Showing papers by "University of Washington published in 1978"

Assessing the impact of life changes: development of the Life Experiences Survey.

Abstract: This article describes the development of a new instrument, the Life Experiences Survey, for the measurement of life changes. It was designed to eliminate certain shortcomings of previous life stress measures and allows for separate assessment of positive and negative life experiences as well as individualize d ratings of the impact of events. Several studies bearing on the usefulness of the Life Experiences Survey are presented, and the implications of the findings are discussed. During recent years, numerous studies have investigated the relationship between life stress and susceptibility to physical and psychological problems. Most of these studies have been based on the assumptions that (a) life changes require adaptation on the part of the individual and are stressful, and (b) persons experiencing marked degrees of life change during the recent past are susceptible to physical and psychiatric problems. There is considerable evidence that a relationship exists between life stress, operationally defined in terms of self-reported life changes, and physical illness (Dohrenwcnd & Dohrenwend, 1974b). Rahe and Lind (1971) have reported a relationship between life stress and sudden cardiac death. Theorcll and Rahe (1971) and Edwards (1971) have provided data suggestive of a link between life stress and myocardial infarction. Holmes (1970) and Rahe (1968) both found a relationship between life stress and major and minor health

Experimental Stress Analysis

Abstract: Part 1: Elementary elasticity and fraction mechanics stress strain and the stress-strain relationships basic equations and plane-elasticity theory. Elementary fracture mechanics. Part 2: Strain-measurement methods and related instrumentation introduction to strain measurements electrical resistance strain gages strain gage circuits recording instruments strain analysis methods. Part 3: Optical methods of stress analysis basic optics moire methods theory of plasticity applied photoelasticity - two and three dimensional stress analysis optical methods for determining fracture parameters coating methods - photoelastic coatings and brittle coating statistical analysis of experimental data.

Semantic Integration of Verbal Information Into a Visual Memory.

Abstract: A total of 1,242 subjects, in five experiments plus a pilot study, saw a series of slides depicting a single auto-pedestrian accident. The purpose of these experiments was to investigate how information supplied after an event influences a witness's memory for that event. Subjects were exposed to either consistent, misleading, or irrelevant information after the accident event. Misleading information produced less accurate responding on both a yes-no and a two-alternative forced-choice recognition test. Further, misleading information had a larger impact if introduced just prior to a final test rather than immediately after the initial event. The effects of misleading information cannot be accounted for by a simple demand-characteristics explanation. Overall, the results suggest that information to which a witness is exposed after an event, whether that information is consistent or misleading, is integrated into the witness's memory of the event.

The family APGAR: a proposal for a family function test and its use by physicians.

Abstract: Understanding family function is an important aspect of patient care, yet a practical approach to the evaluation of fam­ ily function by the physician has not been devised. This paper introduces a brief questionnaire that is designed to test five areas of family function. The acronym APGAR has been applied to the functional components of Adaptability, Partner­ ship, Growth, Affection, and Resolve. The use of the Family APGAR is discussed, as well as ways of assessing family re­ sources and reporting data in a family problem-oriented rec­ ord. These guidelines are offered for the management of the family in trouble, so that the physician may view the use of the Family APGAR in the context of clinical practice.

Histopathology and prognosis of Wilms tumors: results from the First National Wilms' Tumor Study.

Abstract: Detailed histological analysis of 427 cases entered on the first National Wilms' Tumor Study revealed that lesions with foci of marked cytological atypism (anaplasia), and those composed predominantly of sarcomatous stroma, were associated with unfavorable outcome. Twenty-five patients had anaplasia, and 24 had sarcomatous lesions of which a total of 28 (57.1%) died of tumor. Three hundred and seventy-eight patients had tumors which showed neither of these features, and only 26 (6.9%) died of tumor. Seven of ten deaths due to tumor in patients diagnosed before two years of age were associated with sarcomatous lesions. Three sarcomatous patterns were recognized, of which one, designated "clear cell" sarcoma, had a predilection for bony metastases. Using criteria defined and illustrated in this paper it is possible to identify in advance those patients likely to do poorly using current therapeutic approaches.

A Contingency Model for the Selection of Decision Strategies

Abstract: A model hypothesizes why decision makers choose different decision strategies in dealing with different decision problems. Given the motivation to choose the strategy which requires the least investment for a satisfactory solution, the choice of strategy should depend upon the type of problem, the surrounding environment, and the personal characteristics of the decision maker.

Cognitive determinants of fixation location during picture viewing.

Abstract: This experiment involved the question of where human observers look in a picture. The results indicated that observers fixate earlier, more often, and with longer durations on objects that have a low probability of appearing in a scene (e.g., an octopus in a farm scene) than on objects that have a high probability of appearing (e.g., a tractor in a farm scene). These findings (a) imply a role of cognitive factors in peripheral visual processing and (b) suggest a possible relationship between the nature of information initially acquired from a picture and subsequent recognition memory for that picture.

Potassium channels as multi-ion single-file pores.

Abstract: A literature review reveals many lines of evidence that both delayed rectifier and inward rectifier potassium channels are multi-ion pores. These include unidirectional flux ratios given by the 2--2.5 power of the electrochemical activity ratio, very steeply voltage-dependent block with monovalent blocking ions, relief of block by permeant ions added to the side opposite from the blocking ion, rectification depending on E--EK, and a minimum in the reversal potential or conductance as external K+ ions are replaced by an equivalent concentration of T1+ ions. We consider a channel with a linear sequence of energy barriers and binding sites. The channel can be occupied by more than one ion at a time, and ions hop in single file into vacant sites with rate constants that depend on barrier heights, membrane potential, and interionic repulsion. Such multi-ion models reproduce qualitatively the special flux properties of potassium channels when the barriers for hopping out of the pore are larger than for hopping between sites within the pore and when there is repulsion between ions. These conditions also produce multiple maxima in the conductance-ion activity relationship. In agreement with Armstrong's hypothesis (1969. J. Gen. Physiol. 54:553--575), inward rectification may be understood in terms of block by an internal blocking cation. Potassium channels must have at least three sites and often contain at least two ions at a time.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Stock Market Performance

Abstract: The article examines the relationship between social responsibility and stock market performance of corporations in the U.S. for the period 1970-1974. Risk measures and differential returns of the ...

Linear rank tests with right censored data

Abstract: SUMMARY Linear rank statistics are developed for tests on regression coefficients with censored data These statistics arise as score statistics based on the marginal probability of a generalized rank vector The observed Fisher information provides a variance estimator generally, while in certain special cases a permutation approach to variance estimation is also possible The

Noninvasive assessment of coronary stenoses by myocardial imaging during pharmacologic coronary vasodilatation. III. Clinical trial

Abstract: Thallium-201 myocardial imaging was performed at rest, after maximal treadmill exercise and during coronary vasodilatation induced by the intravenous administration of dipyridamole in 62 patients undergoing coronary angiography Myocardial images after dipyridamole infusion were compared with rest and exercise thallium-201 images to determine the utility of pharmacologic stress for detecting coronary artery disease Dipyridamole, 0142 mg/min, was infused for 4 minutes with electrocardiographic and blood pressure monitoring, and thallium-201 was injected intravenously 4 minutes after infusion Myocardial/background count ratios of 23 ± 05 (mean ± 1 standard deviation) after the administration of dipyridamole were higher than similar ratios for exercise images (21 ± 05; P < 0001) The sensitivity of thallium-201 imaging for detecting significant coronary artery disease was equal for dipyridamole and exercise stress In 51 patients with a 50 percent or greater stenosis of one or more coronary arteries, image defects were identified in 34 of 51 (67 percent) exercise and dipyridamole images Twenty of 51 patients (39 percent) had abnormal rest images; in 17 of 20 patients, new or increased image defects were present after exercise and the infusion of dipyridamole One of 11 patients (9 percent) with no stenosis of 50 percent or greater had a defect on exercise and dipyridamole images Six of seven patients with new or enlarged image defects after the intravenous administration of dipyridamole also had new or enlarged defects after the oral administration of dipyridamole After the infusion of dipyridamole, the heart rate increased from 64 ±10 beats/min supine to 88 ± 13 beats/min standing (P < 0001), and blood pressure decreased from 129 ± 1680 ± 9 to 120 ± 1775 ± 9 mm Hg (P < 0001) Angina and S-T depression occurred more frequently with exercise than with dipyridamole S-T depression occurred in only two patients (3 percent) with dipyridamole, suggesting that diagnostic images were often obtained without significant ischemia This study demonstrates that pharmacologic coronary vasodilatation is as effective as maximal treadmill exercise in creating myocardial perfusion abnormalities detectable with thallium-201 imaging in man

The clinical pharmacology of methotrexate: new applications of an old drug.

Abstract: Methotrexate is now used widely for the treatment of acute leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, osteogenic sarcoma, choriocarcinoma, breast carcinoma, pulmonary and epidermoid carcinoma, and intrathecal chemotherapy. It is also useful in bone marrow transplantation, severe psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, Wegener's granulomatosis and sarcoidosis. The recent dramatic intensification of methotrexate therapy can be attributed in part to advances in our understanding of the clinical pharmacology of the folate antagonists, as well as to the combination of positive results and their effective dissemination to medical oncologists. The review summarizes the pharmacologic findings and illustrates how they are currently being applied to the treatment of malignant disease.

"Optical-sideband Cooling of Visible Atom Cloud Confined in Parabolic Well"

Abstract: An assemblage of 50 ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{+}$ ions, contained in a parabolic well, has been visually observed and cooled by means of near-resonant laser irradiation.

8: An Evolving Logic of Participant Observation, Educational Ethnography, and Other Case Studies:

Abstract: The aspiration of the author in this chapter is straightforward but wide ranging: to provide a context and logic for the discussion of the genre of research that is coming to be known by such varied labels as educational ethnography, participant observation, qualitative observation, case study, or field study. For the most part, I will use these terms as synonyms. Such an aspiration is warranted for several reasons. First, the method seems very simple, and some methodologists perceive it this way. Biddle (1967) called it "the broadest and simplest methodology used in classroom studies." The researcher goes into an educational setting with a pencil and pad, makes a few observations, takes some notes, and writes a report, a dissertation, or a book. For some it seems almost this easy; others stumble about and have incredible difficulty. Second, a growing group of researchers, evaluators, and policymakers (e.g., NIE's Experimental Schools, NIE's School Capacity for Problem Solving, Nuffield Humanities Evaluation, OECD's Center for Educational Research and Innovation, and NSF's Case Studies in Science Education) have been urging inquiry and evaluation using these techniques. Third, several major methodologists have disparaged the use of such procedures: the two most significant statements are Scriven's (1967) classic paper on evaluation and Campbell and Stanley's (1963) classic chapter on experimental research in education. The former attacked "process studies" and "noncomparative evalua-

Noninvasive assessment of coronary stenoses by myocardial perfusion imaging during pharmacologic coronary vasodilatation. I. Physiologic basis and experimental validation.

Abstract: This study was undertaken to establish the basic hemodynamic conditions necessary to cause abnormalities in external myocardial perfusion images of thallium-201 and technetium-99M-labeled particles as a result of defined coronary stenoses ranging from mild to severe narrowing. Twenty dogs underwent long-term instrumentation with a flow transducer and adjustable constrictor on the left circumflex coronary artery. Catheters were implanted in the aortic root and distal left circumflex coronary artery to measure pressure loss across the stenosis and in the pulmonary artery and left atrium for the injection of drugs or radionuclides, or both. All data were obtained in intact unsedated trained animals. The results from 145 images obtained at rest, during exercise or after coronary vasodilators in dogs with mild to severe coronary stenoses demonstrate the following: (1) The ratio of maximal flow in a normal to stenotic coronary artery must be at least 2:1 before defects appear in the myocardial perfusion image of thallium-201. (2) A diagnostic technique that utilizes a maximal stimulus for increasing coronary flow and an imaging agent that is distributed to the myocardium in linear proportion to coronary flow at flow rates up to 4 or 5 times resting levels will be the most sensitive method for detecting mild coronary stenoses; a diagnostic technique utilizing a submaximal stimulus for coronary flow or an imaging agent whose distribution is not proportional to flow at high flow rates will be least sensitive. (3) Myocardial perfusion imaging during coronary vasodilatation induced with intravenously administered dipyridamole is a better method for identifying moderate coronary stenoses than perfusion imaging during exercise stress in experimental animals. (4) The effect of intravenously administered dipyridamole on the coronary circulation can be closely regulated by adjusting the dose rate of infusion and can be instantaneously reversed with intravenous administration of aminophylline, a dipyridamole antagonist; dipyridamole infusion does not increase myocardial oxygen demands as much as exercise and does not Invoke myocardial ischemia as a diagnostic end point. This stimulus may therefore be more readily controlled than exercise stress and is not subject to the effects on treadmill testing of motivation, chronic lung disease, peripheral vascular disease or musculoskeletal impairment.

The evolution and loss of feeding larval stages of marine invertebrates.

Abstract: The feeding larvae of marine invertebrates have interested evolutionists for three reasons. First, the long pelagic larval stage often associated with larval feeding permits dispersal over unusually large distances. This dispersal of larvae affects gene flow and the geographic distribution of species (Mileikovsky, 1971; Scheltema, 1971). Second, many traits of feeding larvae are extremely conservative, so larval forms have played a large part in phylogenetic theories (Garstang, 1951; Hatschek, 1878; Jagersten, 1972; Zimmer, 1973). Third, homologous stages of development can be either planktotrophic (feeding) or lecithotrophic (dependent on reserves in the egg) within many genera or families, and this variation has promoted several models of adaptive strategies concerning parental investment per offspring, dispersal, and other consequences of planktotrophy versus lecithotrophy (Crisp, 1974a; 1974b; Strathmann, 1974a; 1977; Vance, 1973). The conservatism of many traits of feeding larvae within a class or phylum contrasts with the independent loss of a feeding larval stage in many genera and families, yet patterns of evolution and loss of feeding larvae have not been reviewed, and differences in these patterns among higher taxa have not been recognized. The following survey of ten phyla presents a scheme for the evolution and loss of feeding larval stages which is consistent with recent studies on larval feeding mechanisms. These phyla fall into two groups, the oligomera and the spiralia (Table 1). Comparisons among the phyla indicate potential or realized differences in flexibility in reacquiring a planktotrophic larval stage once it is lost. I will present evidence for the oligomera indicating that loss of a planktotrophic larval stage is usually irreversible, that feeding larvae have originated in the remote past, and that feeding larvae have been lost by all members of some orders and classes. A survey of larvae in spiralian phyla indicates that for several reasons the spiralians have been more flexible in acquiring new planktotrophic larval forms. This survey therefore indicates trends and constraints in the evolution of larval planktotrophy which differ among major groups of invertebrates, and some of the reasons for these differences. The survey also can serve as a guide which will prevent erroneous extensions of predictions from optimization models to groups with little variation or evolutionary flexibility. The paper which follows extends these results to indicate progressive vacating of adaptive types in some clades. The acceptance here of a particular set of relationships among phyla may disturb readers who are either unfamiliar with construction of phylogenies or advocate an alternative phylogenetic scheme. The criterion for deciding among phylogenetic schemes, as for any set of alternative hypotheses, is parsimony, and under available evidence other phylogenetic schemes are less parsimonious. (See Garstang to Zimmer, cited above.) New evidence may change views on phylogeny, but phylogenetic schemes could change substantially without affecting the major conclusions of this review. I have therefore not discussed the effect which this or that change in inferred re-

The neurological organization of pathways between the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex in old world and new world primates

Abstract: Pathways between the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and visual cortex in Old World (Macaca, Papio, Erythrocebus, Cercopithecus) and New World (Saimiri, Cebus) primates were studied after injections of horseradish peroxidase and H3 or S35 amino acids into the dLGN or visual cortex. Trans-synaptic autoradiography was also used to study these pathways after an injection of H3 proline-fucose into one eye. The subsequent autoradiographs of visual cortex showed that Old World primates have separate eye inputs (ocular dominance columns) in striate cortex, whereas New World monkeys have overlapping or non-separated eye inputs. In both primate groups the geniculocortical input to layer IVA formed a pattern which resembled a honeycomb in tangential sections, unlike the solidly labeled layer IVC. Also common to the two primate groups was a projection from dLGN to layer VI. There was no dLGN projection to any prestriate area in any of the primates. However, after an injection limited to the prestriate cortex of Macaca, light autoradiographic labeling was seen in the interlaminar zones and the magnocellular and S laminae, demonstrating a prestriate-dLGN pathway. Our results indicate that the primate visual system differs significantly from the cat in having no dLGN projection to area 18. There are also significant differences between primates in the level at which the possibility of binocularity (of an excitatory nature) first occurs in the striate cortex because in the species studied thus far with neuroanatomical methods, Old World primates have ocular dominance columns in layer IV but most New World monkeys lack them.

The Contingency Model and the Dynamics of the Leadership Process1

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter describes the contingency model and the dynamics of the leadership process. The Contingency Model provides a conceptual framework which enables to explain the effects of such change-inducing conditions as organizational turbulence, leadership experience, training, and job rotation. The integrating concept in the dynamic interpretation of this theory is the leader's situational control and influence, which, as it changes, brings about a corresponding change in the leader's behavior and performance. The Contingency Model has a number of shortcomings that need to be remedied as new research data become available. Specifically, there is need of a conceptually cleaner definition and a better metric of the situational control dimension, and it is necessary to continue research on personality and behavioral correlates of LPC, and on the effect of this variable on interpersonal encounters outside the leadership context. In addition, it is important to seek concepts which integrate different leadership theories of proven worth. The interpretation of the situational control dimension as a correlate of uncertainty and anxiety is a promising development in this direction. Leadership, and the authority relationship of which it is a part, is a central and important phenomenon in our everyday life. It plays a powerful role in the governance of our institutions and our society, and it makes obvious the critical need for understanding, developing, and improving the leadership resources at our disposal.

Noninvasive assessment of coronary stenoses by myocardial imaging during pharmacologic coronary vasodilatation. II. Clinical methodology and feasibility

Abstract: A noninvasive method has been developed utilizing myocardial imaging of thallium-201 injected intravenously at rest and during coronary vasodilatation induced with intravenously administered dipyridamole, a potent selective coronary vasodllator. The method has been validated in experimental animals and shown to be more sensitive than exercise imaging in identifying moderate experimental coronary stenoses. This report describes the clinical feasibility and methodology of applying the technique to man. Study of a total of 162 myocardial perfusion images in 62 patients revealed the following: (1) The quality of myocardial perfusion images of thallium-201 injected during coronary vasodilatation induced with intravenously administered dipyridamole was equal to or better than that of myocardial images of thallium-201 injected during treadmill stress. (2) Myocardial uptake of thallium-201 measured with external imaging was considerably greater during dipyridamole-induced coronary vasodilatation than during treadmill stress. (3) The optimal dose rate of intravenously administered dipyridamole for this imaging technique was 0.142 mg/kg per min for 4 minutes with the thallium injected in the 3rd to 4th minute after completion of infusion while the patient was upright, walking in place. (4) With this dose rate regimen, side effects were minimal except for the occasional development of angina pectoris; the latter was eliminated by intravenous administration of aminophylline, a complete and virtually instantaneous antagonist of dipyridamole, after thallium had been taken up by the myocardium. This new method is therefore applicable to man and the initial results warrant a larger clinical study in order to define the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the technique.