Showing papers by "University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee published in 1996"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that when consumers have limited knowledge about the product category, their evaluations are unaffected by the level of congruity but rather are influenced by their schema-based associations to specific product attributes.
Abstract: Recent evidence suggests that a new product is evaluated more favorably when its attributes are moderately incongruent with an activated product category schema than when its attributes are either congruent or extremely incongruent with the schema. We extend this finding by showing that it obtains when consumers have limited knowledge about the product category. When consumers possess elaborate knowledge about the category, their evaluations are unaffected by the level of congruity but rather are influenced by their schema-based associations to specific product attributes. These findings are discussed in terms of current theorizing related to schema congruity and schema-based inferencing.
374 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a quantum field theory at finite temperature is presented, where the temperature dependent vacuum is defined such that the vacuum expectation value agrees with the statistical average, and the vacuum states with different temperature are connected by a Bogoliubov transformation.
Abstract: A quantum field theory at finite temperature is presented. The temperature dependent vacuum is defined such that the vacuum expectation value agrees with the statistical average. The vacuum states with different temperature are connected by a Bogoliubov transformation. Our formalism allows the use of the Feynman diagrams for the causal Green’s function and the Bethe-Salpeter technique for bound states at finite temperature, The entropy operator is introduced.
345 citations
TL;DR: This article found that if individuals opposed to gay and lesbian rights are able to expand the scope of the conflict, the pattern of politics conforms to morality politics, while interest group theory suggests that these policies will correspond with interest group resources, elite values, and past policy actions.
Abstract: Morality politics theory predicts that gay rights policy will reflect the influence of religious groups, party competition, and partisanship while interest group theory suggests that these policies will correspond with interest group resources, elite values, and past policy actions. Using multiple regression on a 50-state data set and a county-level data set for gay rights initiatives in Oregon and Colorado, we found gay and lesbian politics are no different from those for other policy issues. When gay and lesbian rights are not salient, the pattern of politics resembles that of interest group politics. If individuals opposed to gay and lesbian rights are able to expand the scope of the conflict, the pattern of politics conforms to morality politics.
329 citations
TL;DR: A meta-analyses of Fimbriae, Flagella, and Glycocalyx, as well as genetic Approaches to the Study of Xenorhabdus and PhotorhabDus spp, show clear trends in pathogenicity, gene recognition, and antibiotic resistance.
326 citations
TL;DR: The authors investigated whether the impact of three types of family decision making on the adjustment of 14-16-year-old youth was moderated by ethnicity, community context, or both.
Abstract: This study investigated whether the impact of 3 types of family decision making on the adjustment of 14–16-year-old youth was moderated by ethnicity, community context, or both. For joint and unilateral youth decision making, community context interacted with ethnicity in 3 patterns of influence: for Hispanic-American youth, variations in decision making had a stronger impact in ethnically mixed than in predominantly white communities; for African-American youth, the negative impact of unilateral youth decision making was stronger in predominantly white communities; and for Asian- and European-American youth, community context did not make a difference. For unilateral parental decision making, the popular hypothesis that apparent ethnic differences in the influence of parental strictness on adolescent adjustment are primarily due to differences in community context was not supported. Rather, the positive impact of unilateral parental decision making was similar among African-American youth living in predominantly white, and more affluent, communities or in more disadvantaged, ethnically mixed neighborhoods. The negative impact of authoritarian parenting was similar among European-American youth living in less advantaged communities as well as more affluent ones. There was no relation between unilateral parental control and adolescent adjustment of Asian- or Hispanic-American youth in either type of community.
291 citations
Book•
26 Jan 1996TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a decision theory as epistemology for decision making in the Bayesian Canon. But they do not discuss its application to decision theory in the real world.
Abstract: 1. Confidence 2. Evidence 3. The Bayesian challenge 4. Rational belief 5. The Bayesian Canon 6. Decision theory as epistemology.
276 citations
TL;DR: It turns out that in many cases most robots execute an identical, simple algorithm, and a method for controlling a group of mobile robots in a distributed manner is discussed.
Abstract: We discuss a method for controlling a group of mobile robots in a distributed manner. The method is distributed in the sense that all robots, or most of the robots in some cases, plan their motion individually based upon the given goal of the group and the observed positions of other robots. We illustrate the method by showing how a large number of robots can form an approximation of a circle, a simple polygon, or a line segment in the plane. We also show how the robots can distribute themselves nearly uniformly within a circle or a convex polygon in the plane. Finally, we show how the robots can be divided into two or more groups. It turns out that in many cases most robots execute an identical, simple algorithm. The performance of the method is demonstrated by simulation. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
274 citations
TL;DR: This chapter reviews the neural and hormonal mechanisms that regulate parental care expression in galliform and columbiform species and attempts to relate the evidence to that obtained in other avian species that have received less experimental attention.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Birds exhibit a wide spectrum of parental care patterns ranging from brood parasitism, in which no parental behavior is displayed, to full-time attentiveness to the eggs and young by one or both parents. This chapter reviews the neural and hormonal mechanisms that regulate parental care expression in galliform and columbiform species. It attempts to relate the evidence to that obtained in other avian species that have received less experimental attention. For purposes of this discussion, parental behavior is defined as those activities directed toward care of eggs or young. However, it is important to emphasize that these behaviors arise from antecedent events. At the risk of minimizing the importance of physiological and stimulus continuity in promoting transitions from one form of parental activity to another during the breeding cycle, the neural and hormonal regulation of parental activities exhibited prior to hatching (that is, incubation behavior) are discussed separately from those occurring after hatching (brooding and feeding the young). The chapter also discusses the physiological determinants of nest defense behavior that is displayed both before and after hatching in many species.
251 citations
TL;DR: The proposed equations and associated variables represent a comprehensive set of variables defining differential growth, and suggest that differential growth is best depicted as a complex interplay among cellular division, matrix synthesis, and cellular enlargement during hypertrophy.
249 citations
TL;DR: Data point to at least one mechanism that may be responsible for the microbial reduction of clay minerals within soils, namely, anaerobic respiration, and indicate that pure cultures of MR-1 provide an effective model system for soil scientists and mineralogists interested in clay reduction.
Abstract: Shewanella putrefaciens is a species of metal-reducing bacteria with a versatile respiratory metabolism. This study reports that S. putrefaciens strain MR-1 rapidly reduces Fe(III) within smectite clay minerals. Up to 15% of the structural Fe within ferruginous smectite (sample SWa-1, Source Clays Repository of the Clay Minerals Society) was reduced by MR-1 in 4 h, and a range of 25% to 41% of structural Fe was reduced after 6 to 12 d during culture. Conditions for which smectite reduction was optimal, that is, pH 5 to 6, at 25 to 37 °C, are consistent with an enzymatic process and not with simple chemical reduction. Smectite reduction required viable cells, and was coupled to energy generation and carbon metabolism for MR-1 cultures with smectite added as the sole electron acceptor. Iron(III) reduction catalyzed by MR-1 was inhibited under aerobic conditions, and under anaerobic conditions it was inhibited by the addition of nitrate as an alternate electron acceptor or by the metabolic inhibitors tetrachlorosali-cylanilide (TCS) or quinacrine hydrochloride. Genetic mutants of MR-1 deficient in anaerobic respiration reduced significantly less structural Fe than wild-type cells. In a minimal medium with formate or lactate as the electron donor, more than three times the amount of smectite was reduced over no-carbon controls. These data point to at least one mechanism that may be responsible for the microbial reduction of clay minerals within soils, namely, anaerobic respiration, and indicate that pure cultures of MR-1 provide an effective model system for soil scientists and mineralogists interested in clay reduction. Given the ubiquitous distribution and versatile metabolism of MR-1, these studies may have further implications for bioremediation and water quality in soils and sediments.
242 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a simple stochastic model is employed to investigate how transaction cost and strategic option considerations interact to influence a firm's evaluation of collaborative venturing as a market entry mode.
Abstract: This paper employs a simple stochastic model to investigate how transaction cost and strategic option considerations interact to influence a firm's evaluation of collaborative venturing as a market entry mode. After demonstrating how uncertainty about the market and about the potential partner can add to the value of a collaborative venture, the paper explicates a condition under which the option to acquire or sell out generates a positive economic value for both of the partners. The interaction of transaction cost and strategic option considerations is then examined, and a number of testable hypotheses are proposed based on the theoretical analyses of the paper.
TL;DR: Les AA. etudient le vote en faveur des femmes dans le cadre d'election a des postes de senateur ou de gouverneur.
Abstract: Les AA. etudient le vote en faveur des femmes dans le cadre d'election a des postes de senateur ou de gouverneur. Ils presentent un certain nombre de donnees collectees aux Etats-Unis en 1992 dans 14 Etats ou une femme etait le candidat d'un des deux grands partis. Dans ce cadre, ils etudient le lien entre identite politique et soutien politique. Ils s'efforcent de savoir si les hommes soutiennent massivement les republicains, parti conservateur, et les femmes les democrates, parti liberal. Ils examinent l'influence de l'identite sexuelle, des partis politiques, de la perception des candidates feministes, le contexte politique specifique des elections
TL;DR: This paper examined how variation in the level of self-reference in which people engage affects their persuasion and what factors may moderate self-referencing effects, and found that an initial (moderate) increase in selfreference enhanced persuasion while a further (extreme) increase undermined persuasion.
Abstract: This article examines two related issues: how variation in the level of self-reference in which people engage affects their persuasion and what factors may moderate self-reference effects. Respondents viewed ads that varied on two dimensions intended to influence the use of self-reference, namely, the wording of the ad copy and the perspective from which the ad photo was shot. Results indicated that an initial (moderate) increase in self-referencing enhanced persuasion, while a further (extreme) increase undermined persuasion. These effects emerged, however, only when subjects were highly motivated to attend to the ad. When ad recipients' motivation was low, self-referencing had no effect.
TL;DR: This article reviewed the progress in answering two related questions: what determines how legislators vote and how can shirking by legislators be measured, and they set out to critically review the progress.
Abstract: We set out to critically review the progress in answering two related questions: what determines how legislators vote and how can shirking by legislators be measured? In the first category, the hypothesis that legislators shirk in order to indulge their personal ideological preferences has led researchers astray. The theoretical underpinning is shaky on two counts. First, legislators who indulge their preferences at the expense of their constituents' preferences put themselves at a competitive electoral disadvantage. Second, the original two-stage procedure used to measure ideological shirking is severely flawed. Among many other problems, the residual measure of shirking implicitly assumes that the median voter is the relevant constituent-principal for the legislator-agent.
TL;DR: The authors found that blacks hold more favorable attitudes toward the police than do whites, and argued that as the social context of cities changes, so might the relationship between race and citizens' attitudes towards the police.
Abstract: This paper reassesses the relationship between race and attitudes toward the police. Using data obtained through a telephone interview survey of 560 residents of Detroit, the study contradicts previous research by finding that blacks hold more favorable attitudes toward the police than do whites. To explain these findings, we argue that as the social context of cities changes, so might the relationship between race and citizens' attitudes toward the police.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is concluded that the birth of an infant at high risk, especially one with severe medical complications, can have long-term emotional consequences for the baby's mother.
Abstract: We investigated the relationship between the stress of a high-risk birth and the development of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in mothers. Six measures of perinatal stressors (gestational age of the baby, birth weight, length of hospital stay for the baby, a postnatal complications rating for the infant, and Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes) were used to predict the frequency of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Severity of infant complications, gestational age, and length of stay accounted for 35% of the variance in reports of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Both mothers of premature infants and mothers of term infants hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit reported significantly more symptoms of posttraumatic stress than mothers of healthy term infants (p < 0.01). We conclude that the birth of an infant at high risk, especially one with severe medical complications, can have long-term emotional consequences for the baby's mother.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of nozzle geometry (diameter and aspect ratio) on the local heat transfer coefficients from a small heat source to a normally impinging, axisymmetric, submerged and confined liquid jet of FC-77 was investigated.
TL;DR: In this article, a high-density plastic was shredded into small particles for use in concrete and these particles were subjected to three chemical treatments (water, bleach, bleach + NaOH) to improve their bonding with the cementitious matrix.
TL;DR: Partial purification of cell cytosol using Sephadex G-75 chromatography showed that zinc-metallothionein (Zn-MT) was induced by 24-h treatment with 100 microM ZnCl2, but the cellular glutATHione content and glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities were unaffected.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the incidence of serendipitous events influencing career development as perceived by a sample of older adults and developed categories to describe the events that people reported as significant.
Abstract: This study explored two aspects of the construct of serendipity. First, it explored the incidence of serendipitous events influencing career development as perceived by a sample of older adults. Second, it developed categories to describe the events that people reported as significant. The sample was comprised of 237 older adults. Participants responded to a brief questionnaire that asked if their careers were influenced by serendipitous events. Those participants who responded yes were asked to describe the serendipitous events. The results indicated that 63% of the men and 57% of the women felt that their careers were influenced by serendipitous events. Eleven serendipity categories were identified, based on the participants' descriptions of these events.
TL;DR: The sulfur-dependent growth of the facultatively anaerobic mesophile Shewanella putrefaciens is described and several lines of evidence indicate that cell-to-sulfur contact is not required for growth.
Abstract: The growth of bacteria by dissimilatory elemental sulfur reduction is generally associated with obligate anaerobes and thermophiles in particular. Here we describe the sulfur-dependent growth of the facultatively anaerobic mesophile Shewanella putrefaciens. Six of nine representative S. putrefaciens isolates from a variety of environments proved able to grow by sulfur reduction, and strain MR-1 was chosen for further study. Growth was monitored in a minimal medium (usually with 0.05% Casamino Acids added as a growth stimulant) containing 30 mM lactate and limiting concentrations of elemental sulfur. When mechanisms were provided for the removal of the metabolic end product, H2S, measurable growth was obtained at sulfur concentrations of from 2 to 30 mM. Initial doubling times were ca. 1.5 h and substrate independent over the range of sulfur concentrations tested. In the cultures with the highest sulfur concentrations, cell numbers increased by greater than 400-fold after 48 h, reaching a maximum density of 6.8 x 10(8) cells ml-1. Yields were determined as total cell carbon and ranged from 1.7 to 5.9 g of C mol of S(0) consumed-1 in the presence of the amino acid supplement and from 0.9 to 3.4 g of C mol of S(0-1) in its absence. Several lines of evidence indicate that cell-to-sulfur contact is not required for growth. Approaches for the culture of sulfur-metabolizing bacteria and potential ecological implications of sulfur reduction in Shewanella-like heterotrophs are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the Johansen-Juselius cointegration analysis and exclusion test to demonstrate that in a country where there is a black market for foreign currencies, it is the black market exchange rate and not the official rate that should enter into the formulation of the demand for money.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the thickness dependence of these transitions for nickel film wedges, and films capped by nonmagnetic and magnetic overlayers, to experimentally determine the surface, interface, and magnetoelastic anisotropies.
Abstract: Ultrathin films of nickel exhibit an unusual sequence of transitions from in-plane to perpendicular magnetization as a function of film thickness. A sharp transition from in-plane to perpendicular magnetization is found near 7 ML thickness, followed by a gradual transition back to in-plane magnetization beginning at 37 ML. This sequence of transitions cannot be explained by the surface or shape anisotropies, both of which favor in-plane magnetization in the thickness range where perpendicular anisotropy is found. We have measured the thickness dependence of these transitions for nickel film wedges, and films capped by nonmagnetic and magnetic overlayers, to experimentally determine the surface, interface, and magnetoelastic anisotropies. We find that both the surface and interface anisotropy constants are negative (favoring in-plane magnetization), with the magnitude of the surface term being larger than that of the interface. A correlation is found between the critical thickness for misfit dislocation formation in the nickel film and a sharp transition in the coercive field. This transition is used to accurately determine the onset of a thickness dependence in the bulk magnetoelastic energy, which causes the magnetization to rotate back into the film plane. This model gives a complete description of the mechanism for the easy-axis changes at both the 7 and 37 ML thicknesses. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
TL;DR: Based on the best evidence available to date, both education and relaxation-based behavioral interventions have been shown to improve important clinical outcomes in adults with asthma.
Abstract: Meta-analysis was conducted with 31 studies published between 1972 to 1993 on the effect of psychoeducational care (education, behavioral skill development, cognitive therapy, and/or nonbehavioral support/counseling) in adults with asthma. Fifty-eight percent of studies had subjects that were randomly assigned to treatment condition. Statistically significant beneficial effects were obtained on the occurance of asthmatic attacks (d+ = .56, n = 11), dynamic respiratory volume (d+ = .34, n = 10), peak expiratory flow rate (d+ = .29, n = 6), functional status (d+ = .46, n = 4), adherence to treatment regime (d+ = .78, n = 7), utilization of health care (d+ = .29, n = 10), use of PRN medications (d+ = .62, n = 8), psychological well-being (d+ = .53, n = 6), and psychomotor knowledge of inhaler use (d+ = 1.02, n = 4). Methodological weaknesses were identified that should be rectified in future research. Nonetheless, based on the best evidence available to date, both education and relaxation-based behavioral interventions have been shown to improve important clinical outcomes in adults with asthma.
TL;DR: An idealized Coulomb + static friction model, dimensional analysis and the study of all possible solutions of the equations of motion are used to achieve rigorous and general results for this nonlinear problem of friction and control.
TL;DR: Overall, this study shows that TCDD may act systemically in this model, and these effects should not necessarily be characterized as antiestrogenic.
Abstract: The environmental pollutant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD; dioxin) induces severe reproductive defects in male rats when exposure occurs in utero and during lactation. Yet there is currently a paucity of information regarding the effects of this exposure paradigm in females. In the current study, we examine the effects of TCDD during fetal and perinatal development on the estrogen-signaling system in peripubertal female rats. Pregnant Holtzman rats were given 1 microgram/kg TCDD or vehicle control by gavage on gestational Day 15. Body weights were reduced, though not significantly, on postnatal Day 21. While ovarian and uterine wet weights were not increased by TCDD exposure, the percentage of body weight attributed to the ovary was increased significantly. Through use of ribonuclease protection and gel-shift assays, exposed females were compared with nonexposed counterparts for estrogen receptor (ER) mRNA and DNA-binding activity in the following tissues: hypothalamus, pituitary (mRNA only), uterus, and ovary. ER mRNA levels increased in the hypothalamus, uterus, and ovary, and decreased in the pituitary. The results of the DNA-binding assays paralleled the mRNA results in the uterus, while DNA-binding activity was decreased in the hypothalamus and was unchanged in ovarian protein extracts. Circulating concentrations of estrogen were significantly lower in TCDD-exposed rats than in controls. These data suggest that the decrease in serum estrogen may be a cause of the alterations in ER mRNA; the changes in ER DNA-binding activity may indicate alterations in either translation or posttranslational receptor processing. Overall, this study shows that TCDD may act systemically in this model, and these effects should not necessarily be characterized as antiestrogenic.
10 Apr 1996
TL;DR: The approach is to use a two-party key distribution system as an underlying cryptographic primitive and extend it to a conference system.
Abstract: Key distribution is a major cryptographic component for secure communication. For privacy data must be encrypted with keys which are distributed securely. In this paper we focus on conference key distribution. Our approach is to use a two-party key distribution system as an underlying cryptographic primitive and extend it to a conference system.
TL;DR: Novel plasmids and cosmids are constructed that contain the ermF (erythromycin resistance) gene from Tn4351 and a variety of features that facilitate propagation and selection in E. coli and conjugative transfer from E. Escherichia coli to C. johnsonae.
Abstract: Cytophaga johnsonae displays many features that make it an excellent model of bacterial gliding motility. Unfortunately, genetic analyses of C. johnsonae, or any related gliding bacteria, were not possible because of a complete lack of selectable markers, cloning vectors, transposons, and convenient methods of gene transfer. As a first step toward a molecular analysis of gliding motility of C. johnsonae, we developed these genetic techniques and tools. Common broad-host-range plasmids and transposons did not function in C. johnsonae. We identified one Bacteroides transposon, Tn4351, that could be introduced into C. johnsonae on plasmid R751 by conjugation from Escherichia coli. Tn4351 inserted in the C. johnsonae genome and conferred erythromycin resistance. Tn-4351 insertions resulted in auxotrophic mutations and motility mutations. We constructed novel plasmids and cosmids for genetic analyses of C. johnsonae. These cloning vectors are derived from a small cryptic plasmid (pCP1) that we identified in the fish pathogen Cytophaga psychrophila D12. These plasmids contain the ermF (erythromycin resistance) gene from Tn4351 and a variety of features that facilitate propagation and selection in E. coli and conjugative transfer from E. coli to C. johnsonae.
TL;DR: Although practice and training parameters for male and female cardiothoracic surgeons are comparable, work experiences, personal life, and career rewards such as salary and promotion, and perception of discrimination are different.
Abstract: Objective: To assess the career and practice experiences of cardiothoracic surgeons, with references to gender similarities and differences. Design: Four-step mailed 115-question survey. Subjects: All identified women, and a cohort of men, certified by the American Board of Thoracic Surgery. Main Outcome Measures: Academic rank, career background, salary, perceptions and experiences of harassment or discrimination, and personal life characteristics. Results: No differences were found in training backgrounds. More men (64%) than women (52%) were in university practices. Comparable proportions of men and women were assistant professors (27%), but more men (27%) than women (13.6%) were full professors. Fifty-eight percent of women and 21% of men reported salaries of less than $250 000; 62% of men and 32% of women had incomes over $350 000. Career satisfaction was comparable between genders; however, women perceived the promotion process as unfair and unrelated to academic rank. Both genders encouraged men toward a surgical career; men were less likely than women to encourage women to pursue a surgical career ( P P Conclusion: Although practice and training parameters for male and female cardiothoracic surgeons are comparable, work experiences, personal life, and career rewards such as salary and promotion, and perception of discrimination are different. Arch Surg. 1996;131:1128-1134
TL;DR: This paper reviews measurement issues specifically relevant to assistive technology outcomes assessment, as it is important to understand how instruments based on traditional psychometric concepts may not be the most appropriate for applications of assistivetechnology outcomes assessment.
Abstract: Documenting outcomes is becoming an essential function in assistive technology. Successfully documenting outcomes, however, depends on having appropriate measurement instruments and methodologies available. This is a challenge, as few measures are available which target the measurement of assistive technology outcomes. New instrumentation and approaches may need to be created or older measures radically adapted for assistive technology applications. This paper reviews measurement issues specifically relevant to assistive technology outcomes assessment. Many of the issues relate to measurement theory, as it is important to understand how instruments based on traditional psychometric concepts may not be the most appropriate for applications of assistive technology outcomes assessment. Fortunately, the assistive technology field also has innovative ideas being developed and tested. These may hold some promise as we all pursue better ways to document the outcomes of our assistive technology devices and services.