Showing papers by "University of Western Ontario published in 1998"

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration A consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria

Abstract: Objective: To improve clinical recognition and provide research diagnostic criteria for three clinical syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Methods: Consensus criteria for the three prototypic syndromes-frontotemporal dementia, progressive nonfluent aphasia, and semantic dementia-were developed by members of an international workshop on frontotemporal lobar degeneration. These criteria build on earlier published clinical diagnostic guidelines for frontotemporal dementia produced by some of the workshop members. Results: The consensus criteria specify core and supportive features for each of the three prototypic clinical syndromes and provide broad inclusion and exclusion criteria for the generic entity of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. The criteria are presented in lists, and operational definitions for features are provided in the text. Conclusions: The criteria ought to provide the foundation for research work into the neuropsychology, neuropathology, genetics, molecular biology, and epidemiology of these important clinical disorders that account for a substantial proportion of cases of primary degenerative dementia occurring before the age of 65 years.

Intellectual capital: an exploratory study that develops measures and models

Abstract: This paper details an empirical pilot study that explores the development of several conceptual measures and models regarding intellectual capital and its impact on business performance. The objective of this pilot study is to explore the development of items and constructs through principal components analysis and partial least squares (PLS). The final retained, subjective measures and optimal structural specification show a valid, reliable, significant and substantive causal link between dimensions of intellectual capital and business performance. These results should help both academics and practitioners more readily understand the components of intellectual capital and provide insight into developing and increasing it within an organization. Suggestions are then made to advance and improve this research programme.

Sample size and optimal designs for reliability studies

Abstract: A method is developed to calculate the required number of subjects k in a reliability study, where reliability is measured using the intraclass correlation rho. The method is based on a functional approximation to earlier exact results. The approximation is shown to have excellent agreement with the exact results and one can use it easily without intensive numerical computation. Optimal design configurations are also discussed; for reliability values of about 40 per cent or higher, use of two or three observations per subject will minimize the total number of observations required.

Specific Genetic Predictors of Chemotherapeutic Response and Survival in Patients With Anaplastic Oligodendrogliomas

Abstract: Background/methods Gliomas are common malignant neoplasms of the central nervous system. Among the major subtypes of gliomas, oligodendrogliomas are distinguished by their remarkable sensitivity to chemotherapy, with approximately two thirds of anaplastic (malignant) oligodendrogliomas responding dramatically to combination treatment with procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine (termed PCV). Unfortunately, no clinical or pathologic feature of these tumors allows accurate prediction of their response to chemotherapy. Anaplastic oligodendrogliomas also are distinguished by a unique constellation of molecular genetic alterations, including coincident loss of chromosomal arms 1p and 19q in 50%-70% of tumors. We have hypothesized that these or other specific genetic changes might predict the response to chemotherapy and prognosis in patients with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas. Therefore, we have analyzed molecular genetic alterations involving chromosomes 1p, 10q, and 19q and the TP53 (on chromosome 17p) and CDKN2A (on chromosome 9p) genes, in addition to clinicopathologic features in 39 patients with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas for whom chemotherapeutic response and survival could be assessed. Results/conclusions Allelic loss (or loss of heterozygosity) of chromosome 1p is a statistically significant predictor of chemosensitivity, and combined loss involving chromosomes 1p and 19q is statistically significantly associated with both chemosensitivity and longer recurrence-free survival after chemotherapy. Moreover, in both univariate and multivariate analyses, losses involving both chromosomes 1p and 19q were strongly associated with longer overall survival, whereas CDKN2A gene deletions and ring enhancement (i.e., contrast enhancement forming a rim around the tumor) on neuroimaging were associated with a significantly worse prognosis. The inverse relationship between CDKN2A gene deletions and losses of chromosomes 1p and 19q further implies that these differential clinical behaviors reflect two independent genetic subtypes of anaplastic oligodendroglioma. These results suggest that molecular genetic analysis may aid therapeutic decisions and predict outcome in patients with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas.

Chemotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone for localized esophageal cancer

Abstract: Background We performed a multi-institutional randomized trial comparing preoperative chemotherapy followed by surgery with surgery alone for patients with local and operable esophageal cancer. Methods Preoperative chemotherapy for patients randomly assigned to the chemotherapy group included three cycles of cisplatin and fluorouracil. Surgery was performed two to four weeks after the completion of the third cycle; patients also received two additional cycles of chemotherapy after the operation. Patients randomly assigned to the immediate-surgery group underwent the same surgical procedure. The main end point was overall survival. Results Of the 440 eligible patients with adequate data, 213 were assigned to receive preoperative chemotherapy and 227 to undergo immediate surgery. After a median possible study time of 55.4 months, there were no significant differences between the two groups in median survival: 14.9 months for the patients who received preoperative chemotherapy and 16.1 months for those who u...

Multistep Nature of Metastatic Inefficiency: Dormancy of Solitary Cells after Successful Extravasation and Limited Survival of Early Micrometastases

Abstract: In cancer metastasis, only a small percentage of cells released from a primary tumor successfully form distant lesions, but it is uncertain at which steps in the process cells are lost. Our goal was to determine what proportions of B16F1 melanoma cells injected intraportally to target mouse liver 1) survive and extravasate, 2) form micrometastases (4 to 16 cells) by day 3, 3) develop into macroscopic tumors by day 13, and 4) remain as solitary dormant cells. Using in vivo videomicroscopy, a novel cell accounting assay, and immunohistochemical markers for proliferation (Ki-67) and apoptosis (TUNEL), we found that 1) 80% of injected cells survived in the liver microcirculation and extravasated by day 3, 2) only a small subset of extravasated cells began to grow, with 1 in 40 forming micrometastases by day 3, 3) only a small subset of micrometastases continued to grow, with 1 in 100 progressing to form macroscopic tumors by day 13 (in fact, most micrometastases disappeared), and 4) 36% of injected cells remained by day 13 as solitary cancer cells, most of which were dormant (proliferation, 2%; apoptosis, 3%; in contrast to cells within macroscopic tumors: proliferation, 91%; apoptosis/necrosis, 6%). Thus, in this model, metastatic inefficiency is principally determined by two distinct aspects of cell growth after extravasation: failure of solitary cells to initiate growth and failure of early micrometastases to continue growth into macroscopic tumors.

Interpretation of XPS Mn(2p) spectra of Mn oxyhydroxides and constraints on the mechanism of MnO 2 precipitation

Abstract: Calculated Mn(2p3/2) X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) of Mn 21 ,M n 31 , and Mn 41 free ions are strikingly similar to Mn(2p 3/2) spectra of Mn 21 -, Mn 31 -, and Mn 41 -oxides and oxyhydroxides, indicating that these ions adopt high spin states in MnO, manganite, and birnessite. The Mn(2p) peak structures reveal the presence of only Mn 31 in manganite, but Mn 21 ,M n 31 , and Mn 41 are present in the near-surface of synthetic birnessite at about 5, 25, and 70%, respectively. Precipitation of birnessite by reaction of Mn 21 (aq) with an

The Political Economy of Dictatorship

Abstract: Although much of the world still lives today, as always, under dictatorship, the behaviour of these regimes and of their leaders often appears irrational and mysterious. In The Political Economy of Dictatorship, Ronald Wintrobe uses rational choice theory to model dictatorships: their strategies for accumulating power, the constraints on their behavior, and why they are often more popular than is commonly accepted. The book explores both the politics and the economics of dictatorships, and the interaction between them. The questions addressed include: What determines the repressiveness of a regime? Can political authoritarianism be 'good' for the economy? After the fall, who should be held responsible for crimes against human rights? The book contains many applications, including chapters on Nazi Germany, Soviet Communism, South Africa under apartheid, the ancient Roman Empire and Pinochet's Chile. It also provides a guide to the policies which should be followed by the democracies towards dictatorships.

The political economy of dictatorship

Abstract: Acknowledgements Part I. Introduction: 1. The problem 2. The dictator's dilemma Part II. Equilibrium Political Repression: 3. The tinpot and the totalitarian 4. Tyranny and timocracy 5. A more general model Part III. Economics of Autocracy: 6. The economy of dictatorship 7. Redistribution and rent-seeking 8. Apartheid 9. The bureaucratic economy I: the model 10. The bureaucratic economy II: rise and fall Part IV. The Dynamics of Dictatorship: 11. Democracy in the inaction zone 12. Ethnic conflict and nationalism: from expressionism and futurism to kitsch 13. The simple economics of criminal bureaucratic responsibility Part V. Conclusion: 14. The machinery of dictatorship References Indexes.

Stringlike cooperative motion in a supercooled liquid

Abstract: Extensive molecular dynamics simulations are performed on a glass-forming Lennard-Jones mixture to determine the nature of the cooperative motions occurring in this model fragile liquid. We observe stringlike cooperative molecular motion (``strings'') at temperatures well above the glass transition. The mean length of the strings increases upon cooling, and the string length distribution is found to be nearly exponential.

Depression and suicidal ideation in dermatology patients with acne, alopecia areata, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis

Abstract: We examined the prevalence of depression (measured by the Carroll Rating Scale for Depression, CRSD), wishes to be dead and acute suicidal ideation among 480 patients with dermatological disorders that may be cosmetically disfiguring, i.e. non-cystic facial acne (n = 72; 5.6% suicidal ideation), alopecia areata (n = 45; 0% suicidal ideation), atopic dermatitis (n = 146; 2.1% suicidal ideation) and psoriasis (79 outpatients, 2.5% suicidal ideation and 138 inpatients, 7.2% suicidal ideation). Analysis of variance revealed that the severely affected psoriasis inpatients (mean +/- SD total body surface area affected: 52 +/- 23.4%) had the highest (P 10). The 5.6-7.2% prevalence of active suicidal ideation among the psoriasis and acne patients was higher than the 2.4-3.3% prevalence reported among general medical patients. Our findings highlight the importance of recognizing psychiatric comorbidity, especially depression, among dermatology patients and indicate that in some instances even clinically mild to moderate disease such as non-cystic facial acne can be associated with significant depression and suicidal ideation.

Grapefruit juice–drug interactions

Abstract: The novel finding that grapefruit juice can markedly augment oral drug bioavailability was based on an unexpected observation from an interaction study between the dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist, felodipine, and ethanol in which grapefruit juice was used to mask the taste of the ethanol. Subsequent investigations showed that grapefruit juice acted by reducing presystemic felodipine metabolism through selective post-translational down regulation of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) expression in the intestinal wall. Since the duration of effect of grapefruit juice can last 24 h, repeated juice consumption can result in a cumulative increase in felodipine AUC and Cmax. The high variability of the magnitude of effect among individuals appeared dependent upon inherent differences in enteric CYP3A4 protein expression such that individuals with highest baseline CYP3A4 had the highest proportional increase. At least 20 other drugs have been assessed for an interaction with grapefruit juice. Medications with innately low oral bioavailability because of substantial presystemic metabolism mediated by CYP3A4 appear affected by grapefruit juice. Clinically relevant interactions seem likely for most dihydropyridines, terfenadine, saquinavir, cyclosporin, midazolam, triazolam and verapamil and may also occur with lovastatin, cisapride and astemizole. The importance of the interaction appears to be influenced by individual patient susceptibility, type and amount of grapefruit juice and administration-related factors. Although in vitro findings support the flavonoid, naringin, or the furanocoumarin, 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin, as being active ingredients, a recent investigation indicated that neither of these substances made a major contribution to grapefruit juice-drug interactions in humans.

The Green Supply Chain: Integrating Suppliers into Environmental Management Processes

Abstract: INTRODUCTION The environment has become a critical issue in business today. In the 1960s and 1970s businesses typically considered environmental compliance to be a "fringe" issue which elicited little discussion at executive levels. Since then, several highly visible environmental disasters (e.g., Love Canal, Three Mile Island, Exxon Valdez) have demonstrated the importance of having a comprehensive environmental strategy in place. As is true of Total Quality Management (TQM), environmental strategies must be conceived and supported by top management, but deployed in every functional area of an organization to be meaningful. Previous research showed how cross-functional "buy-in" is necessary to integrate environmental strategies with supply chain management.[1] This study extends the findings of that research by focusing on the role of purchasing and supply chain management in improving the environmental performance of an organization. The next section discusses the growing importance of environmental management to business. Case studies are discussed and a set of generic guidelines regarding the role of purchasing and supply chain management in environmental management is presented. The final section summarizes the conclusions and insights from the study. APPROACHES TO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT The traditional view of environmental management in business has been either "we need only comply to the letter of the law," or worse yet, "ignore it and it might go away." These attitudes grew out of the perception that any actions which improved the environment were detrimental to interests of business. Such perceptions were often fueled by the news media (e.g., the ongoing dispute concerning the logging industry and the spotted owl in the Pacific Northwest). Traditional "anti-business" environmental perceptions also led to instances where companies decided it was in their best interest to pollute and pay a small fine, instead of finding ways to prevent or eliminate the waste. Penalties associated with polluting escalated with the passage of the Superfund in the 1970s, SERA in the 1980s, and other legislation in the 1990s, and businesses began to realize that some level of compliance would be necessary. The typical response of companies was to comply with the legislation, but to rarely integrate these policies across the company. This type of response to environmental issues can be termed "resistant adaptation."[2] A slightly more developed environmental management approach accepts the goal of minimizing waste, without trying to eliminate the source of the waste. Companies pursuing this approach often try to find ways to "clean up" or store the waste once it is created. Companies that install smokestack devices to reduce the level of pollutants emitted into the air, without trying to reduce the level of pollutants produced, are "embracing without innovating." This reactive approach to environmental issues is characterized by "end-of-the-pipe" solutions.[3] While embracing environmental issues without changing current processes provides the company with a sense of social legitimacy,[4] it usually leads to narrow, incremental solutions.[5] As such, companies are not realizing the competitive implications of environmentally-friendly supply chain practices; they merely experience penalty avoidance. Companies are now starting to recognize the possible competitive advantages associated with environmental awareness.[6] However, as environmental management makes its way into corporate strategic planning, it must also be integrated with the day-to-day processes of the organization. Companies which make minimal changes to optimize their current processes can be called "receptive" to environmental issues. Companies which look beyond their current processes to find and eliminate sources of waste are more "constructive" in their response. Constructive responses to environmental issues focus on the value embodied in the product and process by integrating product planning and changes into environmental planning and response. …

Data mining for direct marketing: problems and solutions

Abstract: Direct marketing is a process of identifying likely buyers of certain products and promoting the products accordingly. It is increasingly used by banks, insurance companies, and the retail industry. Data mining can provide an effective tool for direct marketing. During data mining, several specific problems arise. For example, the class distribution is extremely unbalanced (the response rate is about 1%), the predictive accuracy is no longer suitable for evaluating learning methods, and the number of examples can be too large. In this paper, we discuss methods of coping with these problems based on our experience on direct-marketing projects using data mining.

Intergroup Competition and Attitudes Toward Immigrants and Immigration: An Instrumental Model of Group Conflict

Abstract: High levels of worldwide migration paired with increasingly negative attitudes toward immigrants and immigration in host countries indicate that it is crucial to gain an understanding of the bases of these attitudes This article discusses one determinant of negative attitudes toward immigrants and immigration: perceived competition for resources We present our instrumental model of group conflict, which suggests that competition for resources, and attempts to remove this competition, are important determinants of intergroup attitudes and behavior We then review relevant research on perceived competition and attitudes toward immigrants and immigration We conclude by discussing the implications of this research for attempts to alleviate tension between immigrants and members of host populations, and for our more general model of group conflict

The Development and Evaluation of a Disease-Specific Quality of Life Measurement Tool for Shoulder Instability The Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI)

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop a valid, reliable, and responsive disease-specific quality of life measurement tool for patients with shoulder instability. Development included 1) identification of a specific patient population; 2) generation of issues specific to the “disease” (“items”) from reviewing the literature, interviewing health caregivers, and interviewing patients representing all demographics, disease type and severity, and treatments; 3) item reduction using patient-generated frequency-importance products and correlation matrices; and 4) pretesting the prototype instrument on 2 groups of 10 patients. The final instrument, the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index, has 21 items representing 4 domains. The instrument attributes (validity, reliability, and responsiveness) were evaluated. Construct validation demonstrated that this index correlated predictably with other measures. Reliability was very high at 2 weeks and 3 months, and the index was more responsive (sensitive to chan...

Why Do Companies List Shares Abroad?: A Survey of the Evidence and Its Managerial Implications

Abstract: The purpose of this monograph is to survey the academic literature on the economic implications of the corporate decision to list shares on an overseas stock exchange. My focus is on the valuation and liquidity effects of the listing decision, and the impact of listing on the company's global risk exposure and its cost of equity capital. The evidence shows: (1) share prices reacts favorably to cross-border listings in the first month after listing; (2) post-listing price performance up to one year is highly variable across companies depending on the home and listing market, its capitalization, capital-raising needs and other company-specific factors; (3) post-listing trading volume increases on average, and, for many issues, home-market trading volume increases also; (4) liquidity of trading in shares improves overall, but depends on the increase in total trading volume, the listing location and the scope of foreign ownership restrictions in the home market; (5) domestic market risk is significantly reduced and is associated with only a small increase in global market risk and foreign exchange risk, which can result in a net reduction in the cost of equity capital of about 126 basis points; (6) American Depositary Receipts represent an effective vehicle to diversify U.S.-based investment programs globally; (7) stringent disclosure requirements are the most important impediment to cross-border listings.

Role of nitric oxide in tumor progression: Lessons from experimental tumors

Abstract: Nitric oxide (NO), a potent biological mediator, plays a key role in physiological as well as pathological processes, including inflammation and cancer. The role of NO in tumor biology remains incompletely understood. While a few reports indicate that the presence of NO in tumor cells or their microenvironment is detrimental to tumor cell survival and consequently their metastatic ability, a large body of clinical and experimental data suggest a promoting role of NO in tumor progression and metastasis. We suggest that tumor cells capable of very high levels of NO production die in vivo, and those producing or exposed to lower levels of NO, or capable of resisting NO-mediated injury undergo a clonal selection because of their survival advantage; they also utilize certain NO-mediated mechanisms for promotion of growth, invasion and metastasis. The possible mechanism(s) are: (a) a stimulatory effect on tumor cell invasiveness, (b) a promotion of tumor angiogenesis and blood flow in the tumor neovasculature, and (c) a suppression of host anti-tumor defense. In this review, we discuss these mechanisms on the basis of data derived from experimental models, in particular, a mouse mammary tumor model in which the expression of eNOS by tumor cells is positively correlated with invasive and metastatic abilities. Tumor-derived NO was shown to promote tumor cell invasiveness and angiogenesis. The invasion-stimulating effects of NO were due to an upregulation of matrix metalloproteases and a downregulation of their natural inhibitors. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with NO-blocking agents reduced the growth and vascularity of primary tumors and their spontaneous metastases. We propose that selected NO-blocking drugs may be useful in treating certain human cancers either as single agents or as a part of combination therapies.

Resource redeployment following horizontal acquisitions in Europe and North America, 1988-1992

Abstract: This paper studies redeployment of resources between target and acquiring businesses following horizontal acquisitions. The analysis draws from perspectives that emphasize the strategic importance of resources that are subject to market failure. We define a five-part typology of R&D, manufacturing, marketing, managerial, and financial resources. We show that targets and acquirers frequently redeploy resources following horizontal acquisitions, especially resources that frequently face market failure. We then show that the magnitude of redeployment of each type of resource increases with the asymmetry of the merging businesses' relative strength on the resource dimension. The research stresses evolutionary perspectives on business organizations that emphasize the importance of organizational differences in competitive markets. The central premise of our research is that the market for businesses is often more robust than the market for resources

Evolution of Structure in Cold Dark Matter Universes

Abstract: We present an analysis of the clustering evolution of dark matter in four cold dark matter (CDM) cosmologies. We use a suite of high-resolution, 17 million particle, N-body simulations that sample volumes large enough to give clustering statistics with unprecedented accuracy. We investigate a flat model with Ω0 = 0.3, an open model also with Ω0 = 0.3, and two models with Ω = 1, one with the standard CDM power spectrum and the other with the same power spectrum as the Ω0 = 0.3 models. In all cases, the amplitude of primordial fluctuations is set so that the models reproduce the observed abundance of rich galaxy clusters by the present day. We compute mass two-point correlation functions and power spectra over 3 orders of magnitude in spatial scale and find that in all of our simulations they differ significantly from those of the observed galaxy distribution, in both shape and amplitude. Thus, for any of these models to provide an acceptable representation of reality, the distribution of galaxies must be biased relative to the mass in a nontrivial, scale-dependent fashion. In the Ω = 1 models, the required bias is always greater than unity, but in the Ω0 = 0.3 models, an "antibias" is required on scales smaller than ~5 h-1 Mpc. The mass correlation functions in the simulations are well fit by recently published analytic models. The velocity fields are remarkably similar in all the models, whether they are characterized as bulk flows, single-particle, or pairwise velocity dispersions. This similarity is a direct consequence of our adopted normalization and runs contrary to the common belief that the amplitude of the observed galaxy velocity fields can be used to constrain the value of Ω0. The small-scale pairwise velocity dispersion of the dark matter is somewhat larger than recent determinations from galaxy redshift surveys, but the bulk flows predicted by our models are broadly in agreement with most available data.

Role for G protein-coupled receptor kinase in agonist-specific regulation of μ-opioid receptor responsiveness

Abstract: The G protein-coupled μ-opioid receptor (μOR) mediates the physiological effects of endogenous opioid peptides as well as the structurally distinct opioid alkaloids morphine and etorphine. An intriguing feature of μOR signaling is the differential receptor trafficking and desensitization properties following activation by distinct agonists, which have been proposed as possible mechanisms related to opioid tolerance. Here we report that the ability of distinct opioid agonists to differentially regulate μOR internalization and desensitization is related to their ability to promote G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK)-dependent phosphorylation of the μOR. Although both etorphine and morphine effectively activate the μOR, only etorphine elicits robust μOR phosphorylation followed by plasma membrane translocation of β-arrestin and dynamin-dependent receptor internalization. In contrast, corresponding to its inability to cause μOR internalization, morphine is unable to either elicit μOR phosphorylation or stimulate β-arrestin translocation. However, upon the overexpression of GRK2, morphine gains the capacity to induce μOR phosphorylation, accompanied by the rescue of β-arrestin translocation and receptor sequestration. Moreover, overexpression of GRK2 also leads to an attenuation of morphine-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. These findings point to the existence of marked differences in the ability of different opioid agonists to promote μOR phosphorylation by GRK. These differences may provide the molecular basis underlying the different analgesic properties of opioid agonists and contribute to the distinct ability of various opioids to induce drug tolerance.

Chromatin remodelling by the glucocorticoid receptor requires the BRG1 complex

Abstract: The assembly of transcriptional regulatory DNA sequences into chromatin plays a fundamental role in modulating gene expression. The promoter of the mouse mammary-tumour virus (MMTV) is packaged into a regular array of nucleosomes when it becomes stably integrated into mammalian chromosomes, and has been used to investigate the relationship between chromatin architecture and transcriptional activation by the hormone-bound glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors. In mammalian cells that express both of these receptors, the progesterone receptor activates transcription from transiently transfected MMTV DNA but not from organized chromatin templates. Moreover, the activated progesterone receptor inhibits the chromatin remodelling and consequent transcriptional stimulation that is mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor. Here we investigate the mechanism of this inhibition by characterizing the interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor with transcriptional co-activator and chromatin remodelling protein complexes. We show that when this receptor is prevented from interacting with the hBRG1/BAF chromatin remodelling complex, it can activate transcription from transiently transfected DNA but not from organized chromatin templates. Our results indicate that it may be possible to separate the transcriptional activation and chromatin remodelling activities of proteins that interact with hormone receptors.

Child-rearing attitudes and behavioral inhibition in Chinese and Canadian toddlers: A cross-cultural study.

Abstract: Behavioral inhibition data were collected from samples of 2-year-olds from the People's Republic of China and Canada. Information on child-rearing attitudes and beliefs was obtained from mothers of the children. Chinese toddlers were significantly more inhibited than their Canadian counterparts. Inhibition was associated positively with mothers' punishment orientation and negatively with mothers' acceptance and encouragement of achievement in the Canadian sample. However, the directions of the relations were opposite in the Chinese sample; child inhibition was associated positively with mothers' warm and accepting attitudes and negatively with rejection and punishment orientation. The results indicated different adaptational meanings of behavioral inhibition across cultures.