Showing papers by "University of Western Ontario published in 1981"
TL;DR: In this paper, the rank order stability of individual differences in altruism across situations is examined and it is found that substantial consistency occurs when due regard is given to the principle of aggregation, and a self-report altruism scale, on which respondents rate the frequency with which they have engaged in some 20 specific behaviors, is found to predict such criteria as peer-ratings of altruism, completing an organ-donor card, and paper and pencil measures of prosoeial orientation.
882 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that the main point of disagreement concerns whether certain aspects of the way in which mental images are transformed should be attributed to intrinsic knowledge-independent properties of the medium in which images are instantiated or the mechanisms by which they are processed.
Abstract: The debate over the nature of mental imagery, especially with respect to the interpretation of recent findings on the transformation of images.” has failed to focus on the crucial differences between the so-called “analogue” and “propositional” approaches. In this paper I attempt to clarify the disagreements by focusing on the alleged spatial nature of images and on recent findings concerned with “rotation” and “scanning” of mental images. It is argued that the main point of disagreement concerns whether certain aspects of the way in which images are transformed should be attributed to intrinsic knowledge-independent properties of the medium in which images are instantiated or the mechanisms by which they are processed, or whether images are typically transformed in certain ways because subjects take their task to be the simulation of the act of witnessing certain real events taking place and therefore use their tacit knowledge of the imaged situation to cause the transformation to proceed as they believe it would have proceeded in reality. The fundamental difference between these t o modes of processing is examined, and certain general difficulties inherent in the analogue account are discussed. It is argued that the tacit knowledge a count is more plausible, at least in the cases examined, because it is a more general account and also because certain empirical results demonstrate that both “mental scanning” and “mental rotation” transformations can be critically influenced by varying the instructions given to subjects and the precise form of the task used and that the form of the influence is explainable in terms of the semantic content of subjects' beliefs and goals—that is, that these operations are cognitively penetrable by subjects' beliefs and goals. Functions that are cognitively penetrable in this sense, it is argued, must be explained, at least in part, by reference to computational cognitive processes whose behavior is governed by goals, beliefs, and tacit knowledge rather than by properties of analogue mechanism.
869 citations
635 citations
TL;DR: The thesis that the postulation of mental processing is unnecessary to account for their perceptual relationship with the world is examined; that if the authors describe the environment in the appropriate terms they see that visual perception is direct and requires only a selection from information present in the ambient light.
592 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the association between social support, conceived and assessed from a social-psychological perspective, and psychological well-being was investigated across four studies involving very diverse populations.
Abstract: This paper considers the association between social support, conceived and assessed from a social-psychological perspective, and psychological well-being. The magnitude and consistency of the relationship are evaluated across four studies involving very diverse populations. Evidence is also presented on causal ordering and the distinctiveness of the social support and psychological well-being dimensions, and on the question of whether social support has pervasive effects or functions only, or primarily, as a buffer in the face of unusual difficulty. Findings across the four studies suggest a modest, but reliable, association between the experience of social support and psychological well-being. Evidence is also presented consistent with the view that some part of the causation involved goes from social support to psychological well-being and vice versa, and indicating that the two variables have different major determinants. Evaluation of the effects of level of stress upon the support/well-being relationship suggests that social support has significant main effects, that it is most important in stressful circumstances, and that these relationships vary across social class groupings.
578 citations
TL;DR: Hydrocarbon addition to the medium, which normally increases biosurfactant production, completely inhibited surfactin production by B. subtilis.
Abstract: The lipopeptide, surfactin, is produced by Bacillus subtilis. A study has been made on large-scale production of this surfactant. A good yield was obtained from a glucose substrate fermentation by continuously removing the product by foam fractionation. The surfactin could be easily recovered from the collapsed foam by acid precipitation. The yield was also improved by the addition of either iron or manganese salts. Hydrocarbon addition to the medium, which normally increases biosurfactant production, completely inhibited surfactin production by B. subtilis.
570 citations
TL;DR: Results offer empirical support for Beck's proposal that an efficient negative self-schema exists, specific to the disorder of depression, by having subjects make structural, semantic, and self-referent ratings on depressedand nondepressed-content personal adjectives.
Abstract: Differences in self-schema content among 16 clinical depressives, 16 nondepressed psychiatric control patients, and 16 normal nondepressives (women between the ages of 18 and 65) were investigated by having subjects make structural (Small letters?), semantic (Means same as a given word?), and self-referent (Describes you?) ratings on depressedand nondepressed-content personal adjectives. These ratings were then followed immediately by an incidental recall period in which subjects recalled as many of the adjectives as possible. In accord with predictions generated from a self-as-schema model, adjective recall was greater overall for the self-referent rating task, relative to the structural and semantic tasks. Furthermore, consistent with the content-specificity component of this self-schema model, both normal and nondepressed psychiatric controls displayed superior recall only for self-referenced, nondepressed-content adjectives. Also consistent with the content-specificity component of this model, clinical depressives displayed significantly enhanced recall only for depressed-content adjectives rated under the self-referent task. In combination with rating time findings, these results offer empirical support for Beck's proposal that an efficient negative self-schema exists, specific to the disorder of depression.
470 citations
TL;DR: The fact that patterns characteristic of sleep, arousal, and waking behavior continue in decorticate animals indicates that reticulo-cortical mechanisms are not essential for these aspects of behavior.
Abstract: It is traditionally believed that cerebral activation (the presence of low voltage fast electrical activity in the neocortex and rhythmical slow activity in the hippocampus) is correlated with arousal, while deactivation (the presence of large amplitude irregular slow waves or spindles in both the neocortex and the hippocampus) is correlated with sleep or coma However, since there are many exceptions, these generalizations have only limited validity Activated patterns occur in normal sleep (active or paradoxical sleep) and during states of anesthesia and coma Deactivated patterns occur, at times, during normal waking, or during behavior in awake animals treated with atropinic drugs Also, the fact that patterns characteristic of sleep, arousal, and waking behavior continue in decorticate animals indicates that reticulo-cortical mechanisms are not essential for these aspects of behavior These puzzles have been largely resolved by recent research indicating that there are two different kinds of input from the reticular activating system to the hippocampus and neocortex One input is probably cholinergic; it may play a role in stimulus control of behavior The second input is noncholinergic and appears to be related to motor activity; movement-related input to the neocortex may be dependent on a trace amine Reticulo-cortical systems are not related to arousal in the traditional sense, but may play a role in the control of adaptive behavior by influencing the activity of the cerebral cortex, which in turn exerts control over subcortical circuits that co-ordinate muscle activity to produce behavior
410 citations
373 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the applicability of a segmentation procedure to this problem is discussed and examples are given of explanatory models of resident attitudes towards tourism's social impact, with tourist contact, length of residence, age and language being major explanatory variables.
342 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple two-country model is constructed in order to show how imperfect competition can form a basis for trade under the assumption of Cournot-Nash behaviour, and it is demonstrated that trade will lead to a bilateral welfare improvement when countries are identical in all respects.
TL;DR: In this article, a multivariate portmanteau test for checking the adequacy of fitted vector ARMA models is developed, and a simulation study shows that a simple modification of this test improves its accuracy in small samples.
Abstract: The large-sample distribution of the multivariate residual autocorrelations in the vector ARMA model is derived. This result is somewhat less complicated for the vector autoregressive model. A new multivariate portmanteau test for checking the adequacy of fitted vector ARMA models is developed. A simulation study shows that a simple modification of the portmanteau test improves its accuracy in small samples.
TL;DR: A dose dependent increase in MT accumulation was observed in a number of tissues after CdCl2 injection, the highest amount being in liver, kidney and pancreas, and a positive correlation between Cd and MT concentrations in 8 tissues was showed.
TL;DR: Primary cultures of brain capillary endothelial cells retained both endothelial and blood-brain barrier features and were joined together by tight junctions.
Abstract: To provide an in vitro system for studies of brain capillary function we developed a method for culture of brain capillary endothelial cells. Capillaries were isolated from rat brain and enzymatically treated to remove the basement membrane and contaminating pericytes. Subsequent Percoll gradient centrifugation resulted in a homogeneous population of capillary endothelial cells that attached to a collagen substrate and incorporated [3H]thymidine. Evidence for the endothelial nature of these cells was provided by the presence of Factor VIII antigen and angiotensin converting enzyme activity and by the failure of platelets to adhere to the cell surface. In addition, the cells were joined together by tight junctions. Thus, primary cultures of these cells retained both endothelial and blood-brain barrier features.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the depth distribution of X-ray production in the electron microprobe can be accurately described by a Gaussian modified at the sample surface by a transient, assuming that the electrons undergoing a random walk in the sample and that the transient corresponds with the change from collimated to random electron trajectories.
Abstract: It is shown that the depth distribution of X-ray production in the electron microprobe can be accurately described by a Gaussian modified at the sample surface by a transient. Assuming that the Gaussian is a consequence of the electrons undergoing a random walk in the sample and that the transient corresponds with the change from collimated to random electron trajectories enables theoretical values for the amplitudes and coefficients of the two functions to be predicted. There is excellent agreement between the predicted and the observed values. The Lenard coefficient and the electron range can both be estimated from the coefficient in the Gaussian. It is suggested that for microprobe work, Lenard's law for electron absorption be replaced by this revised law. Both the absorption and atomic number corrections of the traditional ZAF approach are replaced by the new function.
TL;DR: It is suggested that both cholinergic and serotoninergic projections may modulate locomotor activity and that such modulation must be at least one inhibitory interneuron away from the dopamine synapse on the locomotor pathway.
TL;DR: In this article, chemical mass balance in metabasalts, progressively altered towards gold-bearing quartz carbonate veins disposed within shear zones at Yellowknife, reveal massive additions of CO2, K, Si and Fe accompanying mineralisation, with concomitant depletions of Na.
TL;DR: The sections in this article are: Localization in the Cerebellum: Functional Anatomy, Microanatomy, Discharge Properties, Cellular Roles in Cerebellar Function, and General Summary.
Abstract: The sections in this article are:
1
Introduction
1.1
Concepts of Cerebellar Function
1.2
Localization in the Cerebellum: Functional Anatomy
2
What Aspects of Movements are Controlled?
2.1
Overview
2.2
Classification of Movements
2.3
A Frame of Reference
2.4
Cerebellar Control
2.5
Muscle Tone and Force
3
Microanatomy
3.1
Fundamental Cerebellar Circuit
3.2
Summary: Microanatomy
4
Cellular Roles in Cerebellar Function
4.1
Discharge Properties
4.2
Relation of Discharge to Behavioral Events
5
General Summary
5.1
What Aspects of Movements Are Controlled by the Cerebellum?
5.2
What Are the Roles of the Individual Cells Within the Cerebellar Circuit?
TL;DR: Capillary surface areas, volumes, and area/capillary volume ratios support the possibility that a reduced exchange potential accompanies ageing and suggest a direct association between neuronal susceptibility to Alzheimer changes and degree of regional blood supply.
Abstract: The diameters and densities of capillaries and arterioles in the hippocampal cortex of normal subjects and patients with Alzheimer's dementia were measured in thick celloidin sections stained for alkaline phosphatase. Microvascular diameters in general are affected more by age than by the presence of dementia of the Alzheimer type. The diameter of both capillaries and arterioles increases significantly with age. The density of capillaries decreases whereas that of the arterioles increases significantly. The capillary changes suggest that a reduced exchange potential accompanies ageing.
TL;DR: The findings showed that the initiation of lactation developed in two phases, first a limited secretion of milk constituents in late pregnancy and then true induction of lactATION (lactogenesis) 32-40 h after delivery.
Abstract: Studies were undertaken to determine the progressive changes and relationships between the major constituents in the mammary secretion of breast feeding and non-breast feeding women during the initiation of lactation. The concentration of metabolites (lactose, glucose and urea), electrolytes and proteins (total protein, alpha-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, albumin, IgA, IgG and IgM) were measured in small samples of mammary secretion (0 . 5-5 . 0 ml). Colostrum during late pregnancy contained higher concentrations of proteins and lower concentrations of metabolites than milk in established lactation. Of the electrolytes, the concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium were higher, whereas potassium and calcium were lower in colostrum than in milk. The osmolality of the secretion remained relatively constant over the pre-partum and post-partum period. These findings showed that the initiation of lactation developed in two phases, first a limited secretion of milk constituents in late pregnancy and then true induction of lactation (lactogenesis) 32-40 h after delivery. The changes in the mammary secretion of non-breast feeding women during the first 3 days post-partum were similar to those observed in breast feeding women but reversed abruptly during the next 6 days, indicating the onset of mammary involution. This finding demonstrated that breast feeding is not a major factor for the initiation of lactation but is essential for the continuation of full lactation.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between homeowners' attitudes and their winter gas consumption and found that thermal comfort was the most important determinant of household energy use, and that there was a significant positive correlation between summer and winter energy consumption.
Abstract: The present research examined the relationship between homeowners' attitudes and their winter gas consumption. During the winter, 207 couples filled out questionnaires about their energy-related attitudes. The results confirmed prior results: thermal comfort was the most important determinant of household energy use. In addition, an analysis of the results of a 55-couple subsample who had filled out attitude questionnaires in both the winter and the summer showed that there was some consistency in the attitudinal factors over seasons, and that there was a significant positive correlation between summer and winter energy consumption.
TL;DR: A series of experiments was carried out to evaluate the notion that rats given a sequence of massed daily trials on the radial maze reset working memory at the end of each trial by deleting its contents as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: The effect on plasma gastroenteropancreatic hormone levels on infusing the porcine gastrin-releasing peptide and bombesin into dogs demonstrated no qualitative difference in the spectrum of activity, and the similar spectrum of activities and the structural homology between the two peptides suggests that the Porcine Gastrin releasing peptide is the porCine counterpart of the amphibian peptide bombsin.
TL;DR: The authors compared the effects of verbal-nonverbal and bilingual dual coding on recall and found that item recall increased significantly from unilingual to bilingual to verbal nonverbal dual coding, and the results favored a bilingual version of dual-coding theory over levels-of-processing and generation-effort interpretations.
TL;DR: A study of 82 Cana... as discussed by the authors showed that new products tend to achieve better than average export sales. But all new products are not exportable, so managers face a problem in deciding which new products to emphasize.
Abstract: New products tend to achieve better than average export sales. But all new products are not exportable, so managers face a problem in deciding which new products to emphasize. This study of 82 Cana...
TL;DR: The HRP tracing method was employed to investigate the organization and afferent connections of the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) in the rat and a method was devised for obtaining HRP placements of limited size in different areas of the IPN.
Abstract: The HRP tracing method was employed to investigate the organization and afferent connections of the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) in the rat. To study the topographical features of the different projections, a method was devised for obtaining HRP placements of limited size in different areas of the IPN.
The main afferent connection of the IPN is a topographically organized projection from the medial habenula (Hb). This projection follows a reversed caudorostral pattern, terminating throughout all but the caudalmost part of the IPN. The dorsal part of the IPN receives a sparse innervation arising mainly from a narrow lateral and ventrolateral area of the medial Hb. The ventral two thirds of the IPN receives a much heavier projection, as follows: A large ventrolateral area of the medial Hb projects to the lateral part of the IPN in a completely bilateral way. An additional projection, which is predominantly ipsilateral, arises from the rostral half of the dorsolateral part of the medial Hb and terminates in the caudal IPN. The medial part of the medial Hb projects preferentially to central areas of the IPN.
The projection from the lateral Hb is quantitatively much smaller but appears to be distributed to the entire length of the IPN, following a nonreversed caudorostral arrangement, with the ipsilateral projection predominating. The projections from the medial and lateral Hb to the IPN were confirmed by tracing anterogradely transported HRP as well. No reciprocal connection from the IPN to the Hb could be demonstrated.
A sparse projection to the IPN with a strong ipsilateral predominance arises from the horizontal limbs of the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. This was the only projection observed from the septal region. Sparse projections from the premammillary and supramammillary nuclei were also demonstrated. Confirmatory data and some details of organization were also obtained for projections to the IPN from other areas, including the medial and dorsal raphe nuclei, the dorsal tegmental nucleus of Gudden, and the adjacent dorsolateral tegmental nucleus. Very small projections from the ventral tegmental nucleus and the locus coeruleus were also found.
TL;DR: Measurement of cyclosporin A levels and immunological indices allowed individual adjustment of the dosage so as to give excellent early graft function with few adverse effects.