Showing papers by "University of Washington published in 1970"
TL;DR: In this article, three-dimensional elasticity solutions for rectangular laminates with pinned edges are constructed for three dimensional elasticity problems, including a sandwich plate, and compared to the analogous results in classical laminated plate theory.
Abstract: In a continuing study, three-dimensional elasticity solutions are constructed for rectangular laminates with pinned edges. The lamination geometry treated consists of arbitrary numbers of layers which can be isotropic or orthotropic with material symmetry axes parallel to the plate axes. Several specific example problems are solved, including a sandwich plate, and compared to the analogous results in classical laminated plate theory.
1,730 citations
TL;DR: This article used the limited knowledge of natural defensive behavior to help account for some of the anomalies that have been found in laboratory studies of avoidance learning, and suggested some alternative concepts, starting with the assumption that animals have innate species-specific defense reactions (SSDRs) such as fleeing, freezing and fighting.
Abstract: The prevailing theories of avoidance learning and the procedures that are usually used to study it seem to be totally out of touch with what is known about how animals defend themselves in nature. This paper suggests some alternative concepts, starting with the assumption that animals have innate species-specific defense reactions (SSDRs) such as fleeing, freezing, and fighting. It is proposed that if a particular avoidance response is rapidly acquired, then that response must necessarily be an SSDR. The learning mechanism in this case appears to be suppression of nonavoidance behavior by the avoidance contingency. The traditional approaches to avoidance learning appear to be slightly more valid in the case of responses that are slowly acquired, although in this case, too, the SSDR concept is relevant, and reinforcement appears to be based on the production of a safety signal rather than the termination of an aversive conditioned stimulus. Avoidance learning as we know it in the laboratory has frequently been used to "explain" how animals survive in the wild. The purpose of this paper is to turn this inferential process around and use the limited knowledge of natural defensive behavior to help account for some of the anomalies that have been found in laboratory studies of avoidance learning. Let us begin by recalling a little fable. It is a very familiar fable. It was already part of our lore when Hull gave his version of it in 1929, and the story has been told again many times since then. It goes something like this: Once upon a time there was a little animal who ran around in the forest. One day
1,504 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a generalization of the Kruskal-Wallis test for testing the equality of K continuous distribution functions when observations are subject to arbitrary right censorship is proposed, where the distribution of the censoring variables is allowed to differ for different populations.
Abstract: SUMMARY A generalization of the Kruskal-Wallis test, which extends Gehan's generalization of Wilcoxon's test, is proposed for testing the equality of K continuous distribution functions when observations are subject to arbitrary right censorship. The distribution of the censoring variables is allowed to differ for different populations. An alternative statistic is proposed for use when the censoring distributions may be assumed equal. These statistics have asymptotic chi-squared distributions under their respective null hypotheses, whether the censoring variables are regarded as random or as fixed numbers. Asymptotic power and efficiency calculations are made and numerical examples provided. A generalization of Wilcoxon's statistic for comparing two populations has been proposed by Gehan (1965a) for use when the observations are subject to arbitrary right censorship. Mantel (1967), as well as Gehan (1965b), has considered a further generalization to the case of arbitrarily restricted observation, or left and right censorship. Both of these authors base their calculations on the permutation distribution of the statistic, conditional on the observed censoring pattern for the combined sample. However, this model is inapplicable when there are differences in the distribution of the censoring variables for the two populations. For instance, in medical follow-up studies, where Gehan's procedure has so far found its widest application, this would happen if the two populations had been under study for different lengths of time. This paper extends Gehan's procedure for right censored observations to the comparison of K populations. The probability distributions of the relevant statistics are here considered in a large sample framework under two models: Model I, corresponding to random or unconditional censorship; and Model II, which considers the observed censoring times as fixed numbers. Since the distributions of the censoring variables are allowed to vary with the population, Gehan's procedure is also extended to the case of unequal censorship. For Model I these distributions are theoretical distributions; for Model II they are empirical. Besides providing chi-squared statistics for use in testing the hypothesis of equality of the K populations against general alternatives, the paper shows how single degrees of freedom may be partitioned for use in discriminating specific alternative hypotheses. Several investigators (Efron, 1967) have pointed out that Gehan's test is not the most efficient against certain parametric alternatives and have proposed modifications to increase its power. Asymptotic power and efficiency calculations made below demonstrate that their criticisms would apply equally well to the test proposed here. Hopefully some of the modifications they suggest can likewise eventually be generalized to the case of K
1,351 citations
TL;DR: The construction and validation of a Death Anxiety Scale and its application to clinical practice are described.
Abstract: (1970). The Construction and Validation of a Death Anxiety Scale. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 165-177.
1,181 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that basal cell hyperplasia of the squamous epithelium and location of the papillae close to the epithelial surface are the histological consequences of gastroesophageal reflux.
706 citations
653 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, numerical solutions to the linearized equation for wave propagation were obtained by assuming a realistic profile of zonal winds as the basic state and imposing observed monthly mean heights of the 500-mb surface as the lower boundary condition.
Abstract: Planetary-scale, stationary disturbances in the winter stratosphere are considered to be upward propagating internal Rossby waves forced from below. Numerical solutions to the linearized equation for wave propagation are obtained by assuming a realistic profile of zonal winds as the basic state and imposing observed monthly mean heights of the 500-mb surface as the lower boundary condition. The computed wave structures in the meridional section show good agreement with the observed state for the component of zonal wavenumber 1. For wavenumber 2, the computed amplitude is too small to compare with the observed. Wave energy density attains a maximum in the lower and middle stratosphere at high altitudes, where strong upward transfer of wave energy appears. A region of small latitudinal gradient of potential vorticity of the basic state is found above the tropospheric jet, which acts as a barrier for wave propagation and confines wave energy to the polar region. Above 40 km the wave tends to spread ...
559 citations
TL;DR: Terminology for the morphologically simiilar psittacosis, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), trachoma organisms has been fused and terminology and tentatively grouped TRIC organisms and other species C. tra chomatis strains are developed.
533 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that a massive collapsed object may lie at the centre of many galaxies, including the authors' own, and that a continuing flux of matter into such a collapsed object, or “black hole”, may be the source of energy for the non-thermal radiation observed to come from some galactic nuclei.
Abstract: LYNDEN-BELL has suggested1 that a massive collapsed object may lie at the centre of many galaxies, including our own, and that a continuing flux of matter into such a collapsed object, or “black hole”, may be the source of energy for the non-thermal radiation observed to come from some galactic nuclei. The metric used to describe the geometry of space-time in the vicinity of the collapsed object in this and other papers2 on collapsed objects in astrophysics has been the spherically symmetric Schwarz-schild metric, which is valid only if the collapsed object has zero angular momentum. In fact, one would expect any such collapsed object to possess considerable angular momentum, because a great deal of angular momentum must be lost from a typical galactic nucleus to permit collapse inside the gravitational radius in the first place.
492 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the Galerkin method is used to predict convective instability of a ferromagnetic fluid in the presence of a uniform vertical magnetic field, where the magnetization of the fluid is a function of temperature and a temperature gradient is established across the layer.
Abstract: Convective instability of a ferromagnetic fluid is predicted for a fluid layer heated from below in the presence of a uniform vertical magnetic field. Convection is caused by a spatial variation in magnetization which is induced when the magnetization of the fluid is a function of temperature and a temperature gradient is established across the layer. A linearized convective instability analysis predicts the critical temperature gradient when only the magnetic mechanism is important, as well as when both the magnetic and buoyancy mechanisms are operative. The magnetic mechanism predominates over the buoyancy mechanism in fluid layers about 1 mm thick. For a fluid layer contained between two free boundaries which are constrained flat, the exact solution is derived for some parameter values and oscillatory instability cannot occur. For rigid boundaries, approximate solutions for stationary instability are derived by the Galerkin method for a wide range of parameter values. It is shown that in this case the Galerkin method yields an eigenvalue which is stationary to small changes in the trial functions, because the Galerkin method is equivalent to an adjoint variational principle.
465 citations
TL;DR: A technique is described for marrow aspiration from living human donors and for processing the marrow for intravenous infusion to marrow graft recipients.
TL;DR: A wide variety of experiments with axons provides kinetic, electrochemical, and pharmacological evidence that three types of channels through the membrane contribute to the ionic permeability changes underlying action potentials.
Abstract: In summary a wide variety of experiments with axons provides kinetic, electrochemical, and pharmacological evidence that three types of channels through the membrane contribute to the ionic permeability changes underlying action potentials. In normal function one channel accounts for most of the movements of Na ions, another accounts for most of the movements of K ions, and the last accounts for the remaining “leakage” fluxes. The Na, K, and leakage channels seem to be independent specializations of the membrane. Theoretical, electrical, and pharmacological evidence suggest that Na channels are short narrow pores that open and close in an all-or-nothing fashion. An open Na channel in a squid giant axon may have a conductance of about 0.5 nmho. Very little is known about K and leakage channels except that K channels may be longer pores with a lower conductance than Na channels.
TL;DR: It is shown that the pH response can be clearly separated from the CO(2) response, and certain other aspects of the growth and wall-loosening responses, are described.
Abstract: The ability of low pH and CO(2) to induce rapid cell elongation and wall loosening in the Avena coleoptile has been examined with the use of a continuous growth-recording technique and an Instron extensometer, respectively. In particular, the properties of the response to hydrogen ions have been examined in detail and have been compared with the responses initiated by CO(2) and auxin. The optimal pH for growth is about 3.0, and both the maximal growth rate and wall extensibility are similar to that produced by optimal auxin. The timing (initiated in less than 1 minute) and duration (up to 2 hours) of the response to hydrogen ions, as well as certain other aspects of the growth and wall-loosening responses, are described. It is shown that the pH response can be clearly separated from the CO(2) response. Possible mechanisms for the initiation of the growth response to low pH are briefly discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the vapor absorption spectra of free base phthalocyanine (H2Pc), MgPc, TiOPc, VOPc and PbPc are given in the range 800-200 mμ.
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase acts directly on glycogen synthetase I and not through a second kinase as occurs in the phosphorylase activation system, and that the enzyme probably exists as a tetramer composed of subunits having a molecular weight between 90,000 and 100,000.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extend Liapunov's result to strongly continuous semi-groups of operators on a complex Hilbert space, where the identity matrix is a unique positive definite Hermitian matrix.
TL;DR: Both constrictive pericarditis and cardiac tamponade increase pulmonary and systemic venous pressure and decrease cardiac output and stroke volume and pulsus paradoxus is almost invariably present.
Abstract: This review of the hemodynamic alterations that accompany cardiac tamponade and constrictive pericarditis describes studies carried out in man and in experimental animals. Both constrictive pericarditis and cardiac tamponade increase pulmonary and systemic venous pressure and decrease cardiac output and stroke volume. In cardiac tamponade, the superior and inferior vena caval pressure record shows a single nadir, the x descent; this pressure event is accompanied by an increase in velocity of blood flow and, by inference, in quantity of blood flow. The y descent is absent from the vena caval and right atrial pressure curves, and no early diastolic dip appears in the right ventricular pressure tracing. During inspiration, blood flow velocity and, by inference, forward flow increase in the superior and inferior venae cavae and in the pulmonary artery. Pulsus paradoxus is almost invariably present. The major factors causing pulsus paradoxus are related to inspiratory augmentation of systemic venous return. The ensuing expansion of right-sided heart volume increases intrapericardial pressure, but does not increase systemic arterial pressure and flow until the subsequent expiration. In constrictive pericarditis a peak of blood flow velocity accompanies the x descent of superior vena caval pressure. A second flow velocity peak accompanies the y descent. Respiration fails to alter superior vena caval pressure or blood flow velocity, but during inspiration the velocity of pulmonary arterial blood flow increases. Pulsus paradoxus occurs much less often than in cardiac tamponade, and its mechanism is not well understood. Atrial fibrillation is common, and myocardial contractility is impaired.
TL;DR: All three preparations were essentially identical in terms of their physical, chemical, and enzymatic characteristics strongly suggesting that the protein-glycogen complex represents a structural and functional unit of the cell rather than artifacts resulting from a given isolation procedure.
TL;DR: The azide-insensitive antimicrobial systems are more highly developed in peroxidase-negative leukocyte than in normal leukocytes, thus suggesting an adaptation.
Abstract: Azide and, to a lesser extent, cyanide inhibit the microbicidal activity of myeloperoxidase and of intact normal leukocytes, but they have little or no effect on peroxidase-negative leukocytes. The contribution of the azide-sensitive (peroxidase-dependent?) systems to the total microbicidal activity of normal leukocytes is considerable. The azide-insensitive antimicrobial systems are more highly developed in peroxidase-negative leukocytes than in normal leukocytes, thus suggesting an adaptation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the steps involved in the development of these programs, as well as briefly reviewing studies validating the culture assimilator programs under laboratory and field conditions.
Abstract: : The construction of self-administered programmed culture training manuals, called 'culture assimilators,' is here described. These programs provide an apparently effective method for assisting members of one culture to interact and adjust successfully with members of another culture. Culture assimilators have been constructed for the Arab countries, Iran, Thailand, Central America, and Greece. The paper describes the steps involved in the development of these programs, as well as briefly reviewing studies validating the culture assimilator programs under laboratory and field conditions.
TL;DR: Intra- and intergroup relationships obtained from the numerical taxonomy studies showed highly significant correlation with DNA/DNA reassociation data.
Abstract: A set of 86 bacterial cultures, including 30 strains of Vibrio cholerae, 35 strains of V. parahaemolyticus, and 21 representative strains of Pseudomonas, Spirillum, Achromobacter, Arthrobacter, and marine Vibrio species were tested for a total of 200 characteristics. Morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics were included in the analysis. Overall deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base compositions and ultrastructure, under the electron microscope, were also examined. The taxonomic data were analyzed by computer by using numerical taxonomy programs designed to sort and cluster strains related phenetically. The V. cholerae strains formed an homogeneous cluster, sharing overall S values of >/=75%. Two strains, V. cholerae NCTC 30 and NCTC 8042, did not fall into the V. cholerae species group when tested by the hypothetical median organism calculation. No separation of "classic" V. cholerae, El Tor vibrios, and nonagglutinable vibrios was observed. These all fell into a single, relatively homogeneous, V. cholerae species cluster. V. parahaemolyticus strains, excepting 5144, 5146, and 5162, designated members of the species V. alginolyticus, clustered at S >/=80%. Characteristics uniformly present in all the Vibrio species examined are given, as are also characteristics and frequency of occurrence for V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus. The clusters formed in the numerical taxonomy analyses revealed similar overall DNA base compositions, with the range for the Vibrio species of 40 to 48% guanine plus cytosine. Generic level of relationship of V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus is considered dubious. Intra- and intergroup relationships obtained from the numerical taxonomy studies showed highly significant correlation with DNA/DNA reassociation data.
TL;DR: The results show that stable long-term chimerism can be achieved in mismatched recipient dogs when intensive methotrexate is begun immediately after marrow transplantation and continued for a prolonged period of time.
Abstract: SUMMARYImmunosuppressive therapy with high doses of methotrexate beginning 1 day after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation was evaluated for its effectiveness in preventing or delaying the lethal graftversus-host disease in dogs. A short-term regimen of methotrexate for 6 days after transplantati
TL;DR: It is concluded that the increasing survival of children with leukemia is the chief cause for the increased incidence of CNS leukemia, as noted by many investigators.
Abstract: The incidence of symptomatic CNS leukemia was studied in 209 children, all of whom were entered in a cooperative study during 1963-1964, and received the same chemotherapeutic agents. The overall incidence was 51%, and the median time for occurrence of the first episode was 9 months. The incidence was 56% in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (A. L. L.) and 25% in those with other forms of leukemia. CNS symptoms developed at a steady monthly rate of 3.8% for the first 24 months and then decreased to 2%. The rate for the first year was the same for all forms of leukemia; it was 4% in A. L. L. and 3.7% in the other forms combined. The overall median survival was 18 months—it was 21 months for patients with A. L. L. and 9 months for the other cell types. Life-table analysis showed a median survival of 8 months for patients who had developed CNS leukemia and 24 months for those free of the complication. Age, sex, hematologic status, and chemotherapy regimen did not influence the incidence. We conclude that the increasing survival of children with leukemia is the chief cause for the increased incidence of CNS leukemia noted by many investigators.
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01 Jan 1970TL;DR: In this article, the measurement of personality traits by scales and inventories can help to solve the problem of where to get the ideas from which to write and how to write according to what books to read.
Abstract: When writing can change your life, when writing can enrich you by offering much money, why don't you try it? Are you still very confused of where getting the ideas? Do you still have no idea with what you are going to write? Now, you will need reading. A good writer is a good reader at once. You can define how you write depending on what books to read. This the measurement of personality traits by scales and inventories can help you to solve the problem. It can be one of the right sources to develop your writing skill.
TL;DR: The use of human fibroblasts with an agarose overlay medium for the plaque assay of Herpesvirus hominis was found to be a reliable and practical method and this technique has now been modified for use in assaying cytomegalovirus (CMV) strains of human origin.
Abstract: The use of human fibroblasts with an agarose overlay medium was found to be a reliable and practical method for the plaque assay of Herpesvirus hominis (1). This technique has now been modified for use in assaying cytomegalovirus (CMV) strains of human origin. Two methods for the quantitation of cytomegalovirus have been described previously, in addition to the traditional determination of 50% tissue culture infectivity doses by tube dilution. The first of these, the microscopic counting of infected cells on coverslip preparations after either immunofluorescent (2) or Giemsa (3) staining had obvious limitations and technical difficulties. Plummer and Benyesh-Melnick (4) then described a plaque assay technique using methyl cellulose in the overlay medium. Since agarose overlays are more easily handled than methyl cellulose and afford a firm overlay to prevent viral spread, we investigated the use of an assay with two sequential agarose overlays. The criteria for a useful plaque assay described by Cooper (5...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated differences in risk perception between buying by mail and buying from a store and/or salesman and found that consumers perceived more risk in the mail-order scenario.
Abstract: This study investigates differences in risk perception between buying by mail and buying from a store and/or salesman. For 20 products studied, consumers perceived more risk in the mail-order situa...
TL;DR: After diversion of sewage effluent from Lake Washington, winter concentrations of phosphate and nitrate decreased at different rates, but nitrate remained at more than 80 percent of the 1963 value and free carbon dioxide and alkalinity remained relatively high.
Abstract: After diversion of sewage effluent from Lake Washington, winter concentrations of phosphate and nitrate decreased at different rates. From 1963 to 1969, phosphate decreased to 28 percent of the 1963 concentration, but nitrate remained at more than 80 percent of the 1963 value. Free carbon dioxide and alkalinity remained relatively high. The amount of phytoplanktonic chlorophyll in the summer was very closely related to the mean winter concentration of phosphate, but not to that of nitrate or carbon dioxide.
TL;DR: A study of the planktonic communities of 24 similar ponds in the mountains of Colorado supports the hypothesis that one predator population can sustain another as a result of size-selective predation on the prey of both predators.
Abstract: A study of the planktonic communities of 24 similar ponds in the mountains of Colorado supports the hypothesis that one predator population can sustain another as a result of size-selective predation on the prey of both predators. A highly selective predator excludes its preferred (large) food items and thus favors the presence of suboptimal (smaller-sized) prey populations which are the preferred food of the second, dependent, predator. The suboptimal prey species are found only with size-selective predators, and it is probable that these are the only suitable prey species for the dependent predator. This interaction can occur in simple communities but also appears to be common in more diverse, complex communities. To support the discussion of this interaction, the electivity coefficients and predation pressures of three freshwater planktivores were estimated.