Showing papers by "University of Windsor published in 2004"
TL;DR: Given the complexity of processes that underlie biological invasions, it is argued against a simple relationship between enemy ‘release’ and the vigour, abundance or impact of NIS.
Abstract: A recent trend in invasion ecology relates the success of non-indigenous species (NIS) to reduced control by enemies such as pathogens, parasites and predators (i.e. the enemy release hypothesis, ERH). Despite the demonstrated importance of enemies to host population dynamics, studies of the ERH are split – biogeographical analyses primarily show a reduction in the diversity of enemies in the introduced range compared with the native range, while community studies imply that NIS are no less affected by enemies than native species in the invaded community. A broad review of the invasion literature implies at least eight non-exclusive explanations for this enigma. In addition, we argue that the ERH has often been accepted uncritically wherever (i) NIS often appear larger, more fecund, or somehow ‘better’ than either congeners in the introduced region, or conspecifics in the native range; and (ii) known enemies are conspicuously absent from the introduced range. However, all NIS, regardless of their abundance or impact, will lose natural enemies at a biogeographical scale. Given the complexity of processes that underlie biological invasions, we argue against a simple relationship between enemy ‘release’ and the vigour, abundance or impact of NIS.
1,198 citations
TL;DR: An invasional framework based on current models that break the invasion process into a series of consecutive, obligatory stages is synthesized and a neutral terminology based on this framework is proposed, which can be used to supplement terms with ambiguous meanings and improve clarity of future studies.
Abstract: The use of simple terms to articulate ecological concepts can confuse ideological debates and undermine management efforts. This problem is particularly acute in studies of nonindigenous species, which alternatively have been called ‘exotic’, ‘introduced’, ‘invasive’ and ‘naturalised’, among others. Attempts to redefine commonly used terminology have proven difficult because authors are often partial to particular definitions. In an attempt to form a consensus on invasion terminology, we synthesize an invasional framework based on current models that break the invasion process into a series of consecutive, obligatory stages. Unlike previous efforts, we propose a neutral terminology based on this framework. This ‘stagebased’ terminology can be used to supplement terms with ambiguous meanings (e.g. invasive, introduced, naturalized, weedy, etc.), and thereby improve clarity of future studies. This approach is based on the concept of ‘propagule pressure’ and has the additional benefit of identifying factors affecting the success of species at each stage. Under this framework, invasions can be more objectively understood as biogeographical, rather than taxonomic, phenomena; and author preferences in the use of existing terminology can be addressed. An example of this recommended protocol might be: ‘We examined distribution data to contrast the characteristics of invasive species (stages IVa and V) and noninvasive species (stages III and IVb)’.
922 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the paths and limits to reduce NOx emissions from Diesel engines are briefly reviewed, and the inevitable uses of EGR are highlighted, as well as new concepts regarding EGR stream treatment and EGR hydrogen reforming.
678 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed 11 published and evaluated school-based HIV/AIDS risk reduction programs for youth in Africa and found that knowledge and attitudes are easy to change, but behaviours are much more challenging.
423 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the relative performance of value-at-risk (VaR) models with the daily stock market returns of nine different emerging markets in addition to well-known modeling approaches, such as variance-covariance method and historical simulation, to generate VaR estimates and provide the tail forecasts of daily returns at the 0999 percentile along with 95% confidence intervals for stress testing purposes.
397 citations
TL;DR: It is the degree of demographic connectivity that characterizes metapopulations, with the dynamics of local populations strongly dependent upon local demographic processes, but also influenced by a nontrivial element of external replenishment, which means estimating rates of interpopulation exchange must be a research priority.
Abstract: Marine and fisheries scientists are increasingly using metapopulation concepts to better understand and model their focal systems. Consequently, they are considering what defines a metapopulation. One perspective on this question emphasizes the importance of extinction probability in local populations. This view probably stems from the focus on extinction in Levins' original metapopulation model, but places unnecessary emphasis on extinction–recolonization dynamics. Metapopulation models with more complex structure than Levins' patch-occupancy model and its variants allow a broader range of population phenomena to be examined, such as changes in population size, age structure and genetic structure. Analyses along these lines are critical in fisheries science, where presence–absence resolution is far too coarse to understand stock dynamics in a meaningful way. These more detailed investigations can, but need not, aim to assess extinction risk or deal with extinction-prone local populations. Therefore, we emphasize the coupling of spatial scales as the defining feature of metapopulations. It is the degree of demographic connectivity that characterizes metapopulations, with the dynamics of local populations strongly dependent upon local demographic processes, but also influenced by a nontrivial element of external replenishment. Therefore, estimating rates of interpopulation exchange must be a research priority. We contrast metapopulations with other spatially structured populations that differ in the degree of local closure of their component populations. We conclude with consideration of the implications of metapopulation structure for spatially explicit management, particularly the design of marine protected area networks.
371 citations
TL;DR: In the Gulf of Gdansk, round gobies have increased in abundance, while three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) have declined, and there are fewer species of parasites and lower infection rates of round goby in recently colonized areas than in native areas.
Abstract: During the past decade, a bottom-dwelling, aggressive, multiple-spawning fish, the round goby (Gobiidae: Neogobius melanostomus), has spread from its native region in the Ponto-Caspian throughout Europe and to the Laurentian Great Lakes in North America. An international workshop, held at the Hel Marine Station, Poland, was organized to summarize population features of the round goby. Common fish predators of round gobies in the Great Lakes and in native regions are obligate and facultative benthic fishes and occasionally, pelagic fishes. In contrast, the main predator of the round goby in the Gulf of Gdansk is the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo). In the Great Lakes, round gobies have lead to the decline of mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdi) and logperch (Percina caprodes) and reduced the hatching success of native fishes by feeding on their eggs. In the Gulf of Gdansk, round gobies have increased in abundance, while three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) have declined. Round gobies have a broad diet throughout their range; larger specimens are molluscivores. There are fewer species of parasites and lower infection rates of round gobies in recently colonized areas than in native areas. Overall, newly colonized round gobies in brackish waters and lakes are smaller, mature earlier, have a male biased operational sex ratio and are more short-lived compared with round gobies from marine (native) habitats.
307 citations
TL;DR: 1H NMR solution data and solid-state X-ray structures show that a "1,2-alternate" conformation is used to bind spherical halide ions while a "cone" conformed is involved in strong binding with the tetrahedral oxy-anions such as the sulfate ion; even in a strongly competitive solvent such as DMSO.
Abstract: A new class of synthetic receptors for anions can be prepared by arranging urea hydrogen-bond donor groups on a simple metal-organic scaffold. The complex cation [PtL4]2+ (L = 8-(n-butylurea)iso-quinoline) can adopt four conformations reminiscent of calix[4]arene-based receptors; "cone", "partial cone", "1,2-alternate", or "1,3-alternate". 1H NMR solution data and solid-state X-ray structures show that a "1,2-alternate" conformation is used to bind spherical halide ions while a "cone" conformation is involved in strong binding with the tetrahedral oxy-anions such as the sulfate ion; even in a strongly competitive solvent such as DMSO.
301 citations
285 citations
TL;DR: The CTQ appears to be a valid measure of abuse and neglect in student samples, although experiences are somewhat differentially identified as different types of Abuse and neglect depending on age and patient versus nonpatient status.
266 citations
TL;DR: Results support a link between a history of childhood maltreatment and SIB among college women and the hypothesis that alexithymia mediates this relationship.
TL;DR: An e-mail survey of 14,497 business faculty members across all disciplines at American Association of Collegiate Schools of Business member schools was undertaken to determine current business simulation game usage and thoughts about business simulation games.
Abstract: An e-mail survey of 14,497 business faculty members across all disciplines at American Association of Collegiate Schools of Business member schools was undertaken to determine current business simulation game usage and thoughts about business simulation games. Issues such as how games are first adopted, objectives for game use, achievement of course objectives, where game users look for information on business games, courses taught by game users, how and why games in use are changed or dropped, and why some faculty members do not use simulation games were addressed. Across 1,085 respondents to this survey, 30.6% were current business game users, 17.1% were former game users, and 52.3% were never-users of business games.
TL;DR: Evidence supporting a general integration of metapopulation and landscape ecological approaches for understanding regional dynamics in plants is described, emphasizing notions of connectivity, and context, an emerging concept describing components of variability in the landscape from a species-specific perspective.
Abstract: Recent reviews of evidence for plant metapopulation prevalence in nature have concluded that most species appear not to be arranged as metapopulations – hence other frameworks may be necessary for understanding large-scale, regional dynamics in plants. Separate but related paradigms from the disciplines of landscape ecology and metapopulation ecology exist for understanding patterns of regional population variation. The major models of both paradigms assume a binary landscape mosaic composed of “suitable habitat” and background “matrix.” An important distinction between the two approaches is that metapopulation models essentially ignore features of the matrix. A binary approach to the landscape seems inappropriate for plants for several reasons. First, plants probably do not have a binary perception of the landscape, but rather respond to gradients of resource quality. Thus properties of patches, or the matrix per se, may be less important than the nature of the landscape mosaic, in particular as this is reflected in terms of connectivity. Secondly, many plants rely on a range of other agents for dispersal of pollen and seed, all of which are also affected by their environment in terms of connectivity. Furthermore the various components of the mosaic, including physical, spatial and functional elements can significantly influence plant movements. We review important effects of the matrix – via composition and configuration of habitat patches, extent of edges, patterns of land use, etc., upon plant populations.
We describe evidence supporting a general integration of metapopulation and landscape ecological approaches for understanding regional dynamics in plants, emphasizing notions of connectivity (traditionally measured in very different ways by metapopulation and landscape ecologists), and context, an emerging concept describing components of variability in the landscape from a species-specific perspective. Finally, we describe a functional landscape mosaic approach that treats structural and functional features of the landscape and show how these interact to determine the fate of plant populations.
TL;DR: Water-soluble CoQ10 can prevent oxidative stress and neuronal damage induced by paraquat and therefore, can be used for the prevention and therapy of neurodegenerative diseases caused by environmental toxins.
TL;DR: The results of an experimental investigation involving the addition of hydrogen to a gasoline-fuelled SI engine are reported in this paper, where up to 66% by volume (3.7% by mass) of hydrogen as fuel was added as part of the air with little modification to the engine.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the relationship between South Asian immigrant women's patriarchal beliefs and their perceptions of spousal abuse and found that higher agreement with patriarchal social norms predicted a decreased likelihood of identifying the woman in the vignette as a victim of abuse.
Abstract: This study investigates the relationship between South Asian immigrantwomen’s patriarchal beliefs and their perceptions of spousal abuse. Twenty-minute telephone surveys were conducted with 47 women. The survey collected information about demographic characteristics, patriarchal beliefs, ethnic identity, and abuse status. Participants were read a vignette that depicted an abusive situation and were asked whether they felt that the woman in the vignette was a victim of spousal abuse. As hypothesized, higher agreement with patriarchal social norms predicted a decreased likelihood of identifying the woman in the vignette as a victim of spousal abuse. This finding is discussed in terms of its application to violence against women educational programs in the South Asian immigrant community.
TL;DR: It appears that a much smaller, high band of sEMG frequencies may be associated with force and the remainder of the spectrum has little relevance for force estimation, challenging previous assumptions that the raw s EMG signal power between about 20 and 500 Hz should used when estimating muscle force.
TL;DR: This work reports a novel synthesis of gold nanoparticles mediated by the biopolymer chitosan, and demonstrates control over the size and distribution of the nanoparticles produced, which is promising for several applications, including the development of biosensors.
Abstract: In this work, self-sustained, biocompatible, biodegradable films containing gold nanostructures have been fabricated for potential application in nanobioscience and ultrasensitive chemical and biochemical analysis. We report a novel synthesis of gold nanoparticles mediated by the biopolymer chitosan. Self-supporting thin films are formed from the resultant gold-chitosan nanocomposite solutions and characterized by UV-visible surface plasmon absorption, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, infrared absorption, and Raman scattering measurements. Results demonstrate control over the size and distribution of the nanoparticles produced, which is promising for several applications, including the development of biosensors. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate that gold-chitosan films can be employed in trace analysis using surface-enhanced Raman scattering.
09 Aug 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a new criterion, which takes into account both energy consumption and time complexity, to evaluate anti-collision protocols and an improved protocol is also presented for power savings.
Abstract: For low-cost RFID systems, the design of passive tags is a key issue in anti-collision protocols where lower power consumption allows a longer working distance between tags and the reader. In this paper, we look at anti-collision protocols in tags' processing for their power optimization. We propose a new criterion, which takes into account both energy consumption and time complexity, to evaluate anti-collision protocols. An improved protocol is also presented for power savings.
TL;DR: In this paper, a sample of 506 Chinese adolescents living in Canada from three cohort groups, age at the time of arrival in Canada, length of stay in Canada and socioeconomic status, and English reading ability predicted acculturation.
Abstract: In a sample of 506 Chinese adolescents living in Canada from 3 cohort groups, age at the time of arrival in Canada, length of stay in Canada, socioeconomic status, and English reading ability predicted acculturation. English reading ability and socioeconomic status predicted acculturative stress. There were within-group cohort differences in acculturation characteristics. Implications for counseling are addressed.
En una muestra de 506 adolescentes Chinos que viven en el Canada de 3 cohortes, la edad de llegada a Canada, el tiempo que vivieron en Canada, la posicion socioeconomica, y la habilidad de leer Ingles predice la asimilacion. La habilidad de leer Ingles y la posicion socioeconomica que pronostico el estres de asimilacion. Estaban entre grupos de cohorte diferentes en caracteristicas de asimilacion. Las implicaciones para terapia se dirigen.
TL;DR: The report begins with a review of the vibrational spectra, including infrared and Raman spectra of the target molecules, and the interpretation of the observed frequencies aided by local density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory.
Abstract: The results of the search for the optimal experimental conditions for ultrasentitive chemical analysis of 1-naphthalenethiol (1-NAT) and 2-naphthalenethiol (2-NAT) using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) are discussed. The report begins with a review of the vibrational spectra, including infrared and Raman spectra of the target molecules, and the interpretation of the observed frequencies aided by local density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. Several metal nanostructures were tested for SERS activity, including island films and colloids of silver, gold and copper. Correspondingly, the most effective laser line for excitation in the visible and near infrared region was sought. The achieved detection limit for 1-naphthalenethiol, and for 2-naphthalenethiol, on silver nanostructures is in the zeptomole regime.
TL;DR: It is suggested that BDEs have significantly different fate dynamics relative to PCBs in wild carp and likely other species of fish, and a higher potential for biotransformation.
Abstract: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are hydrophobic organic contaminants with properties and nomenclature similar to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). While much information is available on the bioaccumulation and pharamcokinetics of PCBs, little information is available on PBDEs. In this study, juvenile carp were exposed to a diet spiked with a cocktail of four BDE congeners (2,4,4'-tribromoDE [BDE 28], 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromoDE [BDE 47], 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromoDE [BDE 99], and 2,2',4,4',5,5'hexabromoDE [BDE 153]) for 60 d followed by a 40-d depuration period. As a positive control, three PCB congeners with similar log K(ow), values (2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl [PCB 52], 2,2',4,4', 5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl [PCB 153], and 2,2',3,4,4',5,5'-heptachlorobiphenyl [PCB 180]) were included in the cocktail to compare their assimilation and fate with the model BDE congeners. Concentrations of BDEs and PCBs were monitored in whole-fish tissues and liver tissues over the duration of the experiment. In addition, blood serum samples were taken and pooled among replicates to determine if any phenolic metabolites of BDE and PCBs were formed. Rapid assimilation of BDE 47 was observed relative to all other BDE and PCB congeners, whereas apparently no accumulation of BDE 99 occurred over the course of the experiment. Assimilation efficiencies for BDE 47 suggest that approximately 100% of the BDE 47 exposure was absorbed by carp tissues after 60 d. However, based on the time course of BDE 47 assimilation, it is improbable that all BDE 47 was assimilated; more likely, production of BDE 47 in carp tissues occurred as a result of debromination of higher-brominated compounds, possibly BDE 99. The net assimilation efficiencies of BDE 28 and BDE 153 were also apparently low (20 and 4%, respectively) relative to the three PCBs (40% assimilated) examined in this study. The low assimilation efficiency and high depuration rates for BDEs suggest a higher potential for biotransformation. While all three PCB compounds displayed very similar assimilation and depuration rates, three of the four BDE compounds displayed significantly different assimilation rates among BDE congeners and relative to the PCBs. This study suggests that BDEs have significantly different fate dynamics relative to PCBs in wild carp and likely other species of fish.
TL;DR: This paper tested the hypothesis that plausibility, autobiographical belief, and autobiographical memory are nested constructs, such that memory implies belief and belief implies plausibility and found that they are not significantly related.
Abstract: SUMMARY Investigations of the recovery and falsification of childhood memories have used one construct in lieu of another. Autobiographical memories have typically not been distinguished from autobiographical beliefs, and researchers have assumed that plausibility and schematic knowledge measure identical constructs. We tested the hypothesis that plausibility, autobiographical belief, and autobiographical memory are nested constructs, such that memory implies belief and belief implies plausibility. Six hundred and eighty five students answered questions about these constructs in relation to ten possible childhood events. Analysis of item means, response probabilities and the frequency with which items followed the predicted order demonstrated that the predicted pattern was upheld in over 95% of cases. Results did not support the hypothesis that plausibility and script knowledge are significantly related. Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: Based on precision laser spectroscopy on individual 6He atoms confined and cooled in a magneto-optical trap, the nuclear charge radius of 6He is determined for the first time in a method independent of nuclear models to be 2.054+/-0.014 fm.
Abstract: We have performed precision laser spectroscopy on individual $^{6}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{e}$ (${t}_{1/2}=0.8\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{s}$) atoms confined and cooled in a magneto-optical trap, and measured the isotope shift between $^{6}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{e}$ and $^{4}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{e}$ to be $43\text{ }\text{ }194.772\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.056\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{M}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}$ for the ${2}^{3}{S}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{3}^{3}{P}_{2}$ transition. Based on this measurement and atomic theory, the nuclear charge radius of $^{6}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{e}$ is determined for the first time in a method independent of nuclear models to be $2.054\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.014\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{f}\mathrm{m}$. The result is compared with the values predicted by a number of nuclear structure calculations and tests their ability to characterize this loosely bound halo nucleus.
TL;DR: PCs, MeSO2-PCBs and HO-PCB concentrations and congener patterns were determined in the whole blood and adipose tissue of male and female polar bears collected in 1999-2001 from the Ittoqqortoormiit/Scoresby Sound area in central East Greenland, suggesting the possible influence of metabolite structure on mobilization and/or deposition to the adipose tissues.
TL;DR: This article developed a spatially explicit "gravity" model to test this concept for Bythotrephes longimanus, a crustacean waterflea from Eurasia that is rapidly invading lakes in Ontario, Canada.
Abstract: Human introduction of nonindigenous species constitutes a serious threat to many ecosystems, particularly lakes. Recent attempts to predict invasions have focused on the supply of propagules of nonindigenous species to recipient ecosystems from source populations. Here we develop a spatially explicit ''gravity'' model to test this concept for Bythotrephes longimanus, a crustacean waterflea from Eurasia that is rapidly invading lakes in Ontario, Canada. The gravity model predicted spread of Bythotrephes based upon seven identified risk factors (e.g., use of contaminated fishing or boat anchor line) that may allow dispersal of either live individuals or their resting eggs from invaded to noninvaded lakes, as well as based on the spatial arrangement of invaded and noninvaded lakes in Ontario. Discriminant analysis of lake gravity scores successfully identified invasion status for 74% of 170 inland lakes. A retrospective analysis of 31 invaded lakes revealed that the order in which lakes were invaded was directly related to the magnitude of vector inflows from invaded sources. Analysis of the dominant vector inflow to each invaded lake revealed a ''stepping stone'' pattern in which at least five lakes were sequentially invaded from the source population in Lake Huron. One invaded lake (Muskoka) apparently served as an invasion ''hub,'' resulting in up to 18 additional direct and 17 indirect invasions. Species spread occurred via a combination of dominant, local diffusion (median distance 12.5 km) and rare, long-distance ( .100 km) dispersal. Eleven of 131 lakes that were not invaded in 2000 were reported invaded in 2001. Gravity scores of these lakes were significantly higher than those of other noninvaded systems, indicating that susceptibility to invasion can be related to the magnitude of vector inflows. A GIS model based on gravity scores indicated that distribution of Bythotrephes is expected to expand to eastern and northwestern Ontario, although most new invasions are expected to occur in the central region of the province. Our results indicate that quantitative analysis of human dispersal vectors provides a robust starting point with which to assess vulnerability of discrete ecosystems to invasion. Man- agement efforts focused on reducing the number and magnitude of human-mediated dis-
TL;DR: Temporal trends within the last decade were examined by comparing the present data to the concentrations reported in samples from 1990 from the same region, and power analysis suggested that firm conclusions could not be drawn regarding the general time trend based on these two sampling periods.
TL;DR: Using two gene fragments, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) are identified that distinguish among D. rostriformis/bugensis, D. polymorpha, and D. stankovici and revealed the presence of a cryptic invader to the Black Sea basin, Mytilopsis leucophaeata, the first report of this North American native in southern Europe.
TL;DR: The strong correlative relationships suggest that disruption of the bone mineral composition in East Greenland polar bears may have been caused by organochlorine exposure.
Abstract: We analyzed bone mineral density (BMD) in skulls of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) (n = 139) from East Greenland sampled during 1892–2002. Our primary goal was to detect possible changes in bone mineral content (osteopenia) due to elevated exposure to organochlorine [polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites, chlordanes (CHLs), dieldrin, hexacyclohexanes, hexachlorobenzene] and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) compounds. To ensure that the BMD value in skull represented the mineral status of the skeletal system in general, we compared BMD values in femur and three lumbar vertebrae with skull in a subsample. We detected highly significant correlations between BMD in skull and femur (r = 0.99; p < 0.001; n = 13) and skull and vertebrae (r = 0.97; p < 0.001; n = 8). BMD in skulls sampled in the supposed pre-organochlorine/PBDE period (1892–1932) was significantly higher than that in skulls sampled in the supposed pollution period (1966–2002) for subadult females, subadult males, and adult males (all, p < 0.05) but not adult females (p = 0.94). We found a negative correlation between organochlorines and skull BMD for the sum of PCBs (∑PCB; p < 0.04) and ∑CHL (p < 0.03) in subadults and for dieldrin (p < 0.002) and ∑DDT (p < 0.02) in adult males; indications for ∑PBDE in subadults were also found (p = 0.06). In conclusion, the strong correlative relationships suggest that disruption of the bone mineral composition in East Greenland polar bears may have been caused by organochlorine exposure.
TL;DR: In the diaries, physical activities were perceived as enjoyable, but enjoyment did not covary with an activity's relevance to improving performance, calling into question a domain-independent account of expertise based on deliberate practice.
Abstract: In Studies 1 and 2, the authors evaluated deliberate practice theory through analyses of the relationship between practice and performance for 2 populations of athletes: triathletes and swimmers, respectively. In Study 3, the authors obtained evaluations of practice from athletes' diaries. Across athletes, length of time involved in fitness activities was not related to performance. For the triathletes, a significant percentage of variance in performance was captured by practice. This was not so for sprint events for the swimmers, in which gender was a significant predictor. In the diaries, physical activities were perceived as enjoyable. In contrast to the results obtained from questionnaires, enjoyment did not covary with an activity's relevance to improving performance. Although these findings highlight the importance of sport-specific practice, the authors question a domain-independent account of expertise based on deliberate practice.