Showing papers by "University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee published in 1972"
TL;DR: Phonemic restorations appear to be a specialized application to speech of the much broader phenomenon of auditory induction, which helps maintain stable auditory perception in the authors' frequently noisy environment.
Abstract: Within certain auditory patterns, fainter sounds may be "heard" clearly when replaced by louder sounds having appropriate spectral compositions. This auditory induction of fainter by louder sounds can cancel the perceptual effects of masking. Phonemic restorations, which have been reported previously, appear to be a specialized application to speech of the much broader phenomenon of auditory induction. The rules governing auditory induction indicate that it helps maintain stable auditory perception in our frequently noisy environment.
204 citations
TL;DR: A mesoscale study of the Chicago lake breeze was conducted by Biggs and Graves as discussed by the authors, who found that light gradient winds, strong insolation, and land air temperatures warmer than the lake water surface were the favorable conditions for formation.
Abstract: As part of an extensive mesoscale study of the Chicago lake breeze, ten summer months of data (1966–68) were used to compile a climatology of this phenomena and devise a simple forecasting technique. The lake breeze was found to occur at the Chicago shoreline on 36% of all days (out of a sample of 307). The time of onset ranged from before 0600 to 1&30 LST, with 0800–0900 LST being most frequent. The lake breeze front, defined as a narrow (1–2 km) band of convergence separating airflows with overland and overwater trajectories, was found to push inland anywhere from 1 block to over 40 km. Experience verified that light gradient winds, strong insolation, and land air temperatures warmer than the lake water surface were the favorable conditions for formation. However, in an attempt to arrive at more objective forecasting scheme, the work of Biggs and Graves was extended to Lake Michigan. A dimensionless number, σ = V2g/(CpΔT),is defined where Vg, is the geostrophic wind speed from the 1200 GMT surf...
120 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the order of sounds in sequences consisting of either three or four successive items repeated over and over without pause was reported to be at chance level for oral responses and for card-ordering responses (each card bearing the name of one sound).
Abstract: Unpracticed Ss reported the order of sounds in sequences consisting of either three or four successive items repeated over and over without pause. With unrelated sounds each lasting 200 msec, correct reports of order were at chance level for oral responses and for card-ordering responses (each card bearing the name of one sound). The sequences with four unrelated items were studied in greater detail, and the threshold for identification was found to be 670 msec with oral responses and 300 msec with card-ordering responses. When two related sounds (tones) were used in four-item sequences, correct card-ordering was possible at 200 msec per item when the tones were temporally contiguous, but was not possible at this duration when the tones were separated by nonrelated sounds. Some special rules governing auditory sequence identification were suggested, and implications for theories of auditory perception discussed.
93 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Cz.sbnd;O stretching band is recorded for CO adsorbed on an evaporated gold film, where the reflection-absorption system produces a measurable band from as little as 1 20 of monolayer coverage of CO.
85 citations
TL;DR: The simplest covariant generalization of the scalar wave equation leads to significant pion creation and annihilation processes near an isotropic Friedmann-type singularity (such processes are negligible for particles of nonzero spin) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The simplest covariant generalization of the scalar wave equation leads to significant pion creation and annihilation processes near an isotropic Friedmann-type singularity (such processes are negligible for particles of nonzero spin). Estimates for a plausible initial state yield pion creation of the same order of magnitude as obtained by Zeldovich near an anisotropic Kasner-type singularity.
66 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the relevance of the race cycle, consensus, interdependence and conflict frameworks for the construction of an explanation of the emergence, persistence, adaptation, and change of systems of ethnic differentiation is examined.
Abstract: Sociological models have not generally guided the analysis of race and ethnic relations. This paper constitutes an attempt to alter this situation by assessing the relevance of the race cycle, consensus, interdependence and conflict frameworks for the construction of an explanation of the emergence, persistence, adaptation, and change of systems of ethnic differentiation. Although each of the frameworks has relevance for more than one of these empirical problems, it is concluded that the race cycle is most useful in explaining the emergence of ethnic differentiation, consensus is most useful vis-a-vis persistence, interdependence vis-a-vis adaptation, and conflict vis-a-vis change. A number of explanatory propositions are stated. This paper presents a general frame of reference designed to classify and focus the major theoretical perspectives which have relevance for the sociology of race and ethnic relations. Societies and their subsystems of racial and ethnic differentiation constitute the units of analysis and the central concern is to analyze race and ethnic relations within the context of general sociological theory. The central theoretical task confronting sociology is that of explaining how order is achieved, maintained, and altered in social systems. Accordingly, a sociological analysis of race and ethnic relations must explain the observed variations in the dependent variables specified by this task. More precisely, this involves explanation of the emergence, persistence, adaptation, and change of systems of ethnic differentiation.' The empirical problems posed by this set of dependent variables may be stated as follows: 1. What structural conditions and processes account for the emergence and initial stabilization of various types of ethnic differentiation?
62 citations
TL;DR: Fasting significantly decreases urine pH and K content of the urinary pellets of several lizards and the desert tortoise and suggests that most cations are bound as urate salts.
60 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a surface-initiated homogeneous reaction of propylene over bismuth molybdate was studied in a flow reactor at atmospheric pressure and at 425 °C.
55 citations
TL;DR: Frey's explanation seems to imply one (or more) of several things: (1) that high income individuals are more efficient in the consummation of voting, where the act includes getting to the polling place, deciding upon whom to vote for, etc; (2) that voting involves activities somewhat akin to those undertaken by high-income individuals in the course of their daily business; or (3) high income occupations involve relatively higher mental effort and lower physical effort than low income occupations as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Let us first consider voting behavior. Frey's explanation seems to imply one (or more) of several things: (1) that high income individuals are more efficient in the consummation of voting, where the act includes getting to the polling place, deciding upon whom to vote for, etc.; (2) that voting involves activities somewhat akin to those undertaken by high income individuals in the course of their daily business; or (3) that high income occupations involve relatively higher mental effort and lower physical effort than low income occupations.
37 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a railroad ferry sample was conducted between Milwaukee, Wisconsin and Ludington, Michigan, 27 May 1976-6 January 1971 to determine inshore-offshore differences in species and abundance of diatoms, and concentrations of phosphorus, silica, nitrate, and pigments.
Abstract: Sampling was conducted from a railroad ferry between Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Ludington, Michigan, 27 May 1976-6 January 1971, to determine inshore-offshore differences in species and abundance of diatoms, and concentrations of phosphorus, silica, nitrate, and pigments. Inshore waters, especially off Milwaukee, had greater populations of diatoms, different species composition of the diatom communities, and different concentrations of major nutrients and pigments than offshore waters. It appears, therefore, that data from water intakes, which have been used in the nast to document changes in the lake, may have represented only local conditions.
33 citations
TL;DR: The spherical shape of urinary precipitates may minimize the tendency of urate to clog the kidney tubules and ureters and suggest that the spheres are unstable and transform to an “ordered” crystalline state.
TL;DR: The chief evidence is the correlation of distribution and positions of eye-lines in various vertebrate groups with predatory feeding habits.
Abstract: Lines leading forward from the eye may function as aiming sights in many small vertebrates. The chief evidence is the correlation of distribution and positions of eye-lines in various vertebrate groups with predatory feeding habits. Dark patches around the eye may serve to reduce glare in species in bright environments. Facial patterns often have multiple functions.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyze some of the factors that influence the rate of heat removal from an amorphous plastic in a metal mold and find that mold thickness and thermal diffusivity, convection heat transfer coefficient of the cooling fluid, the thermal properties of the plastic and the initial, final and freezing temperatures of the polyethylene plastic influence this cooling rate and the corresponding rate of volumetric shrinkage.
Abstract: Recently, rotational molding engineers, concerned with warpage and uneven cooling in parts, have been “pre-cooling” the mold in forced draft air after removal from the oven and prior to water quenching to removal temperature. In this paper, we analyze some of the factors that influence the rate of heat removal from an amorphous plastic in a metal mold. We find that mold thickness and thermal diffusivity, convection heat transfer coefficient of the cooling fluid, the thermal properties of the plastic and the initial, final and “freezing” temperatures of the plastic influence this cooling rate and the corresponding rate of volumetric shrinkage. We illustrate our analysis with several examples and discuss some guidelines in detail.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that in a Robertson-Walker space-time, expansion-induced backscattering of electromagnetic waves is rigorously absent, contrary to earlier expectations.
Abstract: We show that in a Robertson-Walker space-time, expansion-induced backscattering of electromagnetic waves is rigorously absent, contrary to earlier expectations. The absence of backscattering is a direct consequence of the conformal invariance of the equations of motion, and therefore extends to neutrinos and gravitational waves. Any non-null observation of back-scattering caused by the expansion would indicate that there exists expansion anisotropy.
TL;DR: Setting the Reynolds number equal to zero, in a method for solving the Navier-Stokes equations numerically, results in a fast numerical method for biharmonic problems.
Abstract: Setting the Reynolds number equal to zero, in a method for solving the Navier-Stokes equations numerically, results in a fast numerical method for biharmonic problems. The equation is treated as a system of two second order equations and a simple smoothing process is essential for convergence. An application is made to a crack-type problem.
TL;DR: In this paper, the U-shaped curve of retention of a partially learned shuttle avoidance response was replicated in animals trained and tested for retention after delays of 0, 1, 4, ov 24 h.
Abstract: The Kamin effect, the U-shaped curve of retention of a partially learned shuttle avoidance response, was replicated in animals trained and tested for retention after delays of 0, 1, 4, ov 24 h. Other animals treated with scopolamine hydrobromide, a cholinergic blocker, during the 1-h delay between learning and relearning showed no performance decrement. However, animals treated with methylscopoiamine, which does not cross the blood-brain barrier, during the 1-h delay did show the typical Kamin effect decrement in performance. The results were interpreted as supporting a central cholinergic basis for the Kamin effect.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the effect of various serial and nonserial CS conditions on avoidance responses in rats and found that the serial conditions reliably produced more avoidance responses than nonserial conditions.
TL;DR: This paper found that persistence in an occupational curriculum, even one which is consistent with the measured interests of the individual, may not be rewarding for women students, and that an exploration of developmental career choices seemed to be a better tool for differentiating among freshman curricular choices than for distinguishing Persisters from Nonpersisters.
TL;DR: In this article, high barriers are observed in amorphous p-type-silicon junctions, resulting in good rectification, and no significant barriers are detected in Amorphous n-type Si junctions.
Abstract: High barriers are observed in amorphous-p-type-silicon junctions, resulting in good rectification. No significant barriers are detected in amorphous-n-type-Si junctions. A simple model is also presented to describe the junction.
TL;DR: A new coding scheme is presented that uses a given t-error-detectin g code for transmission over a noisy channel and is shown to be superior to forward error correction in rate and probability of error.
Abstract: A new coding scheme is presented. In this scheme a given t-error-detectin g code is used for transmission over a noisy channel. When t or less errors are detected, a single request is made via a feedback channel for transmission of additional redundancy to enable the decoder to correct t or less errors. It is shown to be superior to forward error correction in rate and probability of error. For low channel errors the resulting rate is higher than that of retransmission with no significant difference in the probability of error.
TL;DR: In this paper, the steady-state, unconfined flow of a homogeneous fluid through jointed rock is studied for both laminar and turbulent conditions by use of a method which is based on previously developed theoretical and experimental flow relationships.
Abstract: The two-dimensional, steady-state, unconfined flow of a homogeneous fluid through jointed rock is studied for both laminar and turbulent conditions by use of a method which is based on previously developed theoretical and experimental flow relationships. However, only the independent unknowns are selected in order to reduce the complexity of the problem and render it more readily tractable. The intact rock is assumed to be impermeable, and two intersecting systems of plane, parallel joints are used in the mathematical model, taking into account the surface roughness of the joints. The mathematical solution of the resulting nonlinear (due to turbulent flow in some joints) system of equations is obtained by use of a rapidly converging iterative procedure, wherein each iteration takes special advantage of the banded nature of the associated matrix. For the particular case where a free surface exists, the general flow equations are not satisfied, because some of the joints in the vicinity of the free surface do not flow full; therefore, new equations must be established to handle this condition. Once the development of the mathematical model is accomplished, several cases involving different geometric characteristics (width, orientation, and roughness of joints) are solved for a rectangular domain, and graphs are given to illustrate the influence of the various parameters on the manifested flow behavior.
TL;DR: The authors examined the predictive viability of certain social combination rules in accounting for group decision making when individual risk preferences are assumed to be fixed, and found that the group conditions showed a higher proportion of risky choices than the individual conditions.
TL;DR: One hundred thirty-seven male and two hundred twenty-five female undergraduates at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee heard recordings of 14 short, informative messages, each message had been recorded by one of seven male or seven female upper level communication students.
Abstract: One hundred thirty-seven male and two hundred twenty-five female undergraduates at the University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee heard recordings of 14 short, informative messages. Each message had been recorded by one of seven male or seven female upper level communication students. Following each message subjects responded to six multiple choice items about the content of the message. Analysis of variance showed no significant difference in listening scores for male and female subjects. A significant interaction between sex of listener and sex of speaker was found, but this interaction accounted for so little of the total variance that it was deemed of little practical importance. It was concluded that neither the sex of the listener nor the interaction of sex of listeners and sex of speakers were of much consequence in determining the listening scores of the subjects of this experiment.
01 Jul 1972-Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B-process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science
TL;DR: In this article, the free energies of formation for stable and unstable carbide phases were derived from the ternary Mo-Cr-C system at 1300°C, and the free energy changes for the various equilibria occurring in the system were obtained.
Abstract: The thermodynamic properties of CrC6/23, CrC3/7, CrC2/3, and MoC1/2 reported in the literature have been correlated with the relative stabilities of these carbide phases derived from ternary phase diagrams. On the basis of the free energy of formation for one of the carbides and the free energy changes for the various equilibria occurring in ternary Mo-Cr-C system at 1300°C, free energies of formation for the stable and unstable carbide phases have been obtained. Using this free energy data, a calculated ternary Mo-Cr-C phase diagram is presented which agrees well with the experimentally determined one.
TL;DR: A new method for the inversion of elements of a finite field is presented, particularly suitable for parallel implementation of arithmetic operations in extension fields.
Abstract: Parallel implementation of arithmetic operations in extension fields is mandatory if one is to consider the use of error-correcting codes in digital systems, particularly in integrated-circuit memory arrays. A new method for the inversion of elements of a finite field is presented. This method is particularly suitable for parallel implementation.
TL;DR: In this article, two levels of drive (80 and 95% of ad libitum body wt), three levels of training (5, 15, and 60 trials), and two of reward (2 and 11, 45-mg pellets) were factorially varied during acquisition of a discrete-trial running response.
TL;DR: Menominee Enterprises, Inc. (MEI) as mentioned in this paper became virtually the only taxpayer in the new county, which was created when the federal government played realpolitik and stuck Wisconsin with a new territory it did not want.
Abstract: Termination policy, touted as "freeing" the Indians, as applied in 1954 to the Menominee of northeastern Wisconsin, has impoverished a tribe that once paid for most of its own services and administration and has resulted in less self-determination than the Menominee exercised under the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The shift from federal to state jurisdiction, implemented between 1954 and 1961, turned the former reservation into Menominee County and turned management of the tribe's land, forests, mill, and other assets over to a corporation, Menominee Enterprises, Inc. (MEI), which became virtually the only taxpayer in the new county. A situation with all the elements of classic colonialism was thus created when the federal government played realpolitik and stuck Wisconsin with a new territory it did not want. The state, which became, in effect, a "mother country," endeavored to make the county pay its own way and even yield a profit to the state, and encouraged exploitation of Menominee resources to serve th...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors apply the conventional laminate beam theory to relate elastic deflection under load, assuming that the skin surfaces support tensile and compressive stresses and that the inner core acts only in shear.
Abstract: With the acceptance of self-skinning structural foams for furniture and boats, it becomes necessary to determine the mechanical strength of these materials under flexural load. Several companies recommend application of the conventional laminate beam theory to relate elastic deflection under load. Hartsock (1) gives a concise derivation of this theory. Here, it is assumed that the skin surfaces support tensile and compressive stresses and that the inner core acts only in shear. Thus,
TL;DR: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird diese Vorgangsweise in ausgedehnten Messungen der Verdampfung von Zn aus verd. fluss as discussed by the authors verdampft.
Abstract: Chang und Mitarb.1 haben das Problem der Konzentrationsverarmung in der Grenzflache Dampfraum—Legierungsinneres im Laufe eines Torsions-Effusionsversuches quantitativ behandelt, indem sie die Diffusionsgleichung aus dem zweitenFick-schen Gesetz losten. Es wurde auch experimentell gezeigt, das ihre theoretische Methode erfolgreich den Unterschied der Zn-Konzentrationen in der Grenzflache und im Legierungsinneren erklaren kann, der auftritt, wenn Zn bei 500°C aus verd. fluss. ZnSn-Legierungen verdampft. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird diese Vorgangsweise in ausgedehnten Messungen der Verdampfung von Zn aus verd. ZnSn-legierungen in Abhangigkeit von der Temperatur angewendet. Es werden Effusionszellen mit verschieden grosen Effusionsoffnungen verwendet. Die Mesergebnisse werden ausgewertet und der Aktivitatskoeffizient von Zn bei unendlicher Verdunnung als Funktion der Temperatur dargestellt.