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Showing papers by "University of Washington published in 1982"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The 1971 preliminary criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were revised and updated to incorporate new immunologic knowledge and improve disease classification and showed gains in sensitivity and specificity.
Abstract: The 1971 preliminary criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were revised and updated to incorporate new immunologic knowledge and improve disease classification. The 1982 revised criteria include fluorescence antinuclear antibody and antibody to native DNA and Sm antigen. Some criteria involving the same organ systems were aggregated into single criteria. Raynaud's phenomenon and alopecia were not included in the 1982 revised criteria because of low sensitivity and specificity. The new criteria were 96% sensitive and 96% specific when tested with SLE and control patient data gathered from 18 participating clinics. When compared with the 1971 criteria, the 1982 revised criteria showed gains in sensitivity and specificity.

14,272 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate whether macroeconomic time series are better characterized as stationary fluctuations around a deterministic trend or as non-stationary processes that have no tendency to return to the deterministic path, and conclude that macroeconomic models that focus on monetary disturbances as a source of purely transitory fluctuations may not be successful in explaining a large fraction of output variation.

4,805 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
16 Dec 1982-Nature
TL;DR: A DNA fragment containing the promoter of the mouse metallothionein-I gene fused to the structural gene of rat growth hormone was microinjected into the pronuclei of fertilized mouse eggs, and seven mice developed that carried the fusion gene and six of these grew significantly larger than their littermates.
Abstract: A DNA fragment containing the promoter of the mouse metallothionein-I gene fused to the structural gene of rat growth hormone was microinjected into the pronuclei of fertilized mouse eggs. Of 21 mice that developed from these eggs, seven carried the fusion gene and six of these grew significantly larger than their littermates. Several of these transgenic mice had extraordinarily high levels of the fusion mRNA in their liver and growth hormone in their serum. This approach has implications for studying the biological effects of growth hormone, as a way to accelerate animal growth, as a model for gigantism, as a means of correcting genetic disease, and as a method of farming valuable gene products.

1,306 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A dilution technique for estimating the micro-zooplankton grazing impact on natural communities of marine phytoplankton and indirect evidence suggests that most of this impact is due to the feeding of copepod nauplii and tintinnids.
Abstract: This paper describes a dilution technique for estimating the micro-zooplankton grazing impact on natural communities of marine phytoplankton. Experiments performed in coastal waters off Washington, USA (October, 1980), yield estimates of micro-zooplankton impact equivalent to 6 to 24% of phytoplankton standing biomass and 17 to 52% of production per day. Indirect evidence suggests that most of this impact is due to the feeding of copepod nauplii and tintinnids; in contrast, non-loricate ciliates, comprising 80 to 90% of numerical abundance, appeared to contribute little to phytoplankton mortality.

1,099 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The primary conclusion of the present paper is that the initial selective advantages for the female preference assumed by Fisher, O'Donald, and many later authors are not necessary for either the origin or subsequent elaboration of mating preferences for traits associated with reduced survivorship.
Abstract: A paradox for evolutionists has been the development in one sex, usually females, of preferences for mates possessing characters that impair survival. Darwin (187 1) extensively documented cases of sexual selection in animals and showed that many of the most dramatic examples are attributable to female mating preferences operating in polygynous populations. But while he was untroubled to explain the evolution of adaptations for male-male sexual competition, Darwin did not provide a hypothesis for the origin or maintenance of female mating preferences. Fisher (1958, p. 150-153) provided a subtle solution to this puzzle. He reasoned that the initial evolution of a female mating preference would require "bionomic conditions in which such preference shall confer a reproductive advantage. " He showed that evolution of the preferred male trait could then "proceed, by reason of the advantage gained in sexual selection, even after it has passed the point in development at which its advantage in Natural Selection has ceased." Because females with stronger preferences mate with males bearing more exaggerated traits, a genetic correlation between the preference and trait is maintained by sexual selection. If the -more extreme males are increasing in frequency, the genetic correlation results in the evolution of stronger preferences and so causes further selection for the extreme males. Fisher dubbed this a "runaway process." O'Donald (1967, 1980) used simulations to verify several essential features of Fisher's argument. He differed with Fisher, though, in his belief that females must respond to supernormal mating stimuli for a male trait to evolve to a point where it decreases viability. O'Donald (1977, 1980) pointed out that a small increase in the male trait might result in a small additional viability loss but a large gain in mating advantage by this mechanism. The primary conclusion of the present paper is that the initial selective advantages for the female preference assumed by Fisher, O'Donald, and many later authors are not necessary for either the origin or subsequent elaboration of mating preferences for traits associated with reduced survivorship. Using a two-locus analytic model that follows evolution of both the preference and the trait in a polygynous population, I will show that such mating preferences are neither selected for nor against. A sufficiently strong mating preference can, however, maintain in the population a male trait that causes greatly reduced viability. The result can be a dramatic deterioration of the average survivorship, as Fisher and O'Donald concluded, but no particular assumptions about behavioral mechanisms (e.g., response to supernormal mating stimuli) are

1,026 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Hummocky cross-stratification is an important structure formed on the shoreface and shelf by waves as mentioned in this paper, and it characterizes a wave-dominated facies.
Abstract: Hummocky cross-stratification is an important structure formed on the shoreface and shelf by waves. It characterizes a wave-dominated facies. Attention to its variability can reveal much about sedimentary history and paleogeography. Diagnostic traits are antiformal hummocks and synformal swales defined by randomly oriented, even lamination with dip angles and truncation angles of < 15°. Hummocky stratification forms primarily in silt to fine sand. Although size grading of individual laminae is not characteristic, concentrations of mica and plant detritus in the tops of many laminae indicate a shape sorting. Parting lineation is common. Hummocky beds vary in thickness from a few centimetres to 5 or 6 m; bed sets may be tens of metres thick. Hummocky stratification apparently is formed most commonly by redeposition below normal fair-weather wave base of fine sand delivered offshore by flooding rivers and scour of the shoreface or shoals by large waves. Deposition involves both fallout from suspension and lateral tractive flow due to wave oscillation. There is evidence that, under intense oscillatory flow, large waves drape sand over an irregular scoured surface and also mold sand into roughly circular, unoriented hummocks and swales. We postulate that these circumstances are analogous to the transition to upper flat-bed conditions in unidirectional flow. Hummocky stratification shows important variability. It occurs in both regressive (progradational) and transgressive strata in intervals a few centimetres to 175 m thick and may be interstratified with mudstone, sandstone, or conglomerate. Hummocky stratification commonly occurs in repetitive successions with the products of individual depositional events being clearest where mudstone separates hummocky beds. An idealized hummocky stratification sequence , which can serve a purpose similar to the Bouma sequence for graded beds, is as follows (bottom to top): first-order scoured base (± sole marks); characteristic hummocky zone with several second-order truncation surfaces separating individual undulating lamina sets; a zone of flat laminae ; a zone with well-oriented ripple cross-laminae and symmetrical ripple forms; all overlain by a more or less burrowed mud-stone or siltstone . This sequence reflects waning of storm waves followed by fair-weather sedimentation and burrowing. Variations from this idealized conceptual sequence involve omissions and/or expansions of one or more of the zones. The most common variant is amalgamation either by the stacking of successive hummocky zones or by intense bioturbation that obliterates original boundaries between depositional units. Other variations include units commencing with flat-lamination; units with predominant cross-lamination; and lenticular micro-hummocky lenses within shale. Combinations of relative sand supply, relative depth, tidal range, frequency, duration and magnitude of storms, and relative productivity for a burrowing benthos must account for such differences. Further documentation of variations in hummocky stratification should reveal important details about these factors.

870 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
22 Jul 1982-Nature
TL;DR: The surface antigen of hepatitis B virus has been synthesized in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by using an expression vector that employs the 5′-flanking region of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase I as a promoter to transcribe surface antigen coding sequences.
Abstract: The surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBsAg) has been synthesized in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by using an expression vector that employs the 5′-flanking region of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase I as a promoter to transcribe surface antigen coding sequences. The protein synthesized in yeast is assembled into particles having properties similar to the 22-nm particles secreted by human cells.

843 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
10 Dec 1982-Science
TL;DR: Both the ability to detect auditory-visual correspondences and the tendency to imitate may reflect the infant's knowledge of the relationship between audition and articulation.
Abstract: Infants 18 to 20 weeks old recognize the correspondence between auditorially and visually presented speech sounds, and the spectral information contained in the sounds is critical to the detection of these correspondences. Some infants imitated the sounds presented during the experiment. Both the ability to detect auditory-visual correspondences and the tendency to imitate may reflect the infant's knowledge of the relationship between audition and articulation.

825 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 1982-Cancer
TL;DR: Different dose fractionation irradiation schedules have been evaluated in a randomized Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) study to determine their palliative effectiveness in patients with osseous metastases and the low‐dose, short‐course schedules were as effective as the high‐dose protracted programs.
Abstract: Different dose fractionation irradiation schedules have been evaluated in a randomized Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) study to determine their palliative effectiveness in patients with osseous metastases. The frequency, promptness and duration of pain relief were utilized as measures of response. Ninety percent of patients experienced some relief of pain and 54% achieved eventual complete pain relief. Important prognosticators included the initial pain score and the site of the primary lesions. Administration of steroid or chemotherapy during the one-month on-study period did not influence the frequency of pain relief. The low-dose, short-course schedules were as effective as the high-dose protracted programs.

733 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Clinicians and microbiologists should alter their approach to the diagnosis and treatment of women with acute symptomatic coliform infection of the lower urinary tract by finding the best diagnostic criterion to be greater than or equal to 10(2) bacteria per milliliter.
Abstract: We reevaluated conventional criteria for diagnosing coliform infection of the lower urinary tract in symptomatic women by obtaining cultures of the urethra, vagina, midstream urine, and bladder urine. The traditional diagnostic criterion, greater than or equal to 10(5) bacteria per milliliter of midstream urine, identified only 51 per cent of women whose bladder urine contained coliformis. We found the best diagnostic criterion to be greater than or equal to 10(2) bacteria per milliliter (sensitivity, 0.95; specificity, 0.85). Although isolation of less than 10(5) coliforms per milliliter of midstream urine has had a low predictive value of previous studies of asymptomatic women, the predictive value of the criterion of greater than or equal to 10(2) per milliliter was high (0.88) among symptomatic women the prevalence of coliform infection exceeded 50 per cent. In view of these findings, clinicians and microbiologists should alter their approach to the diagnosis and treatment of women with acute symptomatic coliform infection of the lower urinary tract.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a slightly modified version of the parameterization suggested by Lindzen (1981) for the zonal drag and eddy diffusion effects generated by breaking internal gravity waves in the mesosphere is tested using a severely truncated midlatitude beta-plane channel model.
Abstract: A slight modification of the parameterization suggested by Lindzen (1981) for the zonal drag and eddy diffusion effects generated by breaking internal gravity waves in the mesosphere is tested using a severely truncated midlatitude beta-plane channel model. It is found that realistic mean zonal flow profiles with zonal wind reversals above the mesopause can be simulated for both winter and summer radiative heating conditions provided that a gravity-wave spectrum is assumed which includes both stationary waves and waves of relatively large phase speeds. These results contrast greatly with the unrealistic mean wind profiles produced when Rayleigh friction is used to parameterize the effects of small scale motions on the mean flow.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a combined clinical and anthropological field study of 100 patients with neurasthenia in the Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic at the Hunan Medical College was conducted, and the results showed that 70% of patients with Major Depressive Disorder experienced substantial improvement and 87% some improvement in symptoms when treated with antidepressant medication, fewer experienced decreased help seeking, and a much smaller number perceived less social impairment and improvement in illnes problems.
Abstract: The author reviews conceptual and empirical issues regarding the interaction of neurasthenia, somatization and depression in Chinese culture and in the West. The historical background of neurasthenia and its current status are discussed, along with the epidemiology and phenomenology of somatization and depression. Findings are presented from a combined clinical and anthropological field study of 100 patients with neurasthenia in the Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic at the Hunan Medical College. Eighty-seven of these patients made the DSM-III criteria of Major Depressive Disorder; diagnoses of anxiety disorders were also frequent. Forty-four patients were suffering from chronic pain syndromes previously undiagnosed, and cases of culture-bound syndromes also were detected. For three-quarters of patients the social significances and uses of their illness behavior chiefly related to work. Although from the researchers' perspective 70% of patients with Major Depressive Disorder experienced substantial improvement and 87% some improvement in symptoms when treated with antidepressant medication, fewer experienced decreased help seeking, and a much smaller number perceived less social impairment and improvement in illnes problems (the psychosocial accompaniment of disease including maladaptive coping and work, family and school problems). These findings are drawn on to advance medical anthropology and cultural psychiatry theory and research regarding somatization in Chinese culture, the United States and cross culturally. The author concludes that though neurasthenia can be understood in several distinctive ways, it is most clinically useful to regard it as bioculturally patterned illness experience (a special form of somatization) related to either depression and other diseases or to culturally sanctioned idioms of distress and psychosocial coping.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The authors reviewed the state of entrepreneurship research from multiple frameworks, including sociological and psychological views of the entrepreneur, economic development, venture capital, and education, and concluded that policies based on entrepreneurship research will play a key role in shaping not only industry, but also society's rate of progress and future well-being.
Abstract: Reviews the state of entrepreneurship research from multiple frameworks, including sociological and psychological views of the entrepreneur, economic development, venture capital, and education. Entrepreneurship is defined as the creation of new business enterprises by individuals or small groups, with the entrepreneur assuming the role of society's major agent of change, initiating the industrial progress that leads to wider cultural shifts. Entrepreneurship research flourished in the 1970s, with growing general public interest, an increase in course offerings, and rising federal interest and spending. These trends point to the necessity of synthesizing entrepreneurship research, which is still in its infant stage. With this goal in mind, the book is divided into five categories of research: (1) the entrepreneur (general definitions, psychology and sociology); (2) entrepreneurial technology (small vs. big business, venture and risk capital; (3) progress (economic growth and development, innovation, and environmental factors); (4) academia (methods and directions of research and education); and, finally (5) areas for future study. While findings from the reviewed research provide important insights into entrepreneurship, overall the literature lacks a clear basis for understanding the effects and effectiveness of entrepreneurship education -- that is, what the entrepreneurial process consists of, and whether it can be taught or learned. In addition, as most of the studies are considered 'exploratory,' more developed, systematic research methods need to be implemented as the field develops. After all, it is concluded, policies based on entrepreneurship research will play a key role in shaping not only industry, but our society's rate of progress and future well-being. (CJC)

Journal ArticleDOI
12 Aug 1982-Nature
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that sequences in normal human DNA homologous to the avian myc oncogene are present in multiple copies in the chromosomal DNA of the human leukaemia cell line HL-60, and this myc-related gene amplification is not present in other cultured human myeloid leukaems, including K-56214 and KG-115.
Abstract: Malignant transformation of cells by acute transforming RNA tumour viruses is mediated by the expression of certain specific pro viral DNA sequences (‘oncogenes’). These sequences have been well characterized and, in many cases, molecularly cloned1–8. These viral oncogenes are related to similar genes found in normal uninfected cells9,10. Moreover, these particular sequences are highly conserved in evolution4,11, suggesting that these genes have an important, albeit unknown, role in normal cell function. It has been suggested that an increased dosage of products of such endogenous oncogenes may be responsible for malignant transformation10,12,13. For example, increased expression of the endogenous chick c-myc oncogene has been observed in avian leukosis virus-induced transformation of chick bursal lymphocytes12. Here we demonstrate that sequences in normal human DNA homologous to the avian myc oncogene are present in multiple copies in the chromosomal DNA of the human leukaemia cell line HL-60. Other transformation-specific genes derived from the Abelson leukaemia virus4 and feline sarcoma virus6 are not amplified in HL-60. This myc-related gene amplification is not present in other cultured human myeloid leukaemia cells, including K-56214 and KG-115.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 1982-Plasmid
TL;DR: The region of pTiA6 associated with octopine catabolism was localized by identifying which clones conferredOctopine utilization upon strain A136, and the inability of certain strain A856 transconjugants to utilizeoctopine identified the clones which eliminated the octOPine-type Ti plasmid of strain A 856 by incompatibility.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The neo-Darwinian synthesis that resulted from the integration of Mendelian genetics into evolutionary theory has dominated evolutionary biology for the last 30 to 40 years, due largely to its agreement with a huge body of experimental and observational data.
Abstract: The neo-Darwinian synthesis that resulted from the integration of Mendelian genetics into evolutionary theory has dominated evolutionary biology for the last 30 to 40 years, due largely to its agreement with a huge body of experimental and observational data. The classic works representative of this school of thought come from the fields of genetics (Fisher, 1930; Wright, 1931; Haldane, 1932; Dobzhansky, 1937; Muller, 1940), development (de Beer, 1940), zoology, (Huxley, 1942; Mayr, 1942; Rensch, 1959), botany (Stebbins, 1950), and paleontology (Simpson, 1944, 1953). These authors broadly agree with Darwin's view that most important evolutionary changes at the level of the visible phenotype, as revealed by paleontological and systematic studies, have resulted from natural selection acting on variation within populations. This variation is ultimately due to mutations that arise at random with respect to the direction of selection. A role for evolutionary forces other than selection and mutation, such as random genetic drift, is of course recognized by neo-Darwinists, but selection is regarded as the main guiding force of phenotypic evolution. Within this general framework, there has been plenty of room for vigorous disagreements about the relative importance of different processes, such as the Wright-Fisher debate on the significance of random genetic drift. Recently, however, certain elements of neo-Darwinism have been sharply challenged by advocates of the "punctuated equilibria" theory of evolution (Eldredge and Gould, 1972; Gould, 1977, 1980; Stanley, 1975, 1979; Gould and Eldredge, 1977). Indeed, Gould (1980) states:

Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 1982-Peptides
TL;DR: The anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of opiomelanotropinergic neurons are reviewed and the implications of multi-neurotransmitter and multi-hormone neurons and cells are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
25 Feb 1982-Nature
TL;DR: In this article, the authors suggest that there are integral constraints imposed by (1) the requirement for mass continuity in each elemental cycle and (2) the relative concentrations of soluble species and liquid water in cloudy air; these factors must be mutually consistent.
Abstract: It is often assumed1–4 that the pH of natural rainwater is controlled by the dissociation of dissolved CO2, has a value of 5.6, and that decreases below this are due to the addition of acidic components by human activity. However, decreases could be due to the removal by rainwater of naturally occurring acids from the air (notably H2SO4 in the natural portion of the sulphur cycle). Consideration of the cycling of water and sulphate through the atmosphere and the amount and composition of sulphate aerosol expected to be scavenged by a given amount of cloud water in remote locations indicates that, in the absence of basic materials (such as NH3 and CaCO3), average pH values of ∼5 are expected to occur in pristine locations. This value must vary considerably due to variability in scavenging efficiencies as well as geographical patchiness of the sulphur, nitrogen and water cycles. Thus, pH values might range from 4.5 to 5.6 due to variability of the sulphur cycle alone. Because of widespread concern regarding the acidification of rain, it is important to understand the factors controlling the pH and composition of natural rainwater. We suggest here that there are integral constraints imposed by (1) the requirement for mass continuity in each elemental cycle and (2) the relative concentrations of soluble species and liquid water in cloudy air; these factors must be mutually consistent.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Until effective means for prevention or treatment of cytomegaloviral and idiopathic pneumonia become available, the occurrence of these infections will continue to limit the success of allogeneic marrow transplantation.
Abstract: Pneumonia due to causes other than bacterial or fungal infection has been a frequent complication of allogeneic marrow transplantation. Data on 525 patients who received allogeneic marrow transplants during a 10-year period were reviewed. Of these patients, 41% developed pneumonia; this incidence was significantly higher than that among recipients of syngeneic (twin) transplants. Cytomegaloviral pneumonia (85 cases) and idiopathic pneumonia (63 cases) occurred most commonly. The incidence of pneumonia was higher among older patients, among patients who received transplants because of hematologic malignancy, and among patients with aplastic anemia who received total-body irradiation or procarbazine plus antithymocyte globulin for conditioning before transplantation. The development of cytomegaloviral pneumonia was unrelated to the serologic characteristics of either the patient or the donor before transplantation, and an increase in the titer of antibody to cytomegalovirus did not significantly improve the chances for survival. Mortality from all forms of pneumonia was high. Until effective means for prevention or treatment of cytomegaloviral and idiopathic pneumonia become available, the occurrence of these infections will continue to limit the success of allogeneic marrow transplantation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The current state of motivation theory is reviewed in this article, with emphasis on the internal, unobservable aspects of motivation and the distinction between motivation and behavior and performance, and problems of implementation are discussed, and directions for future research are suggested.
Abstract: The current state of motivation theory is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the internal, unobservable aspects of motivation and the distinction between motivation and behavior and performance. Major theories of motivation concerned with the arousal and choice of behavior are examined, problems of implementation are discussed, and directions for future research are suggested. They include study of the circumstances under which any given motivational theory is most effective. The long-run objective should be a contingency type model of motivation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The ability of this assay to detect both large and small changes in tissue content of MT after Cd treatment in a variety of tissues should provide a useful means for estimating MT content in most biological tissues and should be particularly useful for large-scale studies where time and expense are major considerations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new pattern of symmetry breaking for SO(10) grand unified models was discussed, in which SO (10) breaks to SU(5)' ×U(1) and then further breaks to SO(3) C ×SU(2) L ×U (1) at lower scale.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the sensible heat budget of a large-scale area containing an idealized tropical cloud cluster and derived the condensation, evaporation and sensible heat transports associated with the mesoscale updraft and downdraft.
Abstract: The sensible heat budget of a large-scale area containing an idealized tropical cloud cluster is analyzed. The cluster is assumed to have spatial dimensions and precipitation rates typical of observed cloud clusters. In its early stages of development the idealized cluster consists of isolated deep precipitating convective cells, or \"hot towers.\" A simple model using the assumed precipitation rates as input is employed to compute the condensation and evaporation rates and sensible heat fluxes associated with the precipitating hot towers. The condensation dominates the contribution of the hot towers to the large-scale heat budget, and the net effect of the towers is warming distributed through the full depth of the troposphere. In its mature stage of development, the idealized cluster contains not only convective towers but a widespread cloud shield interconnecting the towers. The cloud shield is dynamically and thermodynamically active, and processes associated with it also contribute significantly to the large-scale sensible budget. Stratiform precipitation falls from the cloud shield, and in the stratiform precipitatioi region, condensation occurs in mesoscale updraft aloft, evaporation occurs in a mesoscale downdraft at low levels and melting occurs in a middle-level layer. The condensation, evaporation and sensible heat transports associated with the mesoscale updraft and downdraft are determined from simple models using the cluster's assumed stratiform precipitation rate as input. The evaporation and melting in the stratiform precipitation region are also estimated from vertical profiles of radar reflectivity in real cloud clusters. The total effects of the stratiform precipitation processes on the largescale heat budget are warming of the middle to upper troposphere, where condensation in the mesoscale updraft is the dominant effect, and cooling in the lower troposphere, where melting and mesoscale downdraft evaporation dominate. The widespread cloud shield present in the mature and later stages of a cloud cluster's life cycle is also an important absorber and emitter of radiation. Radiative transfer models applied to tropical cloud shields show substantial heating effects in the middle to upper troposphere. These effects are nearly as important as the heating by convective towers and the heating and cooling associated with the stratiform precipitation processes. As the idealized cloud cluster progresses from early to mature stages of development, its net effect on the large-scale heat budget changes. As the cloud shield develops, the mesoscale updraft condensation and radiation reinforce the heating by convective towers aloft, while the mesoscale downdraft evaporation and melting counteract the convective-tower heating at low levels. Thus, the net heating by the cluster increases in the upper troposphere and decreases in the lower troposphere as the system develops. Large-scale upward motion, which is required to balance the large-scale heat budget against the effects of the cluster, is thus expected to increase aloft and decrease at low levels. Vertical motions deduced from large-scale wind observations in the tropics confirm this expectation. Thus, it is concluded that the mesoscale stratiform and radiative processes associated with the cloud shields of developing cloud clusters are sufficiently strong to alter the large-scale vertical motion field in the tropics.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is proposed that platelet-derived growth factor consists of two polypeptide chains: a 14,400-dalton chain and either a 17,500- or a 16,000-dal ton chain.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a systematic classification of multilayer-adsorption phenomena on attractive substrates, with emphasis on the buildup of thick films, is presented, based on statistical mechanics and includes adsorption-desorption effects and the interrelation of bulk and surface behavior.
Abstract: This paper presents a systematic classification of multilayer-adsorption phenomena on attractive substrates, with emphasis on the buildup of thick films. The approach is based on statistical mechanics and includes adsorption-desorption effects and the interrelation of bulk and surface behavior. The surface phase diagram depends qualitatively on the relative strengths and ranges of adatom-adatom and adatom-substrate attractions. When the adatom-substrate attraction dominates (strong substrate), the film builds up uniformly, as the bulk adatom density increases, and the excess surface density diverges at coexistence (complete wetting). The buildup proceeds via an infinite sequence of discrete layer transitions (layering) at low temperatures (below the roughening temperature ${T}_{R}$ and smoothly at higher temperatures, as originally noted by de Oliveira and Griffiths. Substrates of intermediate strength are characterized by a wetting temperature ${T}_{W}$ above which wetting at coexistence is approached. The relative values of ${T}_{W}$ and ${T}_{R}$ define three subregions: When ${T}_{W}l{T}_{R}$ layering occurs, with an infinite sequence of transitions between ${T}_{W}$ and ${T}_{R}$ when ${T}_{R}\ensuremath{\lesssim}{T}_{W}$, layer transitions have coalesced into a single thick-film\char22{}thin-film transition (prewetting); when ${T}_{R}\ensuremath{\ll}{T}_{W}$, prewetting may disappear, leaving only a critical-wetting transition on the coexistence axis. For still weaker substrates, wetting is incomplete at all temperatures; however, a variety of drying phenomena may occur on the high-density side of bulk coexistence. Specific calculations are given for a lattice-gas model at $T=0$ and in the mean-field approximation. Conclusions are informed, in addition, by certain exact results and symmetries. The last section includes a critical discussion of the relation of the lattice-gas model to the real world and a brief review of relevant experimental data.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effects of selected assumed stressors on the plasma concentrations of corticosterone, luteinizing hormone, and sex steroid hormones in White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys) were assessed.
Abstract: --Field and laboratory investigations were conducted to assess the effects of selected stressors on White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii and Z. 1. pugetensis). Within a few minutes after capture during the nonbreeding winter phase, the birds' plasma corticosterone increased, whereas their already low levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and dihydrotesterone (DHT) declined further. In contrast, in the summer, or breeding phase, corticosterone levels increased much more slowly (sometimes not at all in females) during the first hour after capture. Plasma levels of LH in breeding birds were unaffected by capture and handling, as were levels of DHT in males and estrogen in females. In some cases, however, circulating levels of testosterone declined in males. In photostimulated, caged, male Z. 1. gambelii circulating levels of corticosterone, LH, and DHT appeared to be unaffected by ambient temperatures between 50 and 320C, but the level of testosterone was significantly depressed at 320C. Capture, transport for 250 km, and subsequent caging of male and female Z. 1. gambelii in autumn and winter within 24 h increased plasma corticosterone, and decreased LH and DHT. As the birds acclimated to captivity, a decrease in levels of corticosterone was followed by transient elevations of LH and DHT after which concentrations of these hormones stabilized at capture levels. Males transferred from outdoor aviaries and held one, two, or three per cage on short days also developed elevated concentrations of corticosterone and depressed levels of LH and DHT. Corticosterone decreased within two weeks in birds held one or two per cage, and within three weeks in those housed three per cage. As corticosterone levels decreased, transient increases occurred in LH and DHT, with the highest levels in birds held three per cage. For more than half a century feral passerine birds have been used in investigations in both laboratory and field. Recently techniques have been developed to examine changes in endocrine status and in condition of the reproductive system of individually marked breeding birds in the field (Wingfield and Farner 1976, 1977, 1978a, b). However, relatively little consideration has been given to the development and effects of stress under the conditions of investigation. Although capture, handling, laparotomy, transport, and confinement in captivity are presumably stressful, we know of no attempt as yet to assess the role of these procedures as stressors in feral avian species. Such assessments are obviously critical for interpreting data on endocrine and gonadal function derived from such species in both the field and laboratory. In addition, they should provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of responses and adaptations of natural populations to stressful disturbances or alterations of the environment. Using a system first described six years ago (Wingfield and Farner 1976), we have assessed the effects of selected assumed stressors on the plasma concentrations of corticosterone, luteinizing hormone, and sex steroid hormones in White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys). MATERIALS AND METHODS

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: Seyman and Topping as discussed by the authors discuss the impact of new media on journalism and assess the state of online journalism, concluding that "Audiences Redefined, Boundaries Removed, Relationships Reinvented".
Abstract: Foreword by Seymour Topping Introduction: Understanding the Impact of New Media on Journalism Part I: Altering News Content 1. Transforming Storytelling: From Omnidirectional Imaging to Augmented Reality 2. Assessing the State of Online Journalism Part II: Transforming How Journalists Do Their Work 3. New Tools for News Gathering 4. A Reporter's Field Guide to the Internet 5. Journalism Ethics and New Media Part III: Restructuring the Newsroom and the News Industry 6. Newsroom for a New Age: Managing the Virtual Newsroom 7. Digital Television and Video News: A Crisis of Opportunity Part IV: Redefining Relationships 8. Audiences Redefined, Boundaries Removed, Relationships Reinvented 9. Business Models for Online Journalism Part V: Implications for the Future: The Telecommunications Act, Intelligent Agents, and Journalism Practice and Education 10. Long-Term Consequences of the Telecommunications Act of 1996: New Rules of the Game 11. Implications of Intelligent Agents for Journalism: Ghosts in the Machine 12. New Media and Journalism Education: Preparing the Next Generation 13. Job Prospects in Online Journalism Afterword. Contextualized Journalism: Implications for the Evolving Role of Journalists in the Twenty-first Century

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that ethnoscientists interested in folk biological classification have paid insufficient attention to the practical significance of such systems of cultural knowledge in their pursuit of general logical and/or perceptual principles governing the form and content of folk biological taxonomies.
Abstract: This paper argues that ethnoscientists interested in folk biological classification have paid insufficient attention to the practical significance of such systems of cultural knowledge in their pursuit of general logical and/or perceptual principles governing the form and content of folk biological taxonomies. It is suggested that ethnoscientists adopt an adaptationist stance in recognition of the fact that cultural knowledge is used to guide behavior. The implications of such a shift in emphasis on folk biological classification theory are assessed. Present theory is rent by a fundamental contradiction between a formal taxonomic hierarchy model and one based on the contrast between a general purpose, biologically natural taxonomic core and special purpose, biologically artificial peripheral taxa. The natural core model is advocated as both superior in explanatory power and explicit in recognizing the purposes of classification. C. Brown's life-form universals are criticized for confounding the fundamental contrast between general purpose and special purpose life-form taxa. In conclusion, there is a discussion of the difficulty of developing a valid measure of the practical significance of a taxon, suggesting as a first step toward that goal the systematic description of each taxon's unique “activity signature.” Such activity signatures are then to be evaluated in the context of a culture's system of “routine action plans” which link cultural knowledge and adaptive behavior. The desired result is a new ethnoecology integrating ethnoscientific and ecological theory. [ethnoscience, taxonomy, folk biology]

Journal ArticleDOI
04 Mar 1982-Nature
TL;DR: Analysis of a set of deletion mutants revealed that the minimum sequence required for cadmium regulation lies within 90 nucleotides of the transcription start site of the mouse metallothionein-I gene.
Abstract: A plasmid was constructed with the promoter/regulatory region of the mouse metallothionein-I gene fused to the structural gene of herpesvirus thymidine kinase. When mouse eggs were microinjected with this plasmid and incubated with cadmium (a natural inducer of metallothionein gene transcription) thymidine kinase activity increased approximately 10-fold compared with control eggs not exposed to cadmium. Analysis of a set of deletion mutants revealed that the minimum sequence required for cadmium regulation lies within 90 nucleotides of the transcription start site.