Showing papers by "University of Western Ontario published in 1975"
TL;DR: A review of the evidence for and against the proposition that self-serving biases affect attributions of causality indicated that there is little empirical support for the proposition in its most general form.
Abstract: A review of the evidence for and against the proposition that self-serving biases affect attributions of causality indicated that there is little empirical support for the proposition in its most general form. The literature provides some support for the contention that individuals engage in self-enhancin g attributions under conditions of success, but only minimal evidence was found to suggest that individuals engage in self-protecti ve attributions under conditions of failure. Moreover, it was proposed that the self-enhancing effect may not be due to motivational distortion, but rather to the tendency of people (a) to expect their behavior to produce success, (b) to discern a closer covariation between behavior and outcomes in the case of increasing success than in the case of constant failure, and (c) to misconstrue the meaning of contingency. We are prone to alter our perception of causality so as to protect or enhance our self esteem. We attribute success to our own dispositions and failure to external forces. (Hastorf, Schneider, & Polefka, 1970,
2,368 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the possibility of conflict between high national income and distributional equity and found that even when the distribution of earning power is rightward skew, majority voting does not necessarily lead to the adoption of a tax function which has the average tax rate rising with income.
825 citations
TL;DR: Atropine-resistant activation of the cerebrum may play a role in the emission and control of normal behavior and may mediate many of the behavioral effects of centrally acting drugs such as anesthetics, tranquilizers, or stimulants.
767 citations
TL;DR: Four experiments tested a theory of memory and cognition which assumes that verbal and nonverbal information are processed in functionally distinct LTM systems, and results cannot be easily explained by current verbal coding or abstract theories of LTM representations.
Abstract: Four experiments tested a theory of memory and cognition which assumes that verbal and nonverbal information are processed in functionally distinct LTM systems. Subjects presented with pairs of pictures or printed names of animals and objects differing in rated real-life size were instructed to choose the conceptually larger member of each pair, the one that appeared to be farther away, or the one whose name was easier to pronounce. The following results were consistent with theoretical predictions: (1) RT to choose the larger member increased as the memory size difference decreased, for comparisons between as well as within conceptual categories; (2) memory size comparisons were faster with pictures than with words, whereas the reverse occurred for pronounceability comparisons; (3) with pictures, but not with words, size comparisons were significantly slower when real-life (memory) size relations conflicted with physical size relations than when the two were congruent; and (4) the size congruency effect was reversed for relative distance judgments of pictured pairs. These results cannot be easily explained by current verbal coding or abstract (propositional) theories of LTM representations.
526 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a model of two trading countries which are related by a bilateral production externality and solved necessary conditions which must characterize an optimal tax structure from the point of view of one country are solved for and interpreted.
443 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is presented to suggest that the hippocampus receives 2 nonspecific inputs from the brainstem, each capable of producing rhythmical slow activity, and the neocortex appears to receive 2 similar inputs, each incapable of producing low voltage fast activity.
Abstract: Evidence is presented to suggest that the hippocampus receives 2 nonspecific inputs from the brainstem, each capable of producing rhythmical slow activity. The neocortex appears to receive 2 similar inputs, each capable of producing low voltage fast activity. One input to both hippocampus and neocortex is blocked by atropine and stimulated by eserine, and is essentially unrelated to concurrent motor activity. A second input to both hippocampus and neocortex is resistant to atropine, is depressed by phenothiazines, and is activated by d-amphetamine. Activity in this system is closely related to concurrent "voluntary" movement.
411 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that FSH regulates estrogen biosynthesis in granulosa cells of hypophysectomized rats by a specific stimulation of the aromatizing enzyme system.
Abstract: Granulosa cells isolated from the ovaries of hypophysectomized immature rats synthesize and secrete estradiol-17² and estrone when grown for 2 days in monolayer culture in a synthetic medium containing testosterone (0.5 μM) and a highly purified folliclestimulating hormone (FSH) preparation (0.25 μg/ml). Secretion is negligible in the absence of either testosterone or FSH, and a highly purified luteinizing hormone (LH) preparation (0.25 μg/ml) was without significant stimulatory effect. It is concluded that FSH regulates estrogen biosynthesis in granulosa cells of hypophysectomized rats by a specific stimulation of the aromatizing enzyme system.
324 citations
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Abstract: Inflation is a process of continuously rising prices, or equivalently, of a continuously falling value of money Its importance stems from the pervasive role played by money in a modern economy A continuously falling value of pins, or of refrigerators, or of potatoes would not be regarded as a major social problem, important though it might be for the people directly engaged in the production and sale of those goods The case of money is different precisely because the role that it plays in co-ordinating economic activity ensures that changes in its value over time impinge upon the well-being of everyone
306 citations
267 citations
01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: The data summarized here will show that details of actual behavior are important in the study of brain and behavior, and merit careful observation and precise description.
Abstract: Experimental studies attempting to relate brain electrical activity to behavior have become commonplace in the last 25 years. During this period, there have been many advances in the development of techniques of analysis of slow waves or spike events generated in the brain, but comparable sophistication has not yet been applied to the behavioral side of the brain-behavior problem. Many investigators have been content to refer to the activities of their experimental animals or human subjects in terms that are not descriptive of behavior at all but appear to refer to unseen “inferred processes” instead. Thus various types of brain electrical activity have been said to be related to perception, information processing, attention, motivation, arousal, emotion, learning, memory, and the like. These terms are notoriously difficult to define and therefore impair communication from one researcher to another. Thus one researcher may say that an animal is “attentive” when it stands motionless with head up and eyes open, suggesting that it is “staring at something.” A second researcher may interpret the word attentive” to mean that the animal is actively interacting with the environment by sniffing, biting, or manipulating objects. As the data summarized here will show, details of actual behavior are important in the study of brain and behavior, and merit careful observation and precise description.
257 citations
TL;DR: In both disease groups, platelet counts, factor V, factor VIII, and fibrinogen levels were found to be elevated, while antithrombin III levels were decreased.
TL;DR: Methyl viologen enhanced the production of the 02 adduct thus providing support for the hypothesis that methyl viOLOGen accepts electrons from the primary acceptor of photosystem I and subsequently reduces 02 to 0, the new technique of spin trapping has been applied to a biological system for the first time.
TL;DR: Maintenance of the Sertoli-enriched fraction in modified Eagle's minimal essential medium temporarily at 41 C allows preparations of SERToli cell monolayer cultures consisting of 95%-98% Sertolic cells within 3 days.
Abstract: A method is described for obtaining populations of viable Sertoli cells from rat testes. Minced whole testes from rats of 15 to 29 days of age are sequentially treated with collagenase and pancreatin. The resulting suspension of cells is sedimented through a sucrose density gradient. Preparations are produced consisting of from 60% to 82% Sertoli cells, an enrichment of 2 to 5 times the proportion of Sertoli cells in whole testes of these ages. The preparations are free of interstitial cells, are essentially free of peritubular cells and contain reduced numbers of germinal cells; the main contaminating cell types are spermatogonia and spermatocytes. The Sertoli cells are considered to be 95% viable by their ability to exclude trypan blue and by subsequent culturing in vitro. The entire procedure requires 3 h. Maintenance of the Sertoli-enriched fraction in modified Eagle's minimal essential medium temporarily at 41 C allows preparations of Sertoli cell monolayer cultures consisting of 95%–98% Sertoli cell...
TL;DR: Although gesture-like activity during speaking was predominantly right-handed, and the right hand showed superior performance on hand strength and finger tapping tasks, it was the left hand that performed better at hand posture and finger spacing tasks.
TL;DR: This chapter focuses on the problem of memory coding, for which dual-coding approach is presented in which the major theoretical distinction is between verbal and nonverbal memory systems.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the problem of memory coding, for which dual-coding approach is presented in which the major theoretical distinction is between verbal and nonverbal memory systems. The theory assumes that the two memory systems are functionally independent in a strong sense. This assumption has various empirical implications that are reviewed briefly, but the major emphasis is on one implication, namely, that independent memory systems should have additive effects on memory performance. The chapter reports a series of recent studies in which this idea has been applied to dual-coding effects and extended to dimensions that may cut across the verbal-nonverbal distinction. The dual-coding and common-coding approaches are discussed in more detail, together with a brief review of general evidence on relevant distinctions. Finally, a method of attack and related experimental data is presented, which involves encoding and repetition effects designed to reveal dimensions of memory that are functionally independent to a significant degree.
TL;DR: This article found that the quality of verbal interaction was more important than quantity of interaction in determining leadership emergence in sixteen four-member groups engaged in a problem-solving situation in which the goal was to maximize gains and minimize losses in a matrix type game.
TL;DR: Progress will depend on the acquisition of a wiring diagram of simple cardiovascular reflex arcs before attempts are made to study the functional interactions of regions in the brain that have been traditionally associated with central regulation of the circulation.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare the inferences with respect to substitution possibilities obtained by imposing the two alternative specifications of a production function and a cost function on the same set of data, and find that these inferences continue to differ even when they explicitly adopt the position that both the production and cost functions are each approximations of the true technology.
TL;DR: A right ear superiority was found on a dichotic listening task as early as age three, suggesting that the left hemisphere is to some extent specialized for speech functions by this age.
TL;DR: The origin of the membranes and lytic enzymes involved in autophagy has been studied in metamorphosing insect fat body and acid phosphatase is present in the inner saccules and microvesicular components of the Golgi complex.
Abstract: The origin of the membranes and lytic enzymes involved in autophagy has been studied in metamorphosing insect fat body. The Golgi complex has two functions in the organelle destruction which takes place when fat body cells change their activities. (1) It gives rise to envelopes which externalize organelles scheduled for destruction. Microbodies, mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum are sequentially removed from the cytoplasm by investment in isolation membranes. During the isolating phase, isolation membranes have the same osmiophilia as the outer saccular and microvesicular components of the Golgi complex, they do not contain lytic enzymes and they are specific in their adhesion to organelles scheduled for destruction. (2) The Golgi complex gives rise to lytic enzymes. Primary lysosomes which contain acid phosphatase fuse with the isolation bodies formed from invested organelles to become autophagic vacuoles. During this lytic phase, acid phosphatase is present in the inner saccules and microvesicular components of the Golgi complex, in the primary lysosomes seen fusing with isolation bodies and in autophagic vacuoles.
TL;DR: These studies show that it is possible to localize discrete areas in the amygdala which have specific effects on ingestive behaviors and it is suggested that the amygdala modulates on-going hypothalamic activity via the stria terminalis from the dorsomedial area and the ventral amygdalofugal pathway from the Ventral and lateral amygdala.
TL;DR: In this paper, a heuristic for solving the multi-item lot size problem given fixed and variable capacity constraints is presented. But the problem is not considered in this paper, and the heuristic is not extended to include variable capacity.
Abstract: The multi-item lot size problem has been a formal management issue for some decades. The lot size decision of how much to produce and when usually considers the trade-off between lost productivity from frequent set-ups and short runs and the higher inventory costs arising from longer runs. When the decision must also consider shared limited production resources, the problem becomes complex.
The paper is presented in two parts. Part I outlines a heuristic for solving the multi-item lot size problem given fixed production resources. The problem is initially structured as a network of unlimited capacity. An arc-cutting criterion is suggested, successively paring the unconstrained lot size optimum in low-cost increments until a feasible integer solution occurs.
In Part II of this 2 part paper, the heuristic is extended to include variable capacity constraints. Computational results for both the fixed and variable capacity configurations and the bibliography conclude the presentation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a summary of the main points of their paper: 1) National Optimum, 618; 2) International Transfer Payments, 624; 3) Bilateral monopoly power, 629; and 4) Appendix, 631.
Abstract: Introduction, 618. — National Optimum, 619. — International Optimum, 624. — International transfer payments, 627. — Bilateral monopoly power, 629. — Summary, 630. — Appendix, 631.
TL;DR: Strong evidence is obtained that in photosynthetic bacteria a component with an EPR signal at g = 1.82 has been identified as the primary electron acceptor of the photochemical system and it is possible that a similar component might be involved in chloroplast photochemical reactions.
Abstract: PHOTOSYSTEM I (PSI) is the photochemical reaction complex involved in the generation of a low potential reductant in oxygen-evolving photosynthetic organisms The primary photochemical reaction in PSI has been identified as the photo-oxidation of a reaction centre chlorophyll complex P700 (ref 1) This photo-oxidation occurs both at room temperature and in the frozen state at temperatures as low as 42 K At cryogenic temperatures this photo-oxidation has generally been found to be irreversible2 Malkin and Bearden3 showed that the electron acceptor for this photo-oxidation reaction is a bound ferredoxin This ferredoxin has two iron–sulphur centres with very low redox potentials (Em10 = −550 and −590 mV)4–6 It has been proposed that these centres are the primary electron acceptor of PSI3,4 More recent evidence suggests it may not be7–11, and we have shown11 that when the bound ferredoxin is chemically reduced, illumination at low temperature results in the photo-oxidation of P700 without any change in the bound ferredoxin, this oxidation is reversible In photosynthetic bacteria a component with an EPR signal at g = 182 has been identified as the primary electron acceptor of the photochemical system12,13 and it is possible that a similar component might be involved in chloroplast photochemical reactions McIntosh et al14 obtained kinetic evidence for the presence in PSI particles of a component with an EPR signal at g = 206 and g = 176 which showed a reversible redox change on illumination of the particles at low temperature parallel to that of P700 The changes observed were small and it was not possible to obtain a spectrum of the component Using a more highly purified PSI preparation we have now obtained strong evidence that this component is the primary electron acceptor of PSI
TL;DR: An interaction akin to the spinal stretch reflex is revealed between elbow perturbations, early responses of precentral neurons and subsequent elbow movements: discharges of neurons that usually fire in relation to an intended movement can be altered by sudden load changes so that the neurons tend to reduce mismatch between intended and actual movements (cortical load compensation), created by the perturbation.
TL;DR: The incidence of consecutive primary carcinoma of the breast in 1489 women was 1% per year and remained constant for 20 years and the age of women with bilateral carcinomas was 6 years younger than those who had single tumors.
Abstract: The incidence of consecutive primary carcinoma of the breast in 1489 women was 1 percent per year and remained constant for 20 years. The age of women with bilateral carcinomas was 6 years younger than those who had single tumors. Survival after the second tumor tended to be better in women less than 50 years. Patients who developed metastases had a shorter interval between the first and second tumors than those who remained free from the disease. Prognosis was the same in those with nonsynchronous carcinomas as in those with single tumors, and the incidence of positive nodes was the same in both groups. The prognosis was poorest in those who developed synchronous tumors. Prophylactic postoperative radiotherapy did not affect the incidence of consecutive breast carcinomas and did not alter prognosis. The results stress the importance of observing carefully the remaining breast, especially in younger women.