Showing papers by "University of Washington published in 1971"
TL;DR: In this article, the free constants in several interpolation formulas can be adjusted to give excellent fits to the wind and temperature gradient data, and the behavior of the gradients under neutral conditions is unusual, however, and indicates that von Karman's constant is ∼0.35, rather than 0.40 as usually assumed, and that the ratio of eddy diffusivities for heat and momentum at neutrality is ∼1.0.
Abstract: Wind and temperature profiles for a wide range of stability conditions have been analyzed in the context of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. Direct measurements of heat and momentum fluxes enabled determination of the Obukhov length L, a key independent variable in the steady-state, horizontally homogeneous, atmospheric surface layer. The free constants in several interpolation formulas can be adjusted to give excellent fits to the wind and temperature gradient data. The behavior of the gradients under neutral conditions is unusual, however, and indicates that von Karman's constant is ∼0.35, rather than 0.40 as usually assumed, and that the ratio of eddy diffusivities for heat and momentum at neutrality is ∼1.35, compared to the often-suggested value of 1.0. The gradient Richardson number, computed from the profiles, and the Obukhov stability parameter z/L, computed from the measured fluxes, are found to be related approximately linearly under unstable conditions. For stable conditions the Richar...
3,177 citations
TL;DR: Investigations of the morphology of smooth muscle derived from the inner media and intima of immature guinea pig aorta and radioautographic observations of the ability of aortic smooth muscle to synthesize and secrete extracellular proteins demonstrate that this cell is a connective tissue synthetic cell.
Abstract: Smooth muscle derived from the inner media and intima of immature guinea pig aorta were grown for up to 8 wk in cell culture. The cells maintained the morphology of smooth muscle at all phases of their growth in culture. After growing to confluency, they grew in multiple overlapping layers. By 4 wk in culture, microfibrils (110 A) appeared within the spaces between the layers of cells. Basement membrane-like material also appeared adjacent to the cells. Analysis of the microfibrils showed that they have an amino acid composition similar to that of the microfibrillar protein of the intact elastic fiber. These investigations coupled with the radioautographic observations of the ability of aortic smooth muscle to synthesize and secrete extracellular proteins demonstrate that this cell is a connective tissue synthetic cell.
1,584 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that ruthenium red, as a hexavalent cation, precipitates a large variety of polyanions by ionic interaction, and that its classical reaction with pectin is typical rather than specific.
Abstract: The properties of the inorganic dye ruthenium red are presented with emphasis upon its use for electron microscopy of cells and tissues. Although commercial ruthenium red often can be used directly, it always contains various impurities and by-products. One of these, termed ruthenium violet, can be isolated and is useful by itself. Absorption spectra of the ruthenium dyes and common impurities are given so that an assay is possible for any sample. Convenient fixative recipes containing ruthenium red or violet are provided together with constraints necessary for a reliable reaction to label extracellular acidic mucosubstances. Perfusion was not successful. The specificity of the ruthenium red reaction was evaluated by spot testing with 57 substances, and by titration with chemically defined pectins. The results indicate that ruthenium red, as a hexavalent cation, precipitates a large variety of polyanions by ionic interaction, and that its classical reaction with pectin is typical rather than specific. New data are presented regarding its reaction with phospholipids. For electron microscopy, a further reaction with OsO4 amplifies the feeble electron density, which is the counterpart of its intense optical labeling, to a practical level resulting in strong contrast. An hypothesis is presented for the mechanism underlying this intensification.
1,344 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, Fourier analysis was applied to the point-scattering theory of x-ray absorption fine structure to invert experimental data formally into a radial structure function with determinable structural parameters of distance from the absorbing atom, number of atoms, and widths of coordination shells.
Abstract: We have applied Fourier analysis to our point-scattering theory of x-ray absorption fine structure to invert experimental data formally into a radial structure function with determinable structural parameters of distance from the absorbing atom, number of atoms, and widths of coordination shells. The technique is illustrated with a comparison of evaporated and crystalline Ge. We find that the first and second neighbors in amorphous Ge are at the crystalline distance within the accuracy of measurement (1%).
1,180 citations
TL;DR: Ruthenium red stains intracellular lipid droplets revealing lamellae, and stains myelin forms grown from crude egg lecithin but cannot penetrate deeply, and is localized in extracellular materials which have an important mechanical function.
Abstract: The inorganic dye, ruthenium red, stains extracellular materials in animal tissues which probably are acidic mucopolysaccharides. It complements other techniques, its advantages being fine grain, high resolution and good contrast. Localization is shown in mouse and rat muscle, heart, lung and intestine, frog cartilage and cells scraped from oral epithelium of human beings. Attention is paid to collagen bundles, the cell/collagen interface and particularly the myotendinal junction, cartilage matrix and agar gel, desmosomes, intestinal microvilli, erythrocytes and vascular endothelium, nerve fibers and the T-system of striated muscle. Although ruthenium red generally is excluded by plasma membranes, it penetrates giving intracellular density, if the membrane is broken. Even when the cell membrane is intact, exceptions occur with selective staining of the T-tubules or the sarcoplasmic sacs depending upon the state of contraction of the muscle cell, and with intracellular staining of certain nuclei and epithelial cells. Ruthenium red stains intracellular lipid droplets revealing lamellae, and stains myelin forms grown from crude egg lecithin but cannot penetrate deeply. It is localized in extracellular materials which have an important mechanical function. Its exclusion by cell membranes permits tracing tortuous cellular invaginations and those exceptions to its exclusion invite a comparison of the localization of the dye with the function of the cell.
869 citations
TL;DR: A kinetic analysis of the effect of the inhibitor on the phosphorylation of casein by skeletal muscle protein kinase indicates that it interacts noncompetitively with respect to ATP, the protein substrate, and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate.
815 citations
TL;DR: A modified procedure for purification of the adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent (cyclic AMP-dependent) protein kinase from rabbit skeletal muscle is described, which results in the separation of the enzyme into two peaks of activity on diethylaminoethylcellulose.
752 citations
TL;DR: This seasonal coincidence of the most distinct species separations with the time of increased competition are exactly those consequences predicted by the principle of competitive exclusion, providing strong support for the validity of this principle.
Abstract: Two collections of fish were made from the same Panama lowland stream, one during the dry season, and a second during the wet season. Food overlaps among nine sympatric fish species were calculated for each collection by examining fish stomach contents. Species habitats and feeding methods were determined from field and laboratory observations. Estimates of food abundance, measured independently from food overlap, were made by direct and indirect methods, and were used to determine relative levels of competition. The results show that food overlaps among the fishes are at a minimum during the dry season. Food abundance is also lowest during the dry season, which suggests increased competition for food at this time. This seasonal coincidence of the most distinct species separations with the time of increased competition are exactly those consequences predicted by the principle of competitive exclusion. It is concluded that this study provides strong support for the validity of this principle.
725 citations
TL;DR: The relative permeability of sodium channels to 21 organic cations was studied in myelinated nerve fibers and it was found that methyl and methylene groups render cations impermeant.
Abstract: The relative permeability of sodium channels to 21 organic cations was studied in myelinated nerve fibers. Ionic currents under voltage-clamp conditions were measured in sodium-free solutions containing the test cation. The measured reversal potential and the Goldman equation were used to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeability sequence was: sodium ≈ hydroxylamine > hydrazine > ammonium ≈ formamidine ≈ guanidine ≈ hydroxyguanidine > aminoguanididine >> methylamine. The cations of the following compounds were not measurably permeant: N-methylhydroxylamine, methylhydrazine, methylamine, methylguanidine, acetamidine, dimethylamine, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, ethanolamine, choline, tris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane, imidazole, biguanide, and triaminoguanidine. Thus methyl and methylene groups render cations impermeant. The results can be explained on geometrical grounds by assuming that the sodium channel is an oxygen-lined pore about 3 A by 5 A in cross-section. One pair of oxygens is assumed to be an ionized carboxylic acid. Methyl and amino groups are wider than the 3 A width of the channel. Nevertheless, cations containing amino groups can slide through the channel by making hydrogen bonds to the oxygens. However, methyl groups, being unable to form hydrogen bonds, are too wide to pass through.
691 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that bud emergence is not a necessary prerequisite for the completion of DNA replication but is apparently necessary for nuclear division and Cytokinesis and cell separation are not necessary prerequisites for bud emergence, DNA replication, or nuclear division.
613 citations
TL;DR: The quantitative isolation of total glycosphingolipids from crude lipid extracts without contamination from other lipid classes is described and is useful for determination of microgram quantities of glycolipids derived from less than 1 ml of packed cells.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a thermograph camera to record temperature disitributions produced by energy absorption in phantom models of the tissue structures, which are composed of materials with dielectric and geometric properties identical to the tissue structure which they represent.
Abstract: One of the most vexing problems in studies involving the interaction of electromagnetic fields and living biological systems and tissues is the quantification of the fields induced in the tissues by nearby sources. This paper describes a method for rapid evaluation of these fields in tissues of arbitrary shape and characteristics when they are exposed to various sources including plane wave, aperture, slot, and dipole sources. The method, valid for both far- and near-zone fields, involves the use of a thermograph camera for recording temperature disitributions produced by energy absorption in phantom models of the tissue structures. The magnitude of the electric field may then be obtained anywhere on the model as a function of the square root of the magnitude of the calculated heating pattern. The phantoms are composed of materials with dielectric and geometric properties identical to the tissue structures which they represent. The validity of the technique is verified by comparing the results of the experimental approach with the theoretical results obtained for the case of plane layers of tissue exposed to a rectangular aperture source and cylindrical layers of tissue exposed to a plane-wave source. This technique has been used successfully by the author for improving microwave applicators.
TL;DR: A new sphingoglycolipid was isolated from human adenocarcinomas which had a novel ceramide which contained predominantly 4-hydroxysphinganine (phytosphingosine) and a high content of α-hydroxy fatty acids.
TL;DR: A compositing technique is used to obtain the average structure of 18 disturbances which traversed an area in the equatorial western Pacific during the wet season (July-September) of 1967 as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A compositing technique is used to obtain the average structure of 18 disturbances which traversed an area in the equatorial western Pacific during the wet season (July–September) of 1967. Principal emphasis is placed on the wave properties in the triangular area described by Ponape, Kwajalein and Eniwetok within which it was possible to measure divergence and vertical motion and to compute moisture and heat budgets. Meridional wind maxima of nearly opposite phase occurred in the lower and upper troposphere. Negative temperature deviations were found in the vicinity of the wave trough at low and high levels; positive deviations were observed at intermediate levels. Highest relative humidities occurred in the trough region. This was also the region of strongest upward motion and greatest rainfall and cloud amount. The maximum upward velocity of 2.5 cm sec−1 was found at 300 mb. Convergence was strongest in the sub-cloud layer; divergence was concentrated near 175 mb. The maximum anticyclonic vorti...
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the smooth muscle cells of the developing aorta and of the estrogen-stimulated myometrium have a capacity to synthesize and secrete proteins associated with the extracellular connective tissue matrix.
Abstract: These studies have examined the ability of smooth muscle cells from developing aorta of the prepubertal rat to utilize amino acids in the synthesis and secretion of connective tissue proteins. Prepubertal rats, previously given either an alcohol carrier or estradiol-17-beta, were each given an intravenous injection of proline-3H. The animals were sacrificed after 15 and 30 min, and 4 hr. Light and electron microscope radioautographs of the aortic smooth muscle and of the myometrial cells demonstrated that the aortic cells, in both groups of animals, and the myometrial cells, in the estrogen-stimulated animals, took up the proline and rapidly secreted it in both collagen and elastic fibers within 4 hr. In contrast, the myometrial cells of the nonstimulated animal took up relatively small amounts of proline and retained most of the amino acid within the cells. Electron microscope radioautographs demonstrated that the organelles involved in this activity were the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex together with peripheral elements, presumed to be small vesicles. These studies have demonstrated that the smooth muscle cells of the developing aorta and of the estrogen-stimulated myometrium have a capacity to synthesize and secrete proteins associated with the extracellular connective tissue matrix.
TL;DR: Feeding mechanisms, rejection mechanisms, and feeding rates of planktotrophic echinoderm larvae of 15 species of four classes have been compared and questions are raised concerning the larval nervous system, the evolution of clearance rates, and ways in which each larval type may be suited to the development of juveniles of its class.
TL;DR: Temperature-sensitive mutations occurring in two unlinked complementation groups, cdc4 and cdc8, are recessive and result in a defect in DNA replication at the restrictive temperature.
TL;DR: The results indicate that the skills required by either Part A or Part B of the Trail Making Test are significantly impaired by cerebral damage.
Abstract: The Trail Making Test (a shortened version for use with children) was administered to 98 normal children who ranged in age from 109 to 179 mo. No significant differences between the performances of boys and girls were found. Relatively weak but significant relationships between scores on both Parts A and B and chronological age were present. The second part of the study compared 35 matched pairs of Ss with and without cerebral lesions. The non-brain-damaged Ss had scores comparable to those of normal children tested in the first part of the study, but the brain-damaged children performed much more poorly. The results indicate that the skills required by either Part A or Part B of the Trail Making Test are significantly impaired by cerebral damage.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a 1.1.1-approximation algorithm for the problem of concatenation of 2.0-2.5.0.
Abstract: 1.
TL;DR: A 7-year-old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia was given 1000 rad total-body irradiation followed by infusion of marrow from an HL-A matched brother, and prompt engraftment ensued, and, with methotrexate, significant graft-versus-host disease was not observed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Δ H of vaporization and absolute vapor pressures are calculated based on spectroscopic measurements, and the results show that the vapors of porphin, free-base tetraphenylporphin (H 2 TPP), and the Mg, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Sn complexes show unusually different spectra from their solutions.
TL;DR: The basal levels of ppGpp observed in both stringent and relaxed strains during balanced growth are, in most cases, the same, and vary inversely with the growth rate and RNA content of the cells.
TL;DR: Clarification of the mechanisms operating at the phosphorylase kinase activation step makes it possible to describe more precisely how glycogenolysis is regulated by hormones, and for the first time to identify a specific site of action of cyclic AMP in a physiological process.
TL;DR: It was found that synaptogenesis continues to give a near-normal ratio of terminals containing either spheroidal or flattened vesicles, and reinvasion of synaptic sites vacated by degenerate optic terminals occurs, with an incomplete return toward a normal proportion of synaptic types.
Abstract: Eyes were removed from rats shortly after birth, when there are few formed synapses in the colliculus. It was found that synaptogenesis continues to give a near-normal ratio of terminals containing either spheroidal or flattened vesicles. After eye removal in adult rats, however, reinvasion of synaptic sites vacated by degenerate optic terminals occurs, with an incomplete return toward a normal proportion of synaptic types.
TL;DR: This communication compares the chromatographic and electrdphoretic properties, the amino acid composition and the 24 amino acid N-terminal sequence of the humanand monkeyderived protein A of amyloid substance.
TL;DR: In this paper, the second-harmonic radiation generated by the reflection of incident radiation from a metal surface in a model that considers only plasma effects and neglects periodic lattice structure in the metallic bulk and any form of surface roughness was performed.
Abstract: A calculation is performed of the second-harmonic radiation generated by the reflection of incident radiation from a metal surface in a model that considers only plasma effects and neglects periodic lattice structure in the metallic bulk and any form of surface roughness. The radiation is due to three kinds of currents: one localized to within a few angstroms of the surface and parallel to it, another also localized at the surface but normal to it, and a bulk current in the skin-depth region of the incident light, a region several hundred angstroms thick. Previous expressions for the normal surface current are found to be incorrect, and a new expression is derived. The second-harmonic radiation due to the surface currents is sensitive to surface conditions, while the contribution of the bulk current is only weakly sensitive to them. Theoretical estimates suggest that changes in the radiation intensity with variation in surface condition are caused primarily by changes in the parallel surface currents due to variations in surface scattering. In the course of this investigation general relationships and explicit forms for the second-order response of an isotropic electron gas are given.
TL;DR: The chromosomal locus which controls the presence of natural gs antigen in chicken cells does not represent the viral genome itself but regulates its expression in normal cells, which has implications for the origin of RNA tumor viruses and for theories of carcinogenesis.
TL;DR: These studies reveal a program of gene activity required for nuclear division that commences at the beginning of the cell cycle, which is normally a prerequisite for the latter two processes.