Showing papers by "University of Westminster published in 1997"
24 Jul 1997
TL;DR: An abstract formal model of an idealised dMARS system (the most recent implementation of the PRS architecture), which precisely defines the key data structures present within the architecture and the operations that manipulate these structures are provided.
Abstract: The Procedural Reasoning System (PRS) is the best established agent architecture currently available. It has been deployed in many major industrial applications, ranging from fault diagnosis on the space shuttle to air traffic management and business process control. The theory of PRS-like systems has also been widely studied: within the intelligent agents research community, the belief-desire-intention (BDI) model of practical reasoning that underpins PRS is arguably the dominant force in the theoretical foundations of rational agency. Despite the interest in PRS and BDI agents, no complete attempt has yet been made to precisely specify the behaviour of real PRS systems. This has led to the development of a range of systems that claim to conform to the PRS model, but which differ from it in many important respects. Our aim in this paper is to rectify this omission. We provide an abstract formal model of an idealised dMARS system (the most recent implementation of the PRS architecture), which precisely defines the key data structures present within the architecture and the operations that manipulate these structures. We focus in particular on dMARS plans, since these are the key tool for programming dMARS agents. The specification we present will enable other implementations of PRS to be easily developed, and will serve as a benchmark against which future architectural enhancements can be evaluated.
367 citations
TL;DR: Important oils extracted from plants of known origin showed antimicrobial activity against three bacteria and four yeasts using the drop diffusion method, and it was found that 50‐fold higher activity was found when no dispersing solvent was used.
Abstract: Fifty-one essential oils extracted from plants of known origin were tested for their antimicrobial activity against three bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and four yeasts, Torulopsis utilis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the drop diffusion method. All showed antimicrobial activity against at least one of the micro-organisms. Following this preliminary screening, 13 essential oils showing antimicrobial activity against at least five of the micro-organisms were tested in the range 50 micrograms ml-1 to 500 micrograms ml-1 using broth micro dilution techniques with dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) as a dispersing solvent. The concentration of most of the oils required for total inhibition of growth was > 500 micrograms ml-1. Further studies on the antimicrobial action of cinnamon oil in the range 10-150 micrograms ml-1 showed that 50-fold higher activity was found when no dispersing solvent was used.
294 citations
TL;DR: A field study designed to examine the utility of photo-credit cards by assessing the accuracy with which supermarket cashiers could identify whether the photographs on credit cards depicted the person tendering them as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Identity cards often include a photograph of the bearer in an attempt to prevent fraudulent use or personation In the UK some credit card companies have recently introduced photo-credit cards and the government is currently considering the introduction of a new driving licence including the bearer's photograph However, the widely held belief that the inclusion of photographs will reduce or prevent fraudulent use has never been tested This paper describes a field study designed to examine the utility of photo-credit cards by assessing the accuracy with which supermarket cashiers could identify whether the photographs on credit cards depicted the person tendering them The results demonstrate that the task of matching the photograph to the shopper is much more difficult than might be expected, and that even under optimized conditions, performance is poor It is concluded that the introduction of photographs on credit cards would have little effect on the detection of fraud at the point of sale © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
273 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a small number of simple problems, such as estimating the mean of a normal distribution or the slope in a regression equation, are covered, and some key techniques are presented.
Abstract: This paper is concerned with methods of sample size determination. The approach is to cover a small number of simple problems, such as estimating the mean of a normal distribution or the slope in a regression equation, and to present some key techniques. The methods covered are in two groups: frequentist and Bayesian. Frequentist methods specify a null and alternative hypothesis for the parameter of interest and then find the sample size by controlling both size and power. These methods often need to use prior information but cannot allow for the uncertainty that is associated with it. By contrast, the Bayesian approach offers a wide variety of techniques, all of which offer the ability to deal with uncertainty associated with prior information.
261 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that blood group antigens play important roles in modulation of protein activity, infection and cancer, and questions are posed as to the relevance and implications of the results.
Abstract: The blood group antigens have been dismissed by some researchers as merely ‘icing on the cake’ of glycoprotein structures. The fact that there are no lethal mutations and individuals have been described lacking ABO, H and Lewis antigens seems to lend weight to the argument. This paper reviews the research which suggests that these antigens do indeed have function and argues that blood group antigens play important roles in modulation of protein activity, infection and cancer. It explores the evidence and poses questions as to the relevance and implications of the results.
184 citations
TL;DR: McSweeney as mentioned in this paper argues that our 1993 book, Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe (IMNSAE), subverts the analysis of Buzan's People, States and Fear (PSF) without enhancing our understanding of the problem of security.
Abstract: In the January 1996 issue of the Review, Bill McSweeney argues that our 1993 book, Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe (IMNSAE), ‘subverts’ the analysis of Buzan’s People, States and Fear (PSF) ‘without enhancing our understanding of the problem of security’ (p. 93).Bill McSweeney, ‘Identity and Security: Buzan and the Copenhagen School’, Review of International Studies, 22 (1996), pp. 81–93; O. Waever, B. Buzan, Morten Kelstrup and Pierre Lemaitre with David Carlton et al., Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe (London, 1993). Of the many charges that McSweeney brings to bear we will address three. First is that societal security is merely a trendy response to current concerns about nationalism rather than a more theoretically considered move. Second — and this seems to be the core of his complaint — is that the view we take of ‘identities’ is far too objectivist and not (de)constructivist enough, and that our approach makes it impossible to consider the process of identity formation as part of the politics of security. Third, he says that Buzan’s association with IMNSAE contradicts strong positions he developed in PSF and that his analysis has therefore become incoherent.
162 citations
TL;DR: The authors identify consensus requirements for metric program success and examine how programs in two organisations measured up.
Abstract: Increasingly organisations are foregoing an ad hoc approach to metrics in favor of complete metrics programs. The authors identify consensus requirements for metric program success and examine how programs in two organisations measured up.
154 citations
TL;DR: It is found that social functioning on the SF-36 correlated significantly with social contacts, total satisfaction and total management scores on the SMS, and social isolation and emotional reactions on the NHP.
Abstract: Our objective was to assess the validity of the SF-36 General Health Survey against the Social Maladjustment Schedule (SMS) and two questionnaire measures, the Social Problem Questionnaire and the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) in a random subsample of 206 men and women from the Whitehall II study, a longitudinal survey of health and disease amongst 10,308 London-based civil servants. We found that social functioning on the SF-36 correlated significantly with social contacts, total satisfaction and total management scores on the SMS, and social isolation and emotional reactions on the NHP. General mental health on the SF-36 was associated with marriage, social contacts, leisure scores, total satisfaction and total management scores on the SMS, and emotional reactions, energy level and social isolation on the NHP. Conversely, physical functioning and physical role limitations were generally not associated with the SMS but were associated with physical abilities and pain on the NHP. In conclusion, this study offers evidence of the discriminant validity of the general mental health and physical functioning scales of the SF-36. We also found moderate construct and criterion validity for the social functioning scale of the SF-36 and considerable overlap between the general mental health and social functioning scales.
138 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a pilot study was carried out to assess method evaluating effects of low frequency noise on performance, and subjective and objective effects over time were studied over a period of three weeks.
113 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce Destination Integrated Computer Information Reservation Management Systems as strategic tools which enable the establishment of platforms for enhancement of tourism benefits at the destination level, in this sense they can contribute to the profitability of tourism enterprises at the micro level, and the economic impact of tourism at the macro level.
Abstract: Information technologies have revolutionised the management of contemporary organisations and introduced a paradigm shift in the way businesses operate. The tourism industry is inevitably affected and a variety of new computerised systems are designed to facilitate the inter-organisational and intra-organisational management and communications. As a result, several destinations benefit by developing destination management systems which enable them to coordinate their operations and promote their products. This paper introduces Destination Integrated Computer Information Reservation Management Systems as strategic tools which enable the establishment of platforms for enhancement of tourism benefits at the destination level. In this sense they can contribute to the profitability of tourism enterprises at the micro level, and the economic impact of tourism at the macro level. These systems can also reduce social, cultural and environmental negative impacts by bridging the gap between visitors and locals and by assisting them to build realistic expectations from their involvement in tourism activities or enterprises. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
97 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that compounds with selective M3 and/or m5 antagonism possess activity against motion sickness, and antagonism at these receptors may be the basis of the anti-motion sickness action of hyoscine.
Abstract: Aims Hyoscine (scopolamine), which is effective in the prophylaxis of motion sickness, shows similar binding affinities to all of the five known muscarinic receptor sub-types. The effectiveness of hyoscine was compared with zamifenacin (UK-76654), which binds selectively to the muscarinic M3 and m5 receptors.
Methods Eighteen subjects received hyoscine hydrobromide 0.6 mg, zamifenacin 20 mg, or placebo (double-blind cross-over design). Sessions were 1 week apart and the drug (oral) was given 90 min prior to a motion sickness test. Motion sickness was elicited by cross-coupled stimulation on a turntable. The rotational velocity was incremented by 2° s−1 every 30 s, and a sequence (seq) of eight head movements of 45° was completed every 30 s. Motion tolerance was assessed as the number of sequences of head movement required to achieve moderate nausea. Pulse rate was recorded before and at 1 and 2 h after drug administration. Skin conductance activity in the frequency band 0.005–0.48 Hz, an index of sweat gland activity, was measured using Ag/AgCl electrodes on the palmar surfaces of fingers and across the forehead.
Results Both zamifenacin and hyoscine produced an increase in tolerance to the motion challenge (P<0.01) with no significant difference between the two drugs (5.0±1.6 vs 5.7±1.6 seqs. respectively, mean±s.e.mean). Compared with placebo or zamifenacin, pulse rate fell following hyoscine administration (9 beats min−1, P<0.01). Skin conductance was reduced following hyoscine compared with zamifenacin or placebo (P<0.001).
Conclusions These results suggest that compounds with selective M3 and/or m5 antagonism possess activity against motion sickness. Antagonism at these receptors may be the basis of the anti-motion sickness action of hyoscine.
TL;DR: The implications of strong temperature-dependence of migration in relation to stock recruitment and management are discussed and special reference is made to recent decreases in recruitment of eels to Europe and N. America and possible long-term effects of global warming.
Abstract: Studies were conducted during 1991–1993 on environmental factors affecting the upstream migration of eels in the Rivers Severn and Avon, England. Migrants (> 156 000 pigmented elvers and > 189 000 juveniles) were trapped as they attempted to ascend weir or sluice barriers. Multiple regression models were developed to compare catches per trap per night (C) with data for various key environmental parameters at seven sites, from the tidal limit to a maximum of 42.5 km upstream. The key stimulus for migration of both elvers and juveniles at the tidal limit was water temperature, with some weaker monthly influences related to seasonal temperature increases. Smaller annual influences probably related to earlier glass eel recruitment into the lower estuary. A weak early tidal effect was demonstrated only once, in 1993 in the Severn. Temperature also exerted significant effects on C of juvenile eels at the tidal limit and in the non-tidal rivers, although effects weakened with distance upstream. Year, month, river flows and whether traps were mounted on weirs or sluices made only small contributions at a few sites. Distance between traps also contributed to combined data for upper Severn sites. The threshold temperature in all cases was 14–16°C, with low to zero catches below 10–11°C, catch maxima being achieved above 18–20°C. The implications of strong temperature-dependence of migration in relation to stock recruitment and management are discussed. Special reference is made to recent decreases in recruitment of eels to Europe and N. America and possible long-term effects of global warming.
TL;DR: TRIC as discussed by the authors is a 3-node shear-deformable isotropic and composite flat shell element suitable for large-scale linear and nonlinear engineering computations of thin and thick anisotropic plate and complex shell structures.
TL;DR: Though know responses reflected memory for the study events, guess responses did not, and this outcome suggests that manipulating response bias influences know responses only when guessing is encouraged but not reported as such.
Abstract: Strack and Forster (1995) showed that, unlike remember responses, know responses in recognition memory were influenced by manipulating response bias. We describe an experiment that replicated theirs but additionally allowed subjects to report guesses. Only guess responses were influenced by this manipulation. Response bias had no effects on either know or remember responses. This outcome suggests that manipulating response bias influences know responses only when guessing is encouraged but not reported as such. Moreover, though know responses reflected memory for the study events, guess responses did not.
TL;DR: The upstream migration of European eels, Anguilla anguilla (L), was studied during 1991-1993 in the Rivers Severn and Avon using traps mounted on weir or sluice barriers as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The upstream migration of European eels, Anguilla anguilla (L.), was studied during 1991–1993 in the Rivers Severn and Avon using traps mounted on weir or sluice barriers. Only pigmented elvers and juvenile eels were trapped at the tidal limits, catches being equivalent to about 0.8% of the commercial glass eel catch in the lower estuary. First catches were made as temperatures rose above 10–11 °C. Pigmentation-stage analyses and body size data indicated that estuarine migration was slow and that natural mortality was probably very high. Relatively more eels were trapped in the Severn compared with the Avon, but in both rivers the number of immigrants decreased rapidly upstream of the tidal limits, whilst the average size and age increased. The number and severity of weir and sluice barriers to be surmounted exerted a greater effect than distance alone. Recapture rates of marked eels were low (1–2%), implying variable migratory tendencies and/or high mortality. Mean migration rate in the non-tidal rivers was 0.64 ± 0.6 km day–1 and some eels were not recaptured until one or two years after release. Speed of migration increased with temperatures above 15–16 °C. Relationships between migration dynamics, barriers and the scarcity of upriver stocks of eels and distorted population structures in the two rivers are discussed. Recommendations are made for the provision of passes and/or stocking to enhance migration and recruitment.
TL;DR: The government of London has fragmented. Numerous quangos have taken over urban policy and planning roles as mentioned in this paper, and several bodies have arisen in response to the government's urban expenditure comp...
Abstract: The government of London has fragmented. Numerous quangos have taken over urban policy and planning roles. Recently further bodies have arisen in response to the government's urban expenditure comp...
09 Jun 1997
TL;DR: In this article, the authors extend the Weighted Least Squares method to design FIR filters capable of changing one of their frequency response characteristics (group delay, the width of the passband, resonance frequency or any other).
Abstract: This paper extends the Weighted Least Squares method to designing FIR filters capable of changing, in the real-time, one of their frequency response characteristics (group delay, the width of the passband, resonance frequency or any other). The filter coefficients are polynomial functions of the parameter characterising the variable feature. The computations needed in such designs can be kept at low level if the weight function in the performance criterion is separable. The advantages of the proposed approach are illustrated by a design of a Fractional Sample Delay filter with variable delay. If this filter has to meet demanding specifications then the proposed approach provides a cheaper and more effective solution than traditional approaches based on Lagrange interpolation.
03 Nov 1997
TL;DR: This paper has created a tool for automatically binding existing native C libraries to Java, and has applied the Java-to-C Interface generating tool (JCI) to bind MPI to Java.
Abstract: In this paper we present a way of successfully tackling the difficulties of binding MPI to Java with a view to ensuring portability. We have created a tool for automatically binding existing native C libraries to Java, and have applied the Java-to-C Interface generating tool (JCI) to bind MPI to Java. The approach of automatic binding by JCI ensures both portability across different platforms and full compatibility with the MPI specification. To evaluate the resulting combination we have run a Java version of the NAS parallel IS benchmark on a distributed-memory IBM SP2 machine.
TL;DR: In the field of multi-agent systems as mentioned in this paper, the goal is to build systems capable of flexible autonomous decision making, with societies of such systems cooperating with one-another, but it is often not obvious what such theories should represent and what role the theory is intended to play.
Abstract: As computer scientists, our goals are motivated by the desire to improve computer systems in some way: making them easier to design and implement, more robust and less prone to error, easier to use, faster, cheaper, and so on. In the field of multi-agent systems, our goal is to build systems capable of flexible autonomous decision making, with societies of such systems cooperating with one-another. There is a lot of formal theory in the area but it is often not obvious what such theories should represent and what role the theory is intended to play. Theories of agents are often abstract and obtuse and not related to concrete computational models.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conclude the series on deregulation, updating the statistics presented in the introductory paper to cover the financial year 1994-1995, and output from the National Travel Survey 1992-94 published by the Department of Transport in 1995.
01 Apr 1997
TL;DR: Findings from a recent study into the quality views of software practitioners in five UK companies are that managers and developers are keen to see software quality improved, and are positive about ways in which that can be achieved.
Abstract: The authors present findings from a recent study into the quality views of software practitioners in five UK companies. The study explored how issues of software quality have affected grassroots practitioners in ordinary companies; in particular the typical quality experiences of practitioners and what practitioners really think about quality initiatives. It is only by listening to the experiences and views of ordinary practitioners that truly effective approaches to quality can be developed. Indeed various ways are recomended in which the results presented can be used to improve the effectiveness of quality initiatives. One of the main findings is that managers and developers are keen to see software quality improved, and are positive about ways in which that can be achieved. Developers are more enthusiastic than is usually believed to see quality formalism in software development. Developers in almost all of the companies in the study said they wanted a more formal approach to quality; developers in the companies with the least quality formalism were most keen to see it implemented. Although there has been significant progress in the field of software quality, it is shown that this has not yet filtered through to ordinary companies. Where it has, there is evidence of an overzealousness and dogma that have turned practitioners off quality altogether. The result is that many practitioners are frustrated about poor quality but feel they lack the power and information to do anything about it. Indeed, many practitioners believe that the market wants cheap software quickly and is not too concerned about its quality.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present some modern developments in computational technology for the nonlinear thermostructural analysis of laminated composite plates and shells of arbitrary geometry, particularly emphasizing on new finite element methodologies that can be applied to the study of complex laminated shells both thermally and structurally using the same topology constructed via simple simplex triangular elements based on respective first-order lamination theories.
Abstract: The article presents some modern developments in computational technology for the nonlinear thermostructural analysis of laminated composite plates and shells of arbitrary geometry. Following a review of the current state of the art, it particularly emphasizes on new finite element methodologies that can be applied to the study of complex laminated shells both thermally and structurally using the same topology constructed via simple simplex triangular elements based on respective first-order lamination theories. Very high temperatures are imposed on some examples in order to demonstrate the high effect of nonlinearity. In addition, the authors want to prepare the ground for the advent of new high-temperature materials. For the numerical examples presented comparison with reference solutions is made where available. Thus the present overview intends to impact a continuing discussion on the unification and integration of thermal and structural analyses methods as they apply to large and complex high-temperature composite shell structures under combined thermal and mechanical loading. In this respect it also intends to contribute to the on-going efforts of integrating thermal and structural engineering codes and the development of suitable interfaces. Future research trends are also identified.
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of basic TQM principles in a sample of diverse ISO 9000 registered SMEs is examined and an implementation strategy is proposed that is designed to ensure that ISO 9000 implementation facilitates progress towards TQMs.
Abstract: Refers to the SME sector, which represents a crucial area of the UK economy, yet there is little research into the use of TQM in this sector. ISO 9000 has been described by many as one of the means by which an organization may embrace TQM. Although there has been some research into the SME experience of ISO 9000, none has considered the standard’s effectiveness as an SME route to TQM. Examines the use of basic TQM principles in a sample of diverse ISO 9000‐ registered SMEs. In addition, an implementation strategy is proposed that is designed to ensure that ISO 9000 implementation facilitates progress towards TQM.
TL;DR: Oligosaccharide fragments were prepared by partial acid hydrolysis of sodium alginate and consisted of oligomannuronate and oligoguluronate blocks and were found to cause significant increases in penicillin G yields.
Abstract: Oligosaccharide fragments were prepared by partial acid hydrolysis of sodium alginate and consisted of oligomannuronate (OM) and oligoguluronate (OG) blocks. Effects of the OM and OG blocks on penicillin G production by P. chrysogenum were investigated. The oligosaccharides were found to cause significant increases in penicillin G yields. OM blocks at concentrations 10 to 100 microg/mL were used to further evaluate the effects of the oligosaccharides, and were found to enhance the production of penicillin G in shaken flask cultures of P. chrysogenum P2 (high penicillin producer) and NRRL 1951 (low penicillin producer) at the test concentrations. There was an approximately 50% maximum increase in penicillin G yield from biomass in P. chrysogenum P2 cultures and 150% in P. chrysogenum NRRL 1951 cultures, when compared to control cultures without the oligosaccharides. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
TL;DR: The mucin dwelling protozoans all produce β-N-acetylglucosaminidase but only the Trichomonads produced the range of enzymes required for complete breakdown of mucin, which seems to suggest that mucin breakdown is not a characteristic of all mucin dwellers.
Abstract: A range of protozoans were tested for the presence of glycosidases using p-nitrophenyl sugars as substrates. Some of the organisms were mucin dwellers whereas others were blood borne parasites. It had been hypothesized that glycosidase production would be significantly higher in the mucin dwellers. The results obtained demonstrated that the urogenital protozoans Tritrichomonas foetus and Trichomonas vaginalis produced a vast range of glycosidases which included those required for mucin breakdown. The gut dwelling protozoans Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica both produced β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. G.lamblia also had detectable β N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity, and small amounts of β mannosidase were found in the extracts from E. histolytica. In contrast, little or no glycosidase activity was detected under the same experimental conditions in Leishmania donovani, Trypanosoma brucei or T. cruzi. The mucin dwelling protozoans all produce β-N-acetylglucosaminidase but only the Trichomonads produced the range of enzymes required for complete breakdown of mucin. This seems to suggest that mucin breakdown is not a characteristic of all mucin dwelling protozoans.
12 Nov 1997
TL;DR: Though this work spans a large range of concerns, it is based on a single set of basic concepts providing fundamental structure, allowing a more complete understanding of the dynamics of agent systems.
Abstract: Previous work has addressed the development of a framework to categorise and understand agent-based systems. It described and formalised an agent-hierarchy that included objects, agents and autonomous agents, each with different levels of functionality, and provided a precise vocabulary with which to discuss agent systems. This paper reviews a large variety of further work that has built on that foundation in several ways. First, the framework itself has been refined to detail important aspects of agent functionality such as goal generation and adoption. Second, the structures and relationships between agents have been specified and analysed allowing a more complete understanding of the dynamics of agent systems. Third, existing systems and theories have been formalised within the framework so that they may be evaluated and compared in a coherent and consistent way. Finally, some steps have been taken in attempting to construct a methodology for the development of agent-based systems. Though this work spans a large range of concerns, it is based on a single set of basic concepts providing fundamental structure.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report on a research project into city identity, city marketing and the implications for urban design, where they report that the increased pressure on city managers to compete for investment and market their locality has led to a renewed interest in local difference.
Abstract: This paper reports on a research project into city identity, city marketing and the implications for urban design Identity can refer to those aspects which make a place identifiable, or unique but can also refer to the way individuals or groups identify with a place A common view today is that uniform concepts of planning and development together with the ‘commodification’ of places has led to the loss of localized identity However, it now appears that the increased pressure on city managers to compete for investment and ‘market’ their locality has led to a renewed interest in local difference Creating a sense of identity is essential for successfully generating economic activity and urban marketing The act of identification of and identification with a new place and new life style are important expectations of new and existing residents Despite this the promotional material produced by various cities is remarkably similar and demonstrates a desegregated and thematic attitude to place The
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the application of four colour-difference formulae to visual scaling of large color differences between photographically prepared reflection color samples at approximately constant lightness, and found that the scaling of colour differences depends on the directions of hue and chroma differences of a test sample when compared with a reference.
Abstract: The formulation of a metric to provide numbers that correlate with visually perceived colour differences has proved a very difficult task. Most early experimental work was concerned with just-perceptible colour differences. Later the concept of perceptibility was expanded to acceptability, it being argued that many industrial tolerances were larger than just-perceptible. This led naturally to the concept of large colour differences and the question as to whether the current CIE colour-difference formulae, specified as appropriate for just-perceptible differences, can be applied to larger differences than those concerned with, for instance, colour matches experienced in the fabric dyeing industry. This article investigates the application of four colour-difference formulae to visual scaling of large colour differences between photographically prepared reflection colour samples at approximately constant lightness. It is shown that the scaling of colour differences depends on the directions of hue and chroma differences of a test sample when compared with a reference. It is also shown that, of the four candidate colour-difference metrics, the modified CIE 1976 L*a*b* colour difference, referred to as CIE1994 or , correlates best with visual scaling. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 22, 298–307, 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, a survey of students' attitudes toward attending the performing arts was conducted and the data revealed that whilst students are concerned about cost, the major barrier is the perception that arts events are boring.
Abstract: There is a general assumption that young people do not attend arts events because ticket prices are too high. To test the validity of this assumption, a survey of students' attitudes toward attending the performing arts was conducted. The data revealed that whilst students are concerned about cost, the major barrier is the perception that arts events are boring. It was found that students will purchase tickets for arts events that are perceived as entertaining and allow socialisation. This work continues the discussion contained in the recently published paper by John W. O'Hagan on equal participation in the arts.