University of Waterloo

About: University of Waterloo is a education organization based out in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 36093 authors who have published 93906 publications receiving 2948139 citations. The organization is also known as: UW & uwaterloo.

The geochemistry of acid mine drainage

Abstract: Mining and mineral processing generates large volumes of waste, including waste rock, mill tailings, and mineral refinery wastes. The oxidation of sulfide minerals in the materials can result in the release of acidic water containing high concentrations of dissolved metals. Recent studies have determined the mechanisms of abiotic sulfide-mineral oxidation. Within mine wastes, the oxidation of sulfide minerals is catalyzed by microorganisms. Molecular tools have been developed and applied to determine the activity and role of these organisms in sulfide-mineral-bearing systems. Novel tools have been developed for assessing the toxicity of mine-waste effluent. Dissolved constituents released by sulfide oxidation may be attenuated through the precipitation of secondary minerals, including metal sulfate, oxyhydroxide, and basic sulfate minerals. Geochemical models have been developed to provide improved predictions of the magnitude and duration of environmental concerns. Novel techniques have been developed to prevent and remediate environmental problems associated with these materials.

Stable Isotopes of Oxygen and Nitrogen in Source Identification of Nitrate from Septic Systems

Abstract: Stable isotopes, 15N and 18O, have been used as tracers to differentiate a contaminant nitrate plume emanating from a single domestic septic system, in a ground-water system characterized by high and similar nitrate content outside and inside of the contaminant plume. A good delineation of the nitrate plume of septic origin was obtained using 15 N analysis in nitrate. The 15N content ofthe nonplunie nitrate is in agreement with the sources of nitrate: solid cattle manure, synthetic fertilizer (NH4-NO3), and soil organic nitrogen, at the study site. 18O analysis in nitrate did not provide enough isotopic contrast to permit separation of nitrate derived from the septic system and that in the surrounding ground water, derived from agricultural fertilizer sources. 18O data indicated that nitrification of ammonium is the main process responsible for formation of nitrate at the study site. 18O in ground water clearly delineated the ground-water plume associated with the septic system and suggest that this tracer should be considered in studies related with contaminant plumes of different origin.

Pilot Plant Studies of the CO2 Capture Performance of Aqueous MEA and Mixed MEA/MDEA Solvents at the University of Regina CO2 Capture Technology Development Plant and the Boundary Dam CO2 Capture Demonstration Plant

Abstract: Evaluations of the benefits of using a mixed MEA/MDEA solvent for CO2 capture in terms of the heat requirement for solvent regeneration, lean and rich loadings, CO2 production, and solvent stability were performed by comparing the performance of aqueous 5 kmol/m3 MEA with that of an aqueous 4:1 molar ratio MEA/MDEA blend of 5 kmol/m3 total amine concentration as a function of the operating time. The tests were performed using two pilot CO2 capture plants of the International Test Centre for CO2 Capture (ITC), which provided two different sources and compositions of flue gas. The University of Regina CO2 plant (UR unit) processes flue gas from the combustion of natural gas while the Boundary Dam CO2 plant (BD unit) processes flue gas from a coal-fired electric power station. The results show that a huge heat-duty reduction can be achieved by using a mixed MEA/MDEA solution instead of a single MEA solution in an industrial environment of a CO2 capture plant. However, this benefit is dependent on whether the...

Carbon monoxide poisoning of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Abstract: Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) performance degrades when carbon monoxide (CO) is present in the fuel gas; this is referred to as CO poisoning. This paper investigates CO poisoning of PEMFCs by reviewing work on the electrochemistry of CO and hydrogen, the experimental performance of PEMFCs exhibiting CO poisoning, methods to mitigate CO poisoning and theoretical models of CO poisoning. It is found that CO poisons the anode reaction through preferentially adsorbing to the platinum surface and blocking active sites, and that the CO poisoning effect is slow and reversible. There exist three methods to mitigate the effect of CO poisoning: (i) the use of a platinum alloy catalyst, (ii) higher cell operating temperature and (iii) introduction of oxygen into the fuel gas flow. Of these three methods, the third is the most practical. There are several models available in the literature for the effect of CO poisoning on a PEMFC and from the modeling efforts, it is clear that small CO oxidation rates can result in much increased performance of the anode. However, none of the existing models have considered the effect of transport phenomena in a cell, nor the effect of oxygen crossover from the cathode, which may be a significant contributor to CO tolerance in a PEMFC. In addition, there is a lack of data for CO oxidation and adsorption at low temperatures, which is needed for detailed modeling of CO poisoning in PEMFCs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.