Showing papers by "University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee published in 1976"

Camping on Seesaws: Prescriptions for a Self-Designing Organization

Abstract: This article prescribes how an organization can meet social and technological changes and reap advantage from them. Long-term viability maximizes in a self-designing organization, in which those who perform activities take primary responsibility for learning and for inventing new methods, and in which nonparticipant designers restrict themselves to a catalytic role. Designers can form such an organization by putting together processes, the generators of behaviors. Although complex interactions among processes make designers’ forecasts unreliable, people can mitigate serious future problems by keeping processes dynamically balanced. Six aphorisms caricature the desired balance: Cooperation requires minimal consensus; Satisfaction rests upon minimal contentment; Wealth arises from minimal affluence; Goals merit minimal faith; Improvement depends on minimal consistency; Wisdom demands minimal rationality.

Nonparametric Bayesian Estimation of Survival Curves from Incomplete Observations

Abstract: This article presents a nonparametric Bayesian estimator of a survival curve based on incomplete or arbitrarily right-censored data. This estimator, a Bayes estimator under a squared-error loss function assuming a Dirichlet process prior, is shown to be a Bayesian extension of the usual product limit (Kaplan-Meier) nonparametric estimator.

Tests of Circular Steel Tubes in Bending

Abstract: A series of tests on 10-3/4in. (270-mm) tubes was conducted to determine the plastic rotation capacity of tubular beams. Six different D/t values ranging from 18-102 were used in the tests. Cantilever and fixed-ended beams, with moment gradients (shears) and restraints against ovalizing at the end, are compared with the behavior of the constant moment region of simple beams. Tubes with D/t greater than about 50 do not have sufficient plastic hinge rotation capacity to develop the classical ultimate strength. In the absence of a small moment gradient or stiffening, the plastic moment is not quite reached in tubes with D/t of 35. For inelastic buckling in the range of D/t of 18-80, critical strains appear to be proportional to (t/D)², as opposed to the conventionallinear relationship. Information concerning the complex post-buckling behavior is also presented.

Quantum vacuum energy in a closed universe

Abstract: The problem of defining the vacuum energy and pressure of quantized fields in the static Einstein universe is considered. A regularization procedure which utilizes a wavelength cutoff in the mode sum is discussed and applied to the cases of the massive conformally coupled scalar field, the electromagnetic field, and the neutrino field. In all cases a positive vacuum energy density and pressure are obtained. In the case of the massive scalar field it is possible for the vacuum pressure to exceed the vacuum energy density, thus violating the dominant energy condition. For the electromagnetic and neutrino fields the energy density and pressure are of the form $\ensuremath{\rho}=\ensuremath{\gamma}\overline{h}\frac{c}{{a}^{4}}$ and $P=\frac{\ensuremath{\rho}}{3}$, respectively, where $\ensuremath{\gamma}=\frac{11}{240{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}}$ for the electromagnetic field and $\ensuremath{\gamma}=\frac{17}{1920{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}}$ for the neutrino field, and where $a$ is the radius of the universe.

Communications-Effectiveness of Comparative Advertising: A Laboratory Analysis:

Abstract: Recent debate on comparative advertising has focused on its ethical rather than its effectiveness dimension. A laboratory experiment was performed to assess the communications-effectiveness of a co...

The activity coefficient of oxygen in binary liquid metal alloys

Abstract: The Wagner model with one energy parameter,h, for describing the effect of alloying elements on the activity coefficients of nonmetallic solutes in liquid metals is extended to have two energy parameters,h 1andh 2. The validity of both the Wagner one-parameter equation and the newly derived two-parameter equation is tested using data available in the literature for twelve ternary metal-oxygen systems. In order to have consistent thermodynamic data, all the relevant binary, as well as the twelve ternary metal-oxygen systems are evaluated using the same thermodynamic values for the reference materials which were used in carrying out the experimental measurements. It is found that the twoparameter equation is capable of quantitatively accounting for the compositional dependences of the activity coefficients of oxygen in all twelve ternary systems while the Wagner one-parameter equation is not. A correlation between the Wagner parameter,h, and the thermodynamic properties of the respective binary metal-oxygen and binary metals systems is found, from which the value of this parameter may be predicted without referring to any ternary data. Accordingly, the two-parameter equation is more useful in evaluating ternary experimental data while the Wagner one-parameter equation in connection with the correlation betweenh and binary data is capable of predicting ternary data without any experimental investigation in the ternary region. Based on the one-parameter and the two-parameter equations, theoretical equations for the first-order and second-order free energy interaction parameters,(∈ 0 j )sand(ρ 0 j )s, are derived in terms of the model parameters. The values of(∈ 0 j )s and(ρ 0 j )s for all the systems are derived and are found to vary linearly with the reciprocal of temperature. Furthermore, linear relationships between these two interaction parameters and their slopes with 1/T are found, from which the temperature dependence of the interaction parameters may be estimated in the absence of experimental data.

Dimensions of Rosenburg's self-esteem scale.

Abstract: The dimensions of Rosenburg's scale of self-esteem (1965) were investigated via principal components and oblique factor analysis. Data from 479 students in a basic speech course yielded a two-facto...

Two Dimensional Normal Modes in Arbitrary Enclosed Basins on a Rotating Earth: Application to Lakes Ontario and Superior

Abstract: A method for determining the free periods of oscillation of an arbitrary enclosed homogeneous water body on a rotating earth is considered. Bathymetry and shape of the water body are taken into account. The oscillations are quasi-static and horizontally two dimensional. Analytical foundation of the theory is based upon a method developed by Proudman (1916). The method requires the construction of two sets of orthogonal functions; one set satisfies a condition of vanishing normal derivative on the boundary and the other set of functions have a zero value on the boundary. These orthogonal functions are numerically constructed for two real water bodies. The numerical orthogonal functions are used as a basis for the expansion of velocity and height fields. The expansion coefficients are then determined so as to satisfy the dynamical equations. The coefficients appear as eigenvectors of a Hermitian matrix. The corresponding eigenvalues represent the frequencies of oscillation. Structures are determined by numerical evaluation of the velocity and height field expansions. Application of the above procedure to Lake Ontario gives for the lowest gravitational mode a period of 5.11 h and for Lake Superior, the period of the corresponding mode is 7.86 h. Periods of the lowest six gravitational modes and their structures in both lakes are presented. Comparison of Lake Superior calculations with the data analysis of Mortimer & Fee (1976, preceding paper) shows very good agreement. A few examples of rotational modes are also presented.

The Effects of Differential Digestion Rates of Zooplankton by Alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus, on Determinations of Selective Feeding

Abstract: Ivlev's electivity index (E) was used to assess selective feeding by the alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) on crustacean zooplankton in southern Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Alewives positively selected larger species of Copepoda, especially Mesocyclops edax. Alewives appeared to negatively select all Cladocera. However, field data from Lake Michigan and other lakes containing abundant populations of alewives indicate positive selection may be occurring on Daphnia. Positive selection of Daphnia by alewives probably took place in southern Green Bay, although this was not indicated in electivity indices. Laboratory studies revealed that Daphnia were digested most rapidly by alewives and, therefore, were under-represented in stomach contents relative to other planktonic species. Consequently, it is suggested that differential digestion rates of prey organisms may also occur in alimentary tracts of other fish species. This could have an effect on interpretation of selective feeding data using Ivlev's elect...

A communication training program for couples.

Abstract: A structured educational program attempts to increase each partner's self awareness and contribution to interaction within significant relationships

Two types of auditory sequence perception

Abstract: It has been suggested recently that there are two fundamentally distinct types of auditory sequence perception in man: (1) hofistic pattern recognition (HPR), operating for component item durations from a few milliseconds up to about 200 msec; and (2) direct identification of components and their order (Direct ICO), requiring verbal encoding of names for constituent sounds and requiring item durations roughly 200 msec and above for extended sequences. The present study, using only the very first judgments from 795 untrained participants presented with recycled three-item sequences, provided data consistent with this dichotomous formulation. In addition, it appeared that separate bursts of a noise band generated on-line were treated as different components in HPR and could not be used for sequence matching; “frozen” noise bursts having identical microstructure were treated as the same component and permitted HPR. On-fine noise bursts permitted Direct ICO, with naming based on long-term spectral characteristics of noise.

Power Parity and Lethal International Violence, 1969–1973:

Abstract: Among students of international politics, there is little consensus concerning the nature of the relationship between dyadic power distributions and the likelihood of interstate violence: there may be no relationship, a positive relationship, or a negative relationship. This study hypothesized that lethal international violence between pairs of contiguous nation-states was more probable if the two states were equally powerful. Using the technique of pattern recognition, the hypothesis was tested—and substantiated—for the period 1969–1973. Furthermore, a discriminant function based on four indicators of national power (area, GNP, military manpower, and defense expenditures) appears to be a potentially useful predictor of lethal interstate violence.

Thermal radiation produced by the expansion of the Universe

Abstract: I show here that the expansion of the Universe can create particles with a black-body distribution. I give a simple model in which the creation of particles in an initially empty space time leads at very early times to a Friedmann expansion dominated by hot relativistic particles (probably including gravitons) having a black-body spectrum, even before classical thermalising processes have had a chance to act. If the particle creation occurs near the Planck time, the entropy produced is consistent, in order of magnitude, with that required by the Einstein equations. The conditions in which one achieves consistency with the observed 3K black-body radiation are also discussed.

Proportion of episodic memories from early childhood by years of age

Abstract: Two experiments involving search through very long-term memory were conducted using Galton’s method of semantic cuing. In the first experiment, 155 college students were asked to recall specific memories from their childhood associated with each of 12 English nouns. In Experiment II, 44 college students recalled 10-15 specific memories from their childhoods associated with a single cue noun. Students in both experiments then gave the age they were when each of the events had occurred. The proportion of memories from the years of early childhood thus obtained were compared to published data (Waldfogel, 1948) in which college students had been asked to recall and date all memories from before the age of 8. The results were similar across the three studies, suggesting that the method of semantic cuing may be explored as an alternative to exhaustive free recall in attempts to measure the store of long-term episodic memory.

Measuring Sales Effects of Some Marketing Mix Variables and Their Interactions

Abstract: Unique field experiment data provided by the Milwaukee Advertising Laboratory were used to investigate the individual and interactive effects upon market shares of some marketing mix variables at t...

Free surface oscillations and tides of Lakes Michigan and Superior

Abstract: From records of water levels at nineteen shoreline stations on Lakes Michigan, Huron and Superior (figure 1), we have prepared power spectra from 95 station-data sets and 128 spectra of interstation coherence and phase difference. Those spectra have been used to (1) identify the first five free gravitational, barotropic modes (surface seiches) of the three basins; (ii) estimate the corresponding seiche frequencies, Lake Huron table 2, Lake Michigan tables 3 and 4, Lake Superior table 7; (iii) determine, for some modes, the phase progression around the basin imposed by the Earth's rotation; and (iv) speculate on the structure of other oscillations, including diurnal and semidiurnal tides. Because the number of recording stations was limited, the phase progression of individual modes could only be determined with confidence for the first and second in Lake Michigan (figure 13), for the first, second, third, and eighth mode in Lake Superior (figures 22 and 32b) and for the semidiurnal tide in both basins (figure 31). Except for the Superior semidiurnal tide, which progresses clockwise, all the modes illustrated in figures 13 and 22 and the Lake Michigan semidiurnal tide conform to a positive amphidromic pattern - counterclockwise progression. Possible reasons for the difference in tidal behaviour in the two basins are discussed in section 4 and by Hamblin (1976). There is very close agreement between the observed frequency and the phase progression of the first three and eighth Superior modes and results from the two dimensional computations of Platzman (1972) and Rao & Schwab (1976). Because some of the level recorders were not protected from local harbour oscillations in the period range below 2 h, and because some of the data sets listed in tables 1 and 6 were available only in the form of hourly readings, spectra from some stations exhibited contamination by aliasing. Section 2 (b) is devoted to a discussion of: (i) the nature of this spectral contamination (see figure 4); (ii) its extent in our examples; and (iii) attempts to minimize its influence through identification of the principal aliases and exploitation of the discovery that useful information can still be extracted from interstation coherence and phase spectra, even if the power spectra from one or both stations of the pair are badly aliased. With aliases identified or absent, the remaining spectral and interstation coherence peaks correspond to free modes (and tides). In Lake Michigan the first three modes are the most strongly excited and are clearly identified as longitudinal seiches (section section 2 (c-f), 2(i)). A transverse (E-W) seiche is also strongly excited, probably in the form of a negative amphidrome, in the south-central reach of the basin (for example T1 in figure 6), but the structure and identity of oscillations corresponding to spectral peaks at higher frequencies cannot yet be resolved. For Green Bay, a 192 km (120 mile) long gulf opening into Lake Michigan, a remarkable double resonance is described in section 2 (g). The Bay responds as a viscously damped system driven by two forcing oscillations - the semidiurnal tide and the first mode of the main Michigan basin - at respective frequencies 1.93 and 2.67 cycles per day (c/d), one on each side of the natural frequency of the Bay-Lake system, 2.2 c/d (figures 9 and 10). In the Superior basin, topographically more complex than Michigan, the first three longitudinal modes are also the most conspicuous, but some modes above the third are also strongly excited. Of these, the fourth, fifth, and eighth modes can be identified through comparison with Rao & Schwab's (1976) numerical determinations. The most striking feature of the eighth mode, often strongly excited, is a transverse (N-S) oscillation of the eastern half of the basin as a negative amphidrome (figure 32b). In spite of prior removal of a linear trend from the input data, the spectra exhibit a steep rise in power as the low-frequency end is approached, where interpretation is therefore difficult. However, examination of the frequency range below 4 c/d, in section section 2 (h) and 3 (e) and in figure 11, establishes the following points: (i) for reasons discussed in the text, the semidiurnal tidal peak covers a narrower frequency range than peaks corresponding to the seiche modes; (ii) there is minor but persistent evidence of a co-oscillation of the main Michigan basin and Green Bay; (iii) diurnal oscillations arising from tidal and meterorological forcing, section 4, are generated more strongly in the Superior than in the Michigan basin; (iv) no spectral peaks are unambiguously identified as surface manifestations of internal waves known to be present, for example in the near-inertial frequency range 1.3-1.4 c/d; and (v) there is a small but significant rise in power near 0.35 c/d in spectra from both basins. Possible but not yet verified explanations of this rise are: meteorological forcing; excitation of a rotational mode (Rao & Schwab 1976); or both. For Lake Michigan a possible further explanation is provided by excitation of the lowest gravitational mode of the combined Michigan-Huron basin, seen in the currents of the connecting straits (figure 12).

Power: Windmills stage a comeback: ‘Born again’ amid the search for fossil-fuel alternatives, wind-generated electricity now makes technical and economic sense

Abstract: Compares the following concepts involving vertical-axis wind machines with regard to their suitability for commercial power generation: constant-speed constant-frequency systems (synchronous and induction); and variable-speed constant-frequency systems (field modulated system; double-output induction generator system; a system using an AC commutator generator; and a system employing a synchronous inverter).

Effectiveness of community services for discharged mental hospital patients.

Abstract: This study of 579 state hospital patients charts the pattern of their care in the community in the two or three years following hospital discharge, and examines the relationship of aftercare services to readmission rates. Findings suggest that, among the most chronic patients, a substantial number of aftercare visits may be related to lower hospital readmission rates.