top element of the observation vector. Multiply adjacent elements and write the sum of these products at the top of a new column. Now slide the paper strip down t, spaces. Form the indicated inner product as before and write the result in the new column below the previous entry. Continue in this manner until all the observations have been used. Now write row two of MD on a strip of paper and proceed as before. If we continue this process with all the rows of Mn we will get a new vector zn whose elements are linear transformations of the observation vector y, The dimension of z,, is the same as that of y. Similarly form znBl from Zn and &-I . Continuing this process we finally obtain z1 = z which is the desired interaction vector. In all the foregoing we used the normalized contrast matrices; thus the sums of squares are the squares of the elements of z. For hand computation, one might prefer using the unnormalized contrast matrices, since their elements are integers. But then we need a vector of divisors; it is obtained by performing the same operations on a column of ones as on y, except that we use the squares of the elements of the contrast matrices. Then the ith sum of squares equals 2; 2 divided by the corresponding divisor. This method might be called a “paper strip method” for analysis of variance and is similar to paper strip methods used for operations with polynomials. For examples of this, see Lanczos [3] and Pragcr [4]. We require 21J2 l . . t,, locations for storing y and z plus sup(ll , t ‘2, “‘, 1,‘) locations for storilq a row of iV, . The number of multiplicntions rcquircxl is (nli) (r1i + 1). AC~;NO\\~LI:DGMI:NTS: The author wishes to thank Dr. A. E. Brxndt for initirlting h i s intcrcst in programming analysis of vwiancc. I It! wishes LO t,h:~& Dr. W. I l . Carter , J r . , and the rcf(lrcbc, for 1~4 pf ul (*oinm(fil ts. Ii 1~:~1~:1~I~:Nc!l:s : 1. GOOI), 1. J. ‘I’hc intcr:~.ction ulgorithm und practical FouricI mdysis. J. lb?/. S,c(utl.s/.. Sot. 113) 20, 2 (1958), 361-372. 2. Gow, I. ,J. The intcractio11 :\\.lgori thm :md prnctictll Fouricl mdysis: AI) :~ddcnd~~rn. ,I. Il’o~~. Stat is t . Sot. [I31 $2, 3 (l!KO). 372-375. 3. LANCZOS, CA /1 pphd 4A nah~sis. l’rcM,icc-I1:111, Englcwood Cliffs, N.J., 195G. 4 . ~RAGIX, w’. hlroduction t o Ihsic I~ortrw~ l’royrunttt~i~rg tmd Xu?~rcricul Melds. Bl:lisdcll, M’al tllam, l'hss., 19G5. 5 . YATIS, F. The des ign and an:tlysis of fttctoritll csperimcnts. Imperial Bureau of Soil Science, II:~rper&n, England, 1937.

Vacuum Stress between Conducting Plates: An Image Solution

Abstract: The zero-point fluctuations of the electromagnetic field give rise to an attractive force between two perfectly conducting parallel plates, the Casimir force. We discuss the structure of the electromagnetic stress-energy tensor in the region between the plates for finite temperatures as well as for the zero-temperature limit, and we describe the relationship of its components to the thermodynamic variables of the radiation field. The stress-energy tensor is defined so that infinite quantities never appear, and it is explicitly computed with the aid of an image-source construction of the Green's function. The finite-temperature case involves both an infinite set of spatial images and an infinite sum of temperature-dependent images.

Studies in Configuration Interaction: The First-Row Diatomic Hydrides

Abstract: Molecular properties of the first-row diatomic hydrides, calculated with accurate configuration-interaction wave functions, are presented Ground-state functions, constructed from approximate natural orbitals, were determined at the equilibrium internuclear separation for each molecule The basis sets used, were capable of reproducing recently published self-consistent-field energies to within 0003 hartrees A minimum of 70% of the correlation energy and an error in the dipole moment of less than 3% were obtained in a systematic study of each molecule To attain this accuracy, large numbers of singly and doubly excited configurations were used in the wave functions

Studies on cellular immunity and its serum mediated inhibition in Moloney-virus-induced mouse sarcomas.

Abstract: A colony-inhibition technique was used to demonstrate lymph-node cell (LNC) mediated immune reactions against tumor-specific transplantation antigens of primary, Moloney sarcoma virus induced mouse sarcomas. Lymph-node cells from mice in which Moloney sarcomas had regressed spontaneously (regressors), as well as LNC from mice carrying progressively growing tumors (progressors), induced by virus inoculation at an age of 14 days or older, reduced the plating efficiency of Moloney sarcoma target cells. Serum from mice with progressively growing Moloney sarcomas, but not from mice with spontaneous mammary carcinomas or methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas, abrogated the inhibitory effect of regressor LNC on Moloney sarcoma cells. Additional evidence for the specificity of the serum effect was obtained in experiments showing that the protective effect of progressor sera could be specifically removed by absorption with Moloney sarcoma cells. Regressor sera gave no protection against target cell inhibition by regressor LNC. It is suggested that progressor sera contain antibodies which mediate an efferent form of immunological enhancement. Inhibition Serique de l'Immunite a la Tumeur de Moloney On a utilse une technique d'inhibition des colonies pour mettre en evidence les reactions immunitaires des cellules des ganglions lymphatiques (CGL) contre les antigenes spcifiques de transplnatation de sarcomes primitifs de souris provoques par le virus du sarcome de Moloney. Les CGL des souris chez lesquelles le sarcome de Moloney avait spontanement regresse (“regresseurs”) et les CGL des souris porteuses de tumeurs a croissance progressive (“progresseurs”) induites par inoculation de virus a l'ǎge de 14 jours ou plus ont abaisse la vitalite des colonies de cellulescibles du sarcome de Moloney. Du serum de souris presentatnt des sarcomes de Moloney croissant progressivement — a la difference du serum de souris atteintes d'epitheliomas mammaires spontanes ou de sarcomes provoques par le methylcholanthrene — a supprime l'effet inhibiteur des CGL “regesseurs” sur les cellules du sarcome de Moloney. On a obteny une preuve supplementaire de la specificite de l'effet du serum par des experiences montrant que l'effet du serum par des experiences montrant que l'effet protecteur des serums “progresseurs” pouvait ětre specifiquement supprime par absorption au moyen de cellules du sarcome de Moloney. Les serums “regresseurs” n'ont donne aucune protection contre l'inhibition des cellules-cibles par les CGL “regresseurs”. On peut avancer l'hypothese que les srums “progresseurs” contiennent des anticorps (ou des fragments d'anticorps) mediateurs d'une forme efferente de facilitation immunologique ou eventuellement de modulation antigenique.

Effect of chronic otitis media on language and speech development

Abstract: Two groups of children were compared in order to determine the effect on language and speech development of the fluctuating conductive hearing loss which accompanies chronic otitis media. The experimental group consisted of 16 children, aged 5 to 9 years, with chronic otitis media and with hearing fluctuations documented by audiograms. The control group was matched for age, sex, and socioeconomic background. The language performances of the groups were compared by means of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, the Templin-Darley Picture Articulation Screening Test, and the Mecham Verbal Language Development Scale. The result shows that the experimental group was delayed to a statistically significant degree in all language skills requiring the receiving or processing of auditory stimuli or the production of verbal responses. No significant differences were found in tests measuring primarily visual and motor skills. This would suggest that the fluctuating hearing loss accompanying chronic otitis media was the cause of the delay in language development found in the experimental group. Physicians, parents, and educators need to be aware of the implication of this language handicap, as it might affect performance. Further studies are needed to evaluate the influence on permanent language ability by the periodic lack of sensory stimulation experienced during conductive hearing loss due to frequent episodes of otitis media.

An experimental determination of the surface energies of ice

Abstract: A direct experimental method has been used to determine the magnitudes of the ice-water vapour, ice-water, and ice-ice (grain boundary) surface free energies. The magnitudes were found to be 109, 33 and 65 erg/cm2, respectively, at 0°C. The experimental results indicate that the grain boundary surface free energy varies slightly with the mismatch between the grains but that variations with crystal orientation of the ice-water vapour and the ice-water surface free energies are small.

Polynucleotide sequence relationships among members of Enterobacteriaceae.

Abstract: Polynucleotide relationships were examined among many representatives of the Enterobacteriaceae by means of agar, membrane filter, and hydroxyapatite procedures. The amount of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that reassociated was dependent, especially in interspecific reactions, on the annealing temperature. In only three cases: Escherichia coli-Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhimurium-S. typhi, and Proteus mirabilis-P. vulgaris, was relative interspecific duplex formation 80% or higher. In most cases interspecies DNA duplex formation was 40% or less of that obtained from intraspecies DNA reassociation reactions. The stability of E. coli-S. flexneri DNA duplexes formed at either 60 or 75 C was virtually identical to that of homologous E. coli DNA duplexes, and the degree of interspecies duplex formation was minimally affected by the temperature increase (86% at 60 C; 77% at 75 C). The thermal stability of DNA duplexes formed at 60 C between DNA from E. coli and DNA from strains of Aerobacter aerogenes, S. typhimurium, S. typhi, and P. mirabilis was about 12 to 14 C below that of reassociated E. coli DNA. At 75 C, the formation of the interspecific DNA duplexes was markedly decreased, but the stability of the DNA able to reassociate at this temperature approximated that of reassociated E. coli DNA. The degree of reassociation and the thermal stability of E. coli-S. flexneri DNA duplexes suggests relatively little evolutionary divergence in these organisms. The other enterobacteria tested, however, have diverged to a point where less than one-half of their DNA can reanneal with E. coli DNA at 60 C and less than 10% reacts at 75 C. The degree of divergence between various enterobacteria does not appear to be uniform along the DNA molecule. Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA)-specific sequences are conserved among most enterobacteria. An examination of messenger RNA relatively specific for the lactose operon suggests that specific chromosomal genes may diverge more or less than the genome as a whole.

Calorific values of benthic marine algae and their postulated relation to invertebrate food preference

Abstract: Data are given on the kcal/g dry weight, percent ash, and kcal/ash-free g of dry weight for 1 marine diatom species, 70 macroscopic benthic algae, and 1 marine tracheophyte species. For 41 of these, the data have also been converted to kcal/g wet weight. Calorific values, though relatively homogeneous within genera, appear to be influenced by phyletic affinity, water purity, or depth of immersion, and such ecological properties as growth form, generation time, and relative susceptibility to herbivory. Seasonal factors, portion of the plant combusted and growth rate appear to have little effect. The food preferences of various invertebrate herbivores seem to have evolved more in response to an availability factor than to absolute food value.

Radiofrequency Spectroscopy of Stored Ions II: Spectroscopy

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on manipulation and investigation of stored ions using radiofrequency spectroscopy (rf). When a charge moves between arbitrarily shaped grounded electrodes, the distribution of field lines originates at the charge and ends on various electrodes changes. This must be accompanied by a change in the surface charges on a given electrode at which these field lines end, and consequently result in currents to and from the electrode. The high-inductance coil connecting the cap electrodes to form the tuned detection circuit acts as a choke to the trapping frequency and because of the finite capacity between the caps and the ring, the electrode usually held at a high rf voltage causes undesirable voltages at Ω to appear at the cap. The trapping rf voltages at Ω and the dc bias are applied to the ring electrode. The capacity of the other cap electrode in this configuration to ground is about 36 pF for the major trap. At the expense of an increase of this capacity by one-third, a low impedance path to ground for the trapping frequency is provided.

Anchor Ice Formation in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, and Its Biological Effects

Abstract: Aggregations of ice platelets accumulate below the annual sea ice (subice platelet layer) and on the bottom (anchor ice) to depths of 33 meters. Observations of ice platelets adhering to submerged lines support the conclusion that 33 meters is the lower limit for ice formation in the water column in this area. The rising anchor ice lifts epibenthic fauna and has a pronounced effect on the distribution of the epibenthic organisms.