Showing papers by "University of Washington published in 1976"
TL;DR: This paper will develop a model for the use of a “patchy habitat” by an optimal predator and depresses the availability of food to itself so that the amount of food gained for time spent in a patch of type i is hi(T), where the function rises to an asymptote.
4,772 citations
3,150 citations
1,281 citations
TL;DR: The theory of the proximal point algorithm for maximal monotone operators is applied to three algorithms for solving convex programs, one of which has not previously been formulated and is shown to have much the same convergence properties, but with some potential advantages.
Abstract: The theory of the proximal point algorithm for maximal monotone operators is applied to three algorithms for solving convex programs, one of which has not previously been formulated Rate-of-convergence results for the “method of multipliers,” of the strong sort already known, are derived in a generalized form relevant also to problems beyond the compass of the standard second-order conditions for oplimality The new algorithm, the “proximal method of multipliers,” is shown to have much the same convergence properties, but with some potential advantages
1,221 citations
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, it was concluded that since a definitive metabolic role could not be assigned to alkaloids, they best be considered as plant waste products, and more recent workers in the field of alkaloid biochemistry have concurred with this evaluation44,83 and the "waste product hypothesis" has been expanded to include plant secondary substances in general.
Abstract: Much research has been conducted in an attempt to fit the so-called plant secondary substances into the general framework of plant metabolism. Though some success has been achieved in this area, e.g., chlorogenic acid as a regulator of plant metabolic systems under stress21, most such studies have met with a conspicuous lack of success. Possible metabolic roles for the plant alkaloids as intermediate metabolites have probably received the greatest such attention and it was concluded at an early stage44 that, since a definitive metabolic role could not be assigned to alkaloids, they best be considered as plant waste products. More recent workers in the field of alkaloid biochemistry have concurred with this evaluation44,83 and the “waste product hypothesis” has been expanded, principally by Muller (1969, 1970), to include plant secondary substances in general.
1,176 citations
TL;DR: An extension of the exchange model for the analysis of interorganizational relations is developed in this paper, incorporating into the model recent developments in exchange theory, and the model is used to analyze inter-organizational interactions.
Abstract: An extension of the exchange model for the analysis of interorganizational relations is developed, incorporating into the model recent developments in exchange theory. Organizational interactions a...
783 citations
TL;DR: The present studies indicate that the effects of chronic hyperlipidemia are complex in that the condition results not only in the deposition of lipids in the atheromatous lesions but that it may produce the primary endothelial injury that initiates the process of atherosclerosis as well.
Abstract: These studies provide new insight into the complex mechanisms wherby hyperlipidemia causes progressive atherosclerosis. It has been shown that physical injury to the endothelial lining of arteries sets off a process which probably is an attempt at healing the injury but which can lead to atherosclerosis. It has also been found that chemical agents such as homocystine can produce a similar series of events leading to atherosclerosis. These events include focal loss of endothelium, exposure of subendothelial connective tissue, and adherence of platelets followed by release of factors that stimulate intimal smooth muscle proliferation. The present studies indicate that the effects of chronic hyperlipidemia are complex in that the condition results not only in the deposition of lipids in the atheromatous lesions but that it may produce the primary endothelial injury that initiates the process of atherosclerosis as well.
717 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the role of predation in the adaptive significance of vertical migration among zooplankton in both Gatun Lake in Panama and Fuller Pond in Connecticut.
Abstract: Field data and laboratory feeding experiments support the hypothesis that predation can be an important factor in the adaptive significance of vertical migration among zooplankton. In both Gatun Lake in Panama and Fuller Pond in Connecticut the diel vertical migration patterns of prey populations assume distributions which result in lessened predation by the dominant lake planktivores. It is concluded that such patterns of vertical migration will result when prey populations are under intense, selective pressures from visually dependent predators.
699 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1976TL;DR: An introduction to linear regression and correlation, An introduction to Linear Regression and Correlation (LRCC) as discussed by the authors, is a recent work of the authors of this paper, which is also related to our work.
Abstract: An introduction to linear regression and correlation , An introduction to linear regression and correlation , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
660 citations
TL;DR: This chapter discusses germ plasm and the differentiation of the germ cell line and the histochemical evidence for the presence of RNA in polar granules of insects and germinal plasm of amphibians indicates that RNA is present only in eggs and early embryos, while a protein component is present throughout the germ cycle.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses germ plasm and the differentiation of the germ cell line. Germ plasm is defined as a substance present in the cytoplasm of gametes, which is segregated into specific cells during blastulation and determines that those cells shall become the progenitors of the germ cell line during subsequent development. The composition of germ plasm is discussed. The histochemical evidence for the presence of RNA in polar granules of insects and germinal plasm of amphibians indicates that RNA is present only in eggs and early embryos, while a protein component is present throughout the germ cell cycle. Good morphological and experimental evidence for the presence of germ plasm is available for only a few animal species. The germinal cells of chaetognaths were present in early stages of embryonic development and identified a group of cells at the bottom of the archenteron cavity in gastrulas of Sagitta as the primordium of the germ line. Experimental studies are given to determine the role of germinal plasm in anuran eggs by altering the cytoplasm in which it is contained.
TL;DR: This paper investigated factors that predicted breakups before marriage, investigated as part of a two-year study of dating relationships among college students, including unequal involvement in the relationship and discrepant age, educational aspirations, intelligence, and physical attractiveness.
Abstract: Factors that predicted breakups before marriage, investigated as part of a two-year study of dating relationships among college students, included unequal involvement in the relationship (as suggested by exchange theory) and discrepant age, educational aspirations, intelligence, and physical attractiveness (as suggested by filtering models). The timing of breakups was highly related to the school calendar, pointing to the importance of external factors in structuring breakups. The desire to break up was seldom mutual; women were more likely than men to perceive problems in premarital relationships and somewhat more likely to be the ones to precipitate the breakups. Findings are discussed in terms of their relevance for the process of mate selection and their implications for marital breakup. (“The best divorce is the one you get before you get married.”)
TL;DR: Evidence for an important role for the acute insulin response in the determination of glucose disappearance rates during intravenous glucose tolerance tests is support by epidemiological data indicating 115 mg/dl as an upper limit of normal for fasting plasma glucose levels and 1.0 per cent per minute for the glucose disappearance rate.
Abstract: Insulin secretion and glucose disappearance rate were measured in 66 subjects with a wide range of fasting plasma glucose levels. The acute insulin response was present in subjects with fasting glucose levels below 115 mg/dl but was absent above this level. The glucose disappearance rate related to the relative acute insulin response in subjects with fasting glucose below 115 mg/dl and to total insulin response when fasting glucose levels were above 115 mg/dl. A calculated glucose disappearance rate of 1.06 per cent per minute was found when the acute isulin response was zero. All subjects with fasting glucose levels greater than 115 mg/dl had glucose disappearance rates greater than 1.06. These studies support 1) epidemiological data indicating 115 mg/dl as an upper limit of normal for fasting plasma glucose levels and 1.0 per cent per minute as a lower limit of normal for the glucose disappearance rate, and 2) evidence for an important role for the acute insulin response in the determination of glucose disappearance rates during intravenous glucose tolerance tests.
TL;DR: A 39-year-old man with severe bullous pemphigoid developed overwhelming diarrhea after 5 weeks' treatment with 150 mg of cyclophosphamide and 60 mg of prednisolone daily and may have predisposed this patient to cryptosporidial diarrhea.
TL;DR: The National Wilms' Tumor Study, initiated in 1969, tested competing treatment strategems for patients with tumors ranging from Group (Gp) I (tumors confined to the kidney and totally removed) to Gp IV (remote metastases present at diagnosis).
Abstract: The National Wilms' Tumor Study, initiated in 1969, tested competing treatment strategems for patients with tumors ranging from Group (Gp) I (tumors confined to the kidney and totally removed) to Gp IV (remote metastases present at diagnosis). Three hundred and fifty-nine of 606 registered patients were randomized in the trial. Gp I patients under 2 years of age fared well whether postoperative radiation therapy (RT) was or was not added to 15 months' maintenance actinomycin D (AMD). Their prognosis was better than that for older cohorts similarly treated, in whom the difference in relapse rates between treatment groups were suggestive of an RT effect. Combined AMD and vincristine (VCR) gave better results than either agent alone in patients with more advanced tumors (Gps II and III) still confined to the abdomen, all of whom received postoperative RT as well. Preoperative VCR given Gp IV patients in addition to postoperative RT, AMD, and VCR did not improve results. The frequency of mesoblastic nephroma (1%), of bilateral tumors (5%), and of incorrect preoperative diagnosis of Wilms' tumor (5%), the toxicities of the various regimens, and other ancillary data are presented and discussed.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the accuracy of detecting iron deficiency in population surveys can be substantially improved by employing a battery of laboratory measurements of the iron status.
TL;DR: By this technique, ccc-DNA of varying sizes has also been isolated from species of Escherichia, Rhizobium, Citrobacter , and Lactobacillus.
TL;DR: Women being treated with hydantoin anticonvulsants should be told of the nature and magnitude of risks to the developing fetus before considering a pregnancy.
TL;DR: In this article, the optimal harvest age of a standing forest is analyzed if the forest provides a flow of valuable services while standing in addition to the value of the timber when it is harvested.
Abstract: This paper analyzes the optimal harvest age of a forest if the forest provides a flow of valuable services while standing in addition to the value of the timber when it is harvested. A basic conclusion is that the presence of recreational or other services provided by a standing forest may well have an important impact on when or whether to harvest.
TL;DR: Alveolar macrophages were obtained from patients who had received marrow transplants for hematologic disorders and the disappearance with time of host macrophage indicates a life-span, under the conditions, of approximately 81 days.
Abstract: Alveolar macrophages were obtained from 23 patients who had received marrow transplants for hematologic disorders. The presence of a Y body in macrophages of male origin was demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy. In those patients with a marrow donor of opposite sex the alveolar macrophages were shown to be of donor origin. The disappearance with time of host macrophages indicates a life-span, under the conditions, of approximately 81 days.
TL;DR: The ability of various animal proteins to enhance the absorption of dietary nonheme iron was evaluated by performing multiple radioiron absorption measurements in 70 volunteer subjects by making protein equivalent substitutions in basic test meals.
TL;DR: Comparison of recorded currents with simulations shows that while the transverse tubular system has regenerative sodium currents, they are too small to make important errors in the total current recorded at the surface under voltage clamp at low temperature.
Abstract: A Vaseline gap potentiometric recording and voltage clamp method is developed for frog skeletal muscle fibers. The method is based on the Frankenhaeuser-Dodge voltage clamp for myelinated nerve with modifications to improve the frequency response, to compensate for external series resistance, and to compensate for the complex impedance of the current-passing pathway. Fragments of single muscle fibers are plucked from the semitendinosus muscle and mounted while depolarized by a solution like CsF. After Vaseline seals are formed between fluid pools, the fiber ends are cut once again, the central region is rinsed with Ringer solution, and the feedback amplifiers are turned on. Errors in the potential and current records are assessed by direct measurements with microelectrodes. The passive properties of the preparation are simulated by the "disk" equivalent circuit for the transverse tubular system and the derived parameters are similar to previous measurements with microelectrodes. Action potentials at 5 degrees C are long because of the absence of delayed rectification. Their shape is approximately simulated by solving the disk model with sodium permeability in the surface and tubular membranes. Voltage clamp currents consist primarily of capacity currents and sodium currents. The peak inward sodium current density at 5 degrees C is 3.7 mA/cm2. At 5 degrees C the sodium currents are smoothly graded with increasing depolarization and free of notches suggesting good control of the surface membrane. At higher temperatures a small, late extra inward current appears for small depolarizations that has the properties expected for excitation in the transverse tubular system. Comparison of recorded currents with simulations shows that while the transverse tubular system has regenerative sodium currents, they are too small to make important errors in the total current recorded at the surface under voltage clamp at low temperature. The tubules are definitely not under voltage clamp control.
TL;DR: The frequency of myocardial infarction in living hyperlipedemic relatives with familial hypertriglyceridemia was similar to the frequency among normolipidemic relatives (4.5%) or among spouse controls (5.2%).
Abstract: Among 74 hypertriglyceridemic patients who were referred for study because of hypertriglyceridemia, family investigations detected 19 with familial hypertriglyceridemia and 24 with familial combined hyperlipidemia. The frequency of myocardial infarction among adult living hyperlipidemic relatives of patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia was 17.5% (10/57). Five of these relatives had their infarct between the ages of 40 and 50 yr of age, and five before the age of 40 yr. The frequency of myocardial infarction in living hyperlipedemic relatives with familial hypertriglyceridemia was 4.7% (2/43) and was similar to the frequency of myocardial infarction among normolipidemic relatives (4.5%) or among spouse controls (5.2%). Mortality data due to myocardial infarction among relatives of index patients failed to contribute meaningful information.
TL;DR: This article showed that the phonetic content of babbled utterances exhibits many of the same preferences for certain kinds of phonetic elements and sequences that have been found in the production of meaningful speech by children in later stages of language development.
Abstract: Previous scholars have claimed that the child's babbling (meaningless speech-like vocalizations) includes a random assortment of the speech sounds found in the languages of the world. Babbled sounds have been claimed to bear no relationship to the sounds of the child's later meaningful speech. The present research disputes the traditional position on babbling by showing that the phonetic content of babbled utterances exhibits many of the same preferences for certain kinds of phonetic elements and sequences that have been found in the production of meaningful speech by children in later stages of language development.
TL;DR: The ultrasonic volumetric scattering cross section of the erythrocyte has been measured over a range of frequencies by comparing the rms value of the gated backscattered signal from the blood with that of a wave reflected from a flat reflector with known reflection coefficient.
Abstract: The ultrasonic volumetric scattering cross section of the erythrocyte has been measured over a range of frequencies by comparing the rms value of the gated backscattered signal from the blood with that of a wave reflected from a flat reflector with known reflection coefficient. It is found to be proportional to the fourth power of the frequency predicted by the wave scattering theory for small particles in the frequency range from 5 MHz to 15 MHz. The relation between the scattering coefficient and the hematocrit is also examined up to a hematocrit of 45 percent. This coefficient is found to increase along with the hematocrit until it reaches a maximum around hematocrit = 26 percent and then decreases as the hematocrit increases. Twersky's wave scattering theory is applied to describe this result.
TL;DR: In this article, a quasi-geostrophic β-plane channel model is used to study wave-mean flow interaction in the stratosphere and it is shown that for sufficiently low-amplitude wave forcing the response is a steady stratospheric circulation very close to radiative equilibrium conditions.
Abstract: A quasi-geostrophic β-plane channel model is used to study wave-mean flow interaction in the stratosphere. The zonal mean circulation in the model is driven by differential radiative heating (parameterized in terms of a “Newtonian cooling”) and by horizontal eddy heat fluxes due to vertically propagating planetary waves excited by steady forcing at the lower boundary. We find that for sufficiently low-amplitude wave forcing the response is a steady stratospheric circulation very close to radiative equilibrium conditions. However, when the wave forcing is raised beyond a critical amplitude (typically of order 150 m) the response is no longer steady; rather, the mean zonal flow and eddy components oscillate quasi-periodically. We conclude that oscillations in stratospheric long waves do not necessarily reflect oscillating tropospheric forcing but may occur even in the presence of steady forcing.
TL;DR: Both viability and function of concentrated platelets stored at 4° are severely compromised and platelet viability as determined by recovery and survival is largely maintained, as is platelet function measured by template bleeding time.
Abstract: Factors affecting the viability and function of stored platelet concentrates have been investigated in a blood component programme. It was found that platelets could be maintained for up to 72 h without bacterial contamination under the following conditions: (1) surgical skin preparation at venipuncture site; (2) blood collection in CPD or ACD anticoagulant in a closed bag system; (3) centrifugation of PRP at 3000 g for 20 min; (4) storage in Fenwal PL-146, Cutter CL-2383, or McGaw plastic bags; (5) resuspension of the platelet pellet in 70 ml residual plasma; (6) storage at 22+/-2 degrees C; and (7) constant gentle mixing throughout storage. Platelet viability as determined by recovery and survival is largely maintained, as is platelet function measured by template bleeding time. Both viability and function of concentrated platelets stored at 4 degrees C are severely compromised.
TL;DR: The decline of growth rate with increasing species size of unicellular algae grown under uniform conditions is quantified by applying to published data the equation, growth, (cell · time)−1= a (cell carbon)b where a and b are coefficients.
Abstract: SUMMARY
The decline of growth rate with increasing species size of unicellular algae grown under uniform conditions is quantified by applying to published data the equation, growth, (cell · time)−1= a (cell carbon)b where a and b are coefficients. The degree of size-dependence might be highest under optimal conditions of growth where b is 0.75. Respiration rate is shown to decline with size in the same manner. It is postulated that gross photosynthesis and processes underlying growth are similarly size-dependent. Growth, efficiency (net over gross photosynthesis) cannot be shown to be size-dependent. Cell size, expressed as carbon, is proposed as a scaling factor in comparative algal physiology.
TL;DR: A general model is derived for filter-feeding behavior in mixtures of particle types and is used to evaluate selective ingestion of particles based on their comparative abundances, sizes, and digestibilities.
Abstract: If a filter-feeder is assumed to maximize the net rate of energy gained from its food, then the theoretically predicted relations between filtering r.ate, ingestion rate, and the abundance of food agree with empirical models at high concentrations of food cells, but not at low particle densities where experimental results are scarce. A general model is derived for filter-feeding behavior in mixtures of particle types and is used to evaluate selective ingestion of particles based on their comparative abundances, sizes, and digestibilities. Filter-feeders are predicted to harvest optimally in a mixture if their rates of ingestion are maximal for particles slightly larger than those most numerous in the mixture. Conditions which could lead to the passage of viable cells of some species of algae through the gut of a filter-feeder are examined.