Showing papers by "University of Washington published in 1979"

Handbook of the Psychology of Aging

Abstract: The Handbook of the Psychology of Aging, Seventh Edition, provides a basic reference source on the behavioral processes of aging for researchers, graduate students, and professionals. It also provides perspectives on the behavioral science of aging for researchers and professionals from other disciplines. The book is organized into four parts. Part 1 reviews key methodological and analytical issues in aging research. It examines some of the major historical influences that might provide explanatory mechanisms for a better understanding of cohort and period differences in psychological aging processes. Part 2 includes chapters that discuss the basics and nuances of executive function; the history of the morphometric research on normal brain aging; and the neural changes that occur in the brain with aging. Part 3 deals with the social and health aspects of aging. It covers the beliefs that individuals have about how much they can control various outcomes in their life; the impact of stress on health and aging; and the interrelationships between health disparities, social class, and aging. Part 4 discusses the emotional aspects of aging; family caregiving; and mental disorders and legal capacities in older adults. * Contains all the main areas of psychological gerontological research in one volume* Entire section on neuroscience and aging* Begins with a section on theory and methods* Edited by one of the father of gerontology (Schaie) and contributors represent top scholars in gerontology

Reliability: A Review of Psychometric Basics and Recent Marketing Practices:

Abstract: The basic theories and measurement procedures for reliability and the closely related concept of generalizability are reviewed, illustrated, and evaluated for use in marketing research. A critique ...

Logistic disease incidence models and case-control studies

Abstract: SUMMARY The probability of disease development in a defined time period is described by a logistic regression model A model for the regression variable, given disease status, is induced and is applied to case-control data It is shown that the odds ratio estimators and their asymptotic variance matrices may be obtained by applying the original logistic regression model to the case-control study as if the data had been obtained in a prospective study This result gives a flexible and convenient method of analysis for a range of case-control studies in which stratum sizes are reasonably large The work extends Anderson's (1972) results on logistic discrimination and generalizes the findings of Breslow & Powers (1978) on the equivalence of odds ratio estimators when both prospective and retrospective logistic models are applied to case-control data

On the Measurement of Corporate Social Responsibility: Self-Reported Disclosures as a Method of Measuring Corporate Social Involvement

Abstract: This article develops a corporate social involvement disclosure scale based on a content analysis of the annual reports of the Fortune 500 companies. Three results are shown: (1) the change over ti...

Chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of insulin reduces food intake and body weight of baboons

Abstract: Body adiposity is normally maintained within rigid limits1–3. Although it is not clear that this regulation fits a strict negative feedback pattern, animals do maintain a relatively constant body adiposity4. It has been postulated that this regulation is mediated by some signal which informs centres controlling food intake, probably located in the brain, as to the present state of adiposity5,6. The identity of the signal is unknown, but the direct correlation between body adiposity and basal insulin levels in the plasma7–9, suggests insulin as a possible candidate. This hormone is present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of many species10–13, and is a slow integral over time of the level within the plasma14. Thus, the level of insulin in the CSF is relatively resistant to short-term plasma fluctuations of insulin. Obese humans have higher levels of CSF insulin than lean controls and the CSF insulin level of both obese and lean humans is reduced proportionately after a prolonged fast15. We have therefore postulated16 that the feedback system responding to body adiposity uses the concentration of insulin in the CSF as a major signal. Additional support for such a role is found in recent reports that insulin receptors are present in several regions of the brain and spinal cord17–20. We now present additional evidence for our hypothesis by showing that in baboons the infusion of exogenous insulin into the CSF elicits a reliable and predictable decrease in food intake and body weight.

Bulk Parameterization of Air-Sea Exchanges of Heat and Water Vapor Including the Molecular Constraints at the Interface

Abstract: A model is developed for the marine atmospheric surface layer including the interfacial sublayers on both sides of the air-sea interface where molecular constraints on transports are important. Flux-profile relations which are based on the postulation of intermittent renewal of the surface fluid aye matched to the logarithmic profiles and compared with both field and laboratory measurements. These relations enable numerical determination of air-sea exchanges of momentum, heat and water vapor (or bulk transfer coefficients) employing the bulk parameters of mean wind speed, temperature and humidity at a certain height in the atmospheric surface layer, and the water temperature. With increasing wind speed, the flow goes from smooth to rough and the bulk transfer coefficient for momentum also increases. The increase in roughness is associated with increasing wave height which in the present model results in sheltering at the wave troughs. Due to the decrease in turbulent transports, the transfer coef...

Marxism and Class Theory: A Bourgeois Critique

Abstract: Foreword by Seymour Topping Introduction: Understanding the Impact of New Media on Journalism Part I: Altering News Content 1. Transforming Storytelling: From Omnidirectional Imaging to Augmented Reality 2. Assessing the State of Online Journalism Part II: Transforming How Journalists Do Their Work 3. New Tools for News Gathering 4. A Reporter's Field Guide to the Internet 5. Journalism Ethics and New Media Part III: Restructuring the Newsroom and the News Industry 6. Newsroom for a New Age: Managing the Virtual Newsroom 7. Digital Television and Video News: A Crisis of Opportunity Part IV: Redefining Relationships 8. Audiences Redefined, Boundaries Removed, Relationships Reinvented 9. Business Models for Online Journalism Part V: Implications for the Future: The Telecommunications Act, Intelligent Agents, and Journalism Practice and Education 10. Long-Term Consequences of the Telecommunications Act of 1996: New Rules of the Game 11. Implications of Intelligent Agents for Journalism: Ghosts in the Machine 12. New Media and Journalism Education: Preparing the Next Generation 13. Job Prospects in Online Journalism Afterword. Contextualized Journalism: Implications for the Evolving Role of Journalists in the Twenty-first Century

New venture strategies

Abstract: 1. Perspectives on Entrepreneurship. 2. Success and Failure Factors. 3. Career Departure Points. 4. Sequences in Startup. 5. Sources of Venture Ideas. 6. Evaluating Venture Ideas. 7. Main Competitive Entry Wedges. 8. Other Entry Wedges. 9. Acquisition Finding. 10. Acquisition Dealing. Appendices. Bibliography. Index.

Intermodal matching by human neonates.

Abstract: Normal human adults judge two identical objects to have the same shape even when they are perceived through different modalities, such as touch and vision. The ontogenesis of man's capacity to recognise such intermodal matches has long been debated. One hypothesis is that humans begin life with independent sense modalities and that simultaneous tactual and visual exploration of shapes is needed to learn to correlate the separate tactual and visual sense impressions of them1–3. A second hypothesis is that the detection of shape invariants across different modalities is a fundamental characteristic of man's perceptual–cognitive system, available without the need for learned correlations4–7. Recent research has shown that 6–12-month-old infants can recognise certain tactual–visual matches8–11. However, such data cannot help resolve the classic theoretical debate. Infants of this age repeatedly reach out and touch objects they see, and such simultaneous bimodal exploration presumably offers ample opportunity for learning to correlate tactual and visual sense impressions. The experiments reported here show that humans can recognise intermodal matches without the benefit of months of experience in simultaneous tactual–visual exploration. We demonstrate that 29-day-old infants can recognise which of two visually perceived shapes matches one they previously explored tactually, thus supporting the second hypothesis listed above.

Role of conditioned contextual stimuli in reinstatement of extinguished fear.

Abstract: If the unconditioned stimulus (US) is presented independently of the conditioned stimulus (CS) following extinction, the conditioned response may be reinstated to the CS Three experiments are reported that suggest that reinstatement is mediated by conditioning to contextual stimuli that are present during both US presentation and testing Shocks presented to rats following the extinction of conditioned suppression reliably reinstated suppression to the CS, but only when they were presented in the context in which testing was later to occur Reinstatement was also reversed by extinguishing fear to the context through nonreinforced exposure to the context between shock presentation and testing Reinstatement was obtained in these experiments in spite of procedures that have been used in the past to minimize the influence of context conditioning Moreover, fear of the context was never detected directly by depressed bar-press rates in the absence of the CS The results do not support the hypothesis that reinstatement results from an increment in the strength of a memory of the US that has been weakened during extinction Problems inherent in controlling and detecting levels of context conditioning that may influence behavior toward nominal CSs are discussed

The Evolution of Mating Systems in Birds and Mammals

Abstract: The evolution of sex created a fundamental problem for nearly all plants and animals; namely, the need to fertilize eggs. Numerous types of mating systems have evolved as solutions to this problem, each molded by particular environmental circumstances and particular species attributes. Various hypotheses have been advanced to explain each type of mating system, but an integrated theory is only now beginning to emerge. Since mating behavior is affected by nearly all other aspects of an organism’s behavioral adjustments to its environment, such a theory must fit within a composite view of animal social behavior and hence must include explicit points of contact with related bodies of theory. In particular, mating system theory must mesh with theoretical advances concerning the evolution of territoriality, parental behavior, and animal sociality. By including the appropriate theoretical work from these other areas, an integrated theory of vertebrate mating systems can be developed.

Nitrate Losses from Disturbed Ecosystems

Abstract: A systematic examination of nitrogen cycling in disturbed forest ecosystems demonstrates that eight processes, operating at three stages in the nitrogen cycle, could delay or prevent solution losses of nitrate from disturbed forests An experimental and comparative study of nitrate losses from trenched plots in 19 forest sites throughout the United States suggests that four of these processes (nitrogen uptake by regrowing vegetation, nitrogen immobilization, lags in nitrification, and a lack of water for nitrate transport) are the most important in practice The net effect of all of these processes except uptake by regrowing vegetation is insufficient to prevent or delay losses from relatively fertile sites, and hence such sites have the potential for very high nitrate losses following disturbance

Interobserver agreement, reliability, and generalizability of data collected in observational studies.

Abstract: Research in developmental and educational psychology has come to rely less on conventional psychometric tests and more on records of behavior made by human observers in natural and quasi-natural settings. Three coefficients that purport to reflect the quality of data collected in these observational studies are discussed: the interobserver agreement percentage, the reliability coefficient, and the generalizability coefficient. It is concluded that although high interobserver agreement is desirable in observational studies, high agreement alone is not sufficient to insure the quality of the data that are collected. Evidence of the reliability or generalizability of the data should also be reported. Further advantages of generalizability designs are discussed.

Coach Effectiveness Training: A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach to Enhancing Relationship Skills in Youth Sport Coaches

Abstract: Little League Baseball coaches were exposed to a preseason training program designed to assist them in relating more effectively to children. Empirically derived behavioral guidelines were presented and modeled, and behavioral feedback and self-monitoring were used to enhance self-awareness and to encourage compliance with the guidelines. Trained coaches differed from controls in both overt and player-perceived behaviors in a manner consistent with the behavioral guidelines. They were also evaluated more positively by their players, and a higher level of intrateam attraction was found on their teams despite the fact that they did not differ from controls in won-lost records. Children who played for the trained coaches exhibited a significant increase in general self-esteem compared with scores obtained a year earlier; control group children did not. The greatest differences in attitudes toward trained and control coaches were found among children low in self-esteem, and such children appeared most sensiti...

Relations Among Complexity Measures

Abstract: Various computational models (such as machines and combinational logic networks) induce various and, m general, different computational complexity measures Relations among these measures are established by studying the ways m which one model can "simulate" another It ts shown that a machine with k-dimensional storage tapes (respectively, with tree-structured storage media) can be simulated on-hne by a machine with one- dimensional storage tapes m time O(n 2-ilk) (respectively, m time O(n2/log n)) An obhv:ous machine Is defined to be one whose head posmons, as functions of time, are independent of the input, and It Is shown that any machine with one-d~menslonal tapes can be simulated on-hne by an oblivious machine with two one-dimensional tapes in time O(n log n) All of these results are the best possible, at least insofar as on-hne simulation is concerned. By slmdar methods It is shown that n steps of the computation of an arbitrary machine with one- dimensional tapes can be performed by a combinational logic network of cost O(n log n) and delay O(n)

The forced-choice preferential looking procedure: A psychophysical technique for use with human infants.

Abstract: The present paper describes a forced-choice preferential looking (FPL) technique, which has been used to assess visual capacities and visual development in infants up to five months of age. The technique is based on Fantz's (1965, 1967) preferential looking technique, combined with a forced-choice approach to data collection ( Blackwell, 1953 ; Bush, Galanter and Luce, 1963 ). The logic of FPL and its use as a working laboratory technique are presented and discussed in detail. Its use to date in psychophysical studies of the development of vision in both human and monkey infants, and in assessment of infant vision in the clinical setting are summarized; and limitations on the interpretation of results are briefly discussed.

Naloxone and shock-elicited freezing in the rat.

Abstract: The freezing behavior of the rat that occurs following painful electric shock was found to increase when the animal was pretreated with the opiate antagonist naloxone. Freezing was a positive linear function of drug dose and shock intensity (Experiment 2). Naloxone pretreatment enhanced freezing only when the animal was given two or three shocks but did not affect freezing when the animal was given only one shock or not shocked at all (Experiments 3, 4, and 5). Naloxone must be present during shock, nor just during the observation period, in order to increase freezing (Experiment 6). These results suggest that when an animal is shocked, it releases endogenous analgesics (endorphins) that make a subsequent shock less aversive. Naloxone, by blocking the endorphin system, makes the shock more aversive than it would normally be.