Showing papers by "University of Washington published in 1977"
TL;DR: In this article, standards for reporting C-14 age determinations are discussed, and the statistical uncertainty (plus or minus one standard deviation) expresses counting errors, inaccuracies in voltage, pressure, temperature, dilution, and should include errors in C-13 ratios.
Abstract: Standards for reporting C-14 age determinations are discussed. All dates should be related either directly or indirectly to the NBS oxalic acid standard. Corrections for isotopic fractionation are also desirable. For some materials, particularly marine shell, corrections for reservoir effect are necessary, but these should always be reported separately from the conventional radiocarbon age. The statistical uncertainty (plus or minus one standard deviation) expresses counting errors, inaccuracies in voltage, pressure, temperature, dilution, and should include errors in C-13 ratios. Errors can be significant when isotope ratios are estimated rather than measured directly. The error in the conventional C-14 half life is not included. The article includes tables indicating what data should be reported.
5,579 citations
TL;DR: Infants between 12 and 21 days of age can imitate both facial and manual gestures; this behavior cannot be explained in terms of either conditioning or innate releasing mechanisms.
Abstract: Infants between 12 and 21 days of age can imitate both facial and manual gestures; this behavior cannot be explained in terms of either conditioning or innate releasing mechanisms. Such imitation implies that human neonates can equate their own unseen behaviors with gestures they see others perform.
2,904 citations
TL;DR: It is presented that crown gall tumors are caused by the incorporation of part of a virulence plasmid carried by the inciting bacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and the relationship between this plant tumor and virally induced animal tumor systems is discussed.
1,049 citations
TL;DR: One hundred patients, 54 with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and 46 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), considered to be in the end stages of their disease, after combination chemotherapy were treated by marrow transplantation as discussed by the authors.
905 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that the normal coordination of cell growth with cell division is a consequence of the following two relationships: growth, rather than progress through the DNA-division cycle, is normally rate-limiting for cell proliferation and a specific early event in G1 cannot be completed until a critical size is attained.
834 citations
TL;DR: In spite of these rather heroic measures, ankle injuries continue to constitute a significant threat to athletes in these and most other activities.
Abstract: Few injuries in sports are more ubiquitous than those involving the ankle. Athletes in some endeavors, notably football and basketball, routinely have their ankles prophylacticly taped at a cost of hundreds of thousands of dollars and, probably, millions of man hours. Other sports, such as skiing, involve encasement of the foot, ankle, and lower leg in plastic and foam to the extent of almost complete exclusion of motion. In spite of these rather heroic measures, ankle injuries continue to constitute a significant threat to athletes in these and most other activities.
718 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured light transmission and reflection on first-year sea ice near Point Barrow, Alaska, and on multi-year ice near Fletcher's Ice Island in the Beaufort Sea (lat. 84° N., long. 77°W.).
Abstract: Measurements of light transmission and reflection were carried out on first-year sea ice near Point Barrow, Alaska, and on multi-year ice near Fletcher’s Ice Island in the Beaufort Sea (lat. 84° N., long. 77°W.). Spectral albedos (400-1 000 nm) and extinction coefficients (400-800 nm) were determined for melt ponds, snow, and various types of bare ice. Albedos were largest in the 400-600 nm range, decreasing toward longer wavelengths at a rate which appeared to be related to the liquid-water content of the near-surface layers. Extinction coefficients remained nearly constant between 400 and 550 nm, but increased rapidly above 600 nm. At 500 nm, albedos ranged from 0.25 over mature melt ponds to 0.93 over dense dry snow, while the corresponding extinction coefficients ranged from 0.6 to 16 m-1. Intensity profiles taken in the upper 50 cm of the ice indicated that the extinction coefficient at a particular wavelength was nearly constant with depth below 15 cm, although the bulk extinction coefficient decreased with depth because of the strong attenuation in the red. Near the surface it was found that multi-year ice absorbed slightly more energy than did first-year blue ice, but at depths below 10 cm the flux divergence in the first-year ice was three to four times larger than that in the multi-year ice. A simple procedure is described for estimating light transmission and absorption within the ice under clear or cloudy skies from total flux measurements at the surface. Methods by which satellite data could be used to estimate regional albedos, melt-pond fraction, and lead area are also presented.
576 citations
TL;DR: The laser Doppler method appear to represent a practical technique for clinical evaluation of cutaneous blood flow in any skin surface, and is compared with the 133xenon clearance technique in measuring cutaneous flow in the forearms of normal volunteers.
556 citations
TL;DR: The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was grown exponentially at different rates in the presence of growth rate-limiting concentrations of a protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, to support the model for the coordination of growth and division.
Abstract: The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was grown exponentially at different rates in the presence of growth rate-limiting concentrations of a protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide. The volumes of the parent cell and the bud were determined as were the intervals of the cell cycle devoted to the unbudded and budded periods. We found that S. cerevisiae cells divide unequally. The daughter cell (the cell produced at division by the bud of the previous cycle) is smaller and has a longer subsequent cell cycle than the parent cell which produced it. During the budded period most of the volume increase occurs in the bud and very little in the parent cell, while during the unbudded period both the daughter and the parent cell increase significantly in volume. The length of the budded interval of the cell cycle varies little as a function of population doubling time; the unbudded interval of the parent cell varies moderately; and the unbudded interval for the daughter cell varies greatly (in the latter case an increase of 100 min in population doubling time results in an increase of 124 min in the daughter cell's unbudded interval). All of the increase in the unbudded period occurs in that interval of G1 that precedes the point of cell cycle arrest by the S. cerevisiae alpha-mating factor. These results are qualitatively consistent with and support the model for the coordination of growth and division (Johnston, G. C., J. R. Pringle, and L. H. Hartwell. 1977. Exp. Cell. Res. 105:79-98.) This model states that growth and not the events of the DNA division cycle are rate limiting for cellular proliferation and that the attainment of a critical cell size is a necessary prerequisite for the "start" event in the DNA-division cycle, the event that requires the cdc 28 gene product, is inhibited by mating factor and results in duplication of the spindle pole body.
552 citations
TL;DR: A compositing method was used to determine the average structure and properties of eight wave disturbances observed over west Africa and the eastern Atlantic during the period 23 August-19 September, 1974, a period marked by well-developed and regular wave activity.
Abstract: A compositing method is used to determine the average structure and properties of eight wave disturbances observed over west Africa and the eastern Atlantic during the period 23 August-19 September, 1974, a period marked by well-developed and regular wave activity. The disturbance centers propagated westward in the zone of cyclonic shear to the south of the 700 mb easterly jet, located at 16–17°N. The mean wave- length was about 25M km and the mean period 3.5 days. The mean zonal current satisfied the necessary condition for barotropic instability. The composite disturbance was most intense at 650 mb, being cold core below and warm core above. Two circulation centers were evident at the surface, one located below the upper center and the other displaced 10° to the north at about the latitude of the monsoon trough. When separate composites were constructed for land and ocean stations, the dual centers were found to be primarily a land phenomenon. Distinctive features of the high-level (200 inb) ci...
547 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new formula for correcting double-excitation Cl result for the effects of higher excitations is suggested, and the correct form of the effective hamiltonian for a coupled-electron-pair-approximation is discussed for a dilute gas of helium atoms.
TL;DR: Variability in coronary arteriogram readings was studied by having cine films from ten patients read by eleven readers, and recent experience in reading arteriograms seemed to be the most important characteristic in determining the accuracy of a reader.
Abstract: Variability in coronary arteriogram readings was studied by having cine films from ten patients read by eleven readers Three of the eleven subsequently met as an expert panel to provide a joint evaluation which could serve as a standard Considerable variability was found between individual readers and between readers and the panel The average standard deviation for estimation of any segmental stenosis by any single reader was 18% Disagreement about the number of major vessels with a 70% stenosis occurred 31% of the time Discrepancies were most likely to occur in analyzing distal arterial segments, in reading nonopacified segments, and during analysis of films showing more severe disease or having poorer technical quality Recent experience in reading arteriograms seemed to be the most important characteristic in determining the accuracy of a reader A protocol for the use of three readers is suggested
TL;DR: In this article, the temporal variance and covariance quantities at each individual grid point are partitioned into low-pass and band-pass components by means of conventional filtering procedures. But the most definitive results of the study involve the band- pass fluctuations which appear to be associated with developing baroclinic waves.
Abstract: Twice-daily synoptic analyses are statistically analyzed for a sample of nine individual winters. Temporal variance and covariance quantities at each individual grid point are partitioned into “low-pass” (approximately 10–90 day) and “band-pass” (approximately 2.5–6 day) components by means of conventional filtering procedures. The time-filtered variance and covariance fields are displayed in terms of hemisphere maps. Included in the analysis are sea level pressure, 300 mb height, 500 mb wind statistics, and 850 mb temperature and poleward heat flux. The most definitive results of the study involve the “band-pass” fluctuations which appear to be associated with developing baroclinic waves. The fields of band-pass 1000, 50 and 300 mb geopotential height, as well as the 500 mb meridional wind component and relative vorticity all exhibit elongated variance maxima coincident with the two major Northern Hemisphere storm tracks, which lie downstream and somewhat poleward of the cores of the Asian and N...
TL;DR: A tropical squall-line system was investigated using rawinsonde, weather radar, satellite, surface meteorological, acoustic sounder and cloud photographic data as discussed by the authors, which led to a detailed synthesis of the three-dimensional structure, dynamics and life cycle of the disturbance.
Abstract: A tropical squall-line system which moved over the observational network of the Global Atmospheric Research Programme's Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) was investigated using rawinsonde, weather radar, satellite, surface meteorological, acoustic sounder and cloud photographic data. Combining these data led to a detailed synthesis of the three-dimensional structure, dynamics and life cycle of the disturbance. The squall-line system consisted of a squall line forming the leading edge of the system and a trailing anvil cloud region. The squall line was made up of discrete active centers of cumulonimbus convection, referred to as line elements (LE's). New LE's formed ahead of the squall line. Old LE's weekened toward the rear of the line and blended into the trailing anvil region as they dissipated. Each LE progressed through a period of rapid growth, with echo tops penetrating the tropopause to maximum heights of 16–17 km, then decreasing to heights of 13–14 km, which corresponds to the height o...
TL;DR: Both phosphodiesterase activator and RBC cytoplasmic activator increase the Vmax and the apparent affinity of (Ca2-Mg2+)ATPase for Ca2+.
TL;DR: Since mechanical compression of either the dorsal root ganglion or of chronically injured roots can induce prolonged repetitive firing in sensory axons, it is concluded that radicular pain is due to activity in the fibers appropriate to the area of perceived pain.
Abstract: The radicular pain of sciatica was ascribed by Mixter and Barr to compression of the spinal root by a herniated intervertebral disc. It was assumed that root compression produced prolonged firing in the injured sensory fibers and led to pain perceived in the peripheral distribution of those fibers. This concept has been challenged on the basis that acute peripheral nerve compression neuropathies are usually painless. Furthermore, animal experiments have rarely shown more than several seconds of repetitive firing in acutely compressed nerves or nerve roots. It has been suggested that “radicular pain” is actually pain referred to the extremity through activation of deep spinal and paraspinal nociceptors. Our experiments on cat lumbar dorsal roots and rabbit sural nerves have confirmed that acute compression of the root or nerve does not produce more than several seconds of repetitive firing. However, long periods of repetitive firing (5–25 min) follow minimal acute compression of the normal dorsal root ganglion. Chronic injury of dorsal roots or sural nerve produces a marked increase in mechanical sensitivity; several minutes of repetitive firing may follow acute compression of such chronically injured sites. Such prolonged responses could be evoked repeatedly in a population of both rapidly and slowly conducting fibers. Since mechanical compression of either the dorsal root ganglion or of chronically injured roots can induce prolonged repetitive firing in sensory axons, we conclude that radicular pain is due to activity in the fibers appropriate to the area of perceived pain.
TL;DR: In this article, robust Bayesian estimates of the vector x are constructed for the following two distinct situations: (1) the state x is Gaussian and the observation error v is (heavy-tailed) non-Gaussian and (2) the states x and v are Gaussian.
Abstract: Starting with the vector observation model y = Hx + v , robust Bayesian estimates \hat{x} of the vector x are constructed for the following two distinct situations: 1) the state x is Gaussian and the observation error v is (heavy-tailed) non-Gaussian and 2) the state is heavy-tailed non-Gaussian and the observation error is Gaussian. Bounds with respect to broad symmetric non-Gaussian families are derived for the error covariance matrix of these estimates. These "one-step" robust estimates are then used to obtain robust estimates for the Kalman filter setup y_{k}= H_{k}x_{k}+ v_{k}, x_{k+1}=\Phi_{k}x_{k}+w_{k} . Monte Carlo results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed estimation procedure, which might be termed a robustified Kalman filter.
TL;DR: The manner in which coders are trained and the CBAS used in field settings is described, and the results of several reliability studies indicate that high scorer accuracy and interrater reliability can be attained.
Abstract: A behavioral assessment system for coding and analyzing the behaviors of athletic coaches in naturalistic settings is described. The Coaching Behavior Assessment System (CBAS) consists of 12 behavioral categories derived from content analyses of coaching behaviors during practices and games. The manner in which coders are trained and the CBAS used in field settings is described, and the results of several reliability studies are reported. These studies indicate that high scorer accuracy and interrater reliability can be attained. The potential use of the CBAS to extend the study of interpersonal behavior into the realm of sport psychology is also discussed.
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a thorough treatment of the properties of integral functions in the case of R = R to the n-th power, including properties of continuity convexity and duality.
Abstract: : A fundamental notion in many areas of mathematics, including optimal control, stochastic programming, and the study of partial differential equations, is that of an integral functional. By this is meant an expression of the form If(x) = integral over S of f(s,x(s))mu(DS), x is a member of X where X is a linear space of measurable functions defined on a measure space (S, A, mu) and having values in a linear space E. This paper provides a thorough treatment of the properties of such functionals in the case of E = R to the n-th power, including properties of continuity convexity and duality.
TL;DR: Most cells of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of rats are generated of fetal days 12 to 14 and their axons invade the telencephalon on fetal day 16 and run in the intermediate zone just below the cortical plate, reaching the visual area on Fetal day 18.
Abstract: Most cell of the dorsal laterial geniculate nucleus of rats are generated on fetal days 12 to 14. Their axons invade the telencephalon on fetal day 16 and run in the intermediate zone just below the cortical plate, reaching the visual area of fetal day 18. The axons do not invade the cortical plate significantly until close to birth (day 22 of gestation) and reach their zone of terminal distribution between postnatal days 1 and 4. In subsequent days the projection becomes progressively more heavily distrubuted in layers IV and I, and synapses of thalamic origin can be identified in these layers. While cells destined for layers IV cross the intermediate zone at the time that thalamic axons first arrive, this coincidence of growth does not seem to be a factor which determines the specificity of patterns of thalamocortical connections since the cells reach layer IV several days before the axons. It is unclear why the axons should wait several days in the region immediately below the cortical plate before invading; although there is a parallel in previous studies on the development of the chick retinotectal pathway (Crossland et al., '75).
TL;DR: The results suggest that the differences in LDL between men and women are due primarily to differences in the relative proportions of HDL subclasses rather than to the intrinsic differences in HDL structure.
Abstract: To study apolipoprotein A-II, a simple, precise, and accurate immunodiffusion assay was developed and applied in a population sample of industrial employees. Apolipoprotein A-II (A-II) did not increase with age in men (r = -0.20, n = 172), but showed a slight increase with age in women (0.1 mg/dl per yr, r = 0.20, n = 188). A-II correlated significantly with apolipoprotein A-I (A-I) (r = 0.71) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (men, r = 0.64; women, r = 0.49). The A-I/A-II ratio was significantly related to HDL cholesterol (men, r = 0.29; women, r = 0.44). Women on no medication (n = 92) had A-II levels similar to men (34+/-5 and 33+/-5 mg/dl, mean+/-SD, respectively), whereas women on oral contraceptives or estrogens had significantly higher levels (39+/-6 mg/dl, n = 75, P < 0.01). The plasma A-I/A-II weight ratio was 3.6+/-0.4 for men and 3.8+/-0.5 for women. In the d = 1.10-1.21 subfraction, both males and females had similar A-I, A-II, and HDL cholesterol levels (men: mean, 97, 27, and 32 mg/dl, respectively; women: mean, 104, 28, and 36 mg/dl, respectively). Women had approximately twice the amount of A-I, A-II, and HDL cholesterol than men in the d = 1.063-1.10 fraction (men: mean, 10, 2, and 10 mg/dl, respectively; women: mean, 24, 4, and 19 mg/dl, respectively). The A-I/A-II weight ratio in the d = 1.063-1.10 fraction (men, 5.1+/-0.7; women, 6.1+/-1.3) was significantly greater (P < 0.01) than that in the d = 1.10-1.21 fraction (men, 3.7+/-0.2; women, 3.8+/-0.2). Furthermore, the weight ratio of cholesterol to total apoprotein A in the d = 1.063-1.10 fraction (men, 0.75+/-0.09; women, 0.67+/-0.05) was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than that found in the d = 1.10-1.21 fraction (men, 0.26+/-0.04, women, 0.28+/-0.05). Thus, the compositions of HDL hydrated density subclasses are significantly different from each other. These results suggest that the differences in HDL between men and women are due primarily to differences in the relative proportions of HDL subclasses rather than to the intrinsic differences in HDL structure.
TL;DR: Until the incidence of transient bacteremia associated with various abdominal procedures is further defined, endocarditis-prone patients should probably receive prophylaxis, and patients with prosthetic valves who are subjected to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, sigmoidoscope, liver biopsy, or barium enema should also have antibiotic pretreatment.
TL;DR: It is shown for a variety of models that the Ito calculus may provide a more useful approximation than the Stratonovich approach to stochastic difference equations with autocorrelated noise.
TL;DR: P paraplegic patients who had undergone removal of an entire section of the spinal cord in the attempt to alleviate phantom body pain, yet they still suffered severe pain in the denervated areas of the body are described.
Abstract: Phantom body pain in paraplegic patients is the most mysterious of all pain phenomena. It has been traditionally assumed [45] that the essential cause of pain in any part of the body is activity in the receptor-fiber units that innervate it. In this paper, however, we shall describe paraplegic patients who had undergone removal of an entire section of the spinal cord (segmental cordectomy) in the attempt to alleviate phantom body pain, yet they still suffered severe pain in the denervated areas of the body. There is no reason to believe that the pain was due to depression or neurosis. Furthermore, the possibility that the pain was produced by nociceptive signals transmitted along the sympathetic chain is ruled out because the pain was not relieved by bilateral sympathetic blocks. The perception of severe, chronic pain in the absence of any input from those parts of the body in which pain is felt has profound implications for theories of pain. The purpose of this paper is to examine the properties of phantom body pains in paraplegics and to propose a theoretical concept to explain them.
TL;DR: A prospective study of 80 bone marrow transplant recipients with acute leukemia and aplastic anemia employed serial viral cultures, determination of complement-fixing antibody to cytomegalovirus (CMV), and study of material obtained from open lung biopsy and autopsy, finding the presence of leukemia and/or certain factors in the technique of preparation for engraftment may have been significant.
Abstract: A prospective study of 80 bone marrow transplant recipients with acute leukemia and aplastic anemia employed serial viral cultures, determination of complement-fixing antibody to cytomegalovirus (CMV), and study of material obtained from open lung biopsy and autopsy. There were 43 episodes of interstitial pneumonia, 28 of which were fatal. About 40% of the cases were idiopathic. CMV was the most common candidate pathogen, present in 47% of affected lungs. By a median of 53 days following transplantation, 46% of the recipients were shedding CMV from some site. This event was three times more frequent among recipients who had positive titers of antibody to CMV before transplantation than among seronegative recipients. Failure to respond werologically to CMV infection markedly increased the hazard of dying of interstitial pneumonia. Graft-vs-host disease significantly increased the incidence and lethality of interstitial pneumonia. The presence of leukemia (rather than aplastic anemia) and/or certain factors in the technique of preparation for engraftment may have been significant.
TL;DR: In overnight fasted rhesus monkeys, synchronous, regular oscillations occurred in the plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and glucagon, and in baboons, oscillations of glucose and insulin were smaller than in rhesUS monkeys, while in man,regular oscillations were not observed.
Abstract: In overnight fasted rhesus monkeys, synchronous, regular oscillations occurred in the plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and glucagon. The oscillations displayed a period averaging 9 minutes. The amplitudes for insulin and glucagon were ten and five times greater than for glucose. Insulin cycled in and glucagon out of phase with glucose. In baboons, oscillations of glucose and insulin were smaller than in rhesus monkeys, while in man, regular oscillations were not observed.
TL;DR: In order to determine whether the sympathetic nervous system participates in the neuroendocrine response to surgical stress in man, plasma levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine were measured by enzymatic assay in eight patients undergoing elective abdominal operations.
Abstract: In order to determine whether the sympathetic nervous system participates in the neuroendocrine response to surgical stress in man, plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) were measured by enzymatic assay in eight patients undergoing elective abdominal operations. Basal NE levels (pre-anesthesia) were comparable to those of 11 normal controls: 180 ± 20 pg/ml, ± sem (patients), vs. 180 ± 20 (controls), but basal E levels were higher: 70 ± 10 (patients) vs. 20 ± 5 (controls), P < .001. Halothane anesthesia caused no changes of plasma NE (Δ NE = +50 ± 40 pg/ml, p = NS), but suppressed plasma E (Δ E = −50 ± 10 pg/ml, P < .01). During the operation plasma catecholamines rose above anesthesia levels in all patients: Δ NE = +380 ± 60, Δ E = +250 ± 100, both P < .01. Plasma catecholamines remained elevated through 2 h after surgery: Δ NE (vs. pre-anesthesia baseline) = +290 ± 60, P < .01, Δ E = +200 ± 60, P < .05. Throughout the procedure Δ NE correlated with Δ E (r = .75, P < .001). These findin...
TL;DR: It is shown that the concentration of microscopically visible, nonliving particles in the sea is not known and renewed studies are suggested as a means of improving on the chemical approach to determining F.
Abstract: For field samples, regression analyses of plots of chemically determined particulate organic carbon on chlorophyll are often employed to estimate the algal carbon-to-chlorophyll ratio (F) in the presence of appreciable amounts of nonalgal particulate organic carbon. Spurious results will be obtained, however, if the temporal rate of change of the algae or the nonplant matter reverses its sign during the sampling interval and the samples cannot be ordered correctly in time or space. Previously recognized sources of bias inherent in the chemical approach are also discussed. The great uncertainty of our present knowledge of F is pointed out. It is shown that the concentration of microscopically visible, nonliving particles in the sea isnot known. Renewed studies are suggested as a means of improving on the chemical approach to determining F. The general argument holds for the ratios of nitrogen (particle volume, etc.)-to-chlorophyll, carbon (nitrogen, particle volume, etc.)-to-ATP, and similar conversion factors.