Showing papers by "University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee published in 2013"
Curtin University1, Massachusetts Institute of Technology2, Arizona State University3, University of Washington4, University of Western Australia5, Monash University6, Harvard University7, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation8, Raman Research Institute9, Victoria University of Wellington10, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee11, National Centre for Radio Astrophysics12, National Radio Astronomy Observatory13, University of Melbourne14
TL;DR: The Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) as discussed by the authors is one of three Square Kilometre Array Precursor telescopes and is located at the MUR-astronomy Observatory in Western Australia, a location chosen for its extremely low levels of radio frequency interference.
Abstract: The Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) is one of three Square Kilometre Array Precursor telescopes and is located at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory in the Murchison Shire of the mid-west of Western Australia, a location chosen for its extremely low levels of radio frequency interference. The MWA operates at low radio frequencies, 80-300 MHz, with a processed bandwidth of 30.72 MHz for both linear polarisations, and consists of 128 aperture arrays (known as tiles) distributed over a ∼3-km diameter area. Novel hybrid hardware/software correlation and a real-time imaging and calibration systems comprise the MWA signal processing backend. In this paper, the as-built MWA is described both at a system and sub-system level, the expected performance of the array is presented, and the science goals of the instrument are summarised. © 2013 Astronomical Society of Australia.
1,144 citations
Utrecht University1, Naturalis2, Duke University3, Institut de recherche pour le développement4, Institut national de la recherche agronomique5, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi6, University of California, Berkeley7, University of Leeds8, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária9, National Institute of Amazonian Research10, National University of Saint Anthony the Abbot in Cuzco11, University of Exeter12, World Wide Fund for Nature13, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno14, Norwegian University of Life Sciences15, Max Planck Society16, James Cook University17, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso18, University of Amsterdam19, Silver Spring Networks20, State University of Campinas21, University of Edinburgh22, University of Los Andes23, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute24, National University of Colombia25, University of East Anglia26, Central University of Ecuador27, Centre national de la recherche scientifique28, Humboldt State University29, New York Botanical Garden30, Universidade Federal do Acre31, Paul Sabatier University32, Missouri Botanical Garden33, Amazon.com34, University of Texas at Austin35, University of Florida36, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research37, Environmental Change Institute38, Federal Rural University of Amazonia39, University of São Paulo40, State University of Norte Fluminense41, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee42, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute43, Northern Arizona University44, Aarhus University45, Tropenbos International46, University of Kent47, Royal Botanic Gardens48, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana49, University of Missouri–St. Louis50, Florida International University51, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden52, Wake Forest University53
TL;DR: The finding that Amazonia is dominated by just 227 tree species implies that most biogeochemical cycling in the world’s largest tropical forest is performed by a tiny sliver of its diversity.
Abstract: The vast extent of the Amazon Basin has historically restricted the study of its tree communities to the local and regional scales. Here, we provide empirical data on the commonness, rarity, and richness of lowland tree species across the entire Amazon Basin and Guiana Shield (Amazonia), collected in 1170 tree plots in all major forest types. Extrapolations suggest that Amazonia harbors roughly 16,000 tree species, of which just 227 (1.4%) account for half of all trees. Most of these are habitat specialists and only dominant in one or two regions of the basin. We discuss some implications of the finding that a small group of species—less diverse than the North American tree flora—accounts for half of the world’s most diverse tree community.
963 citations
TL;DR: The recent status of possible markers for the detection of overtraining syndrome is provided and it is generally thought that symptoms of OTS, such as fatigue, performance decline, and mood disturbances, are more severe than those of NFOR.
Abstract: Successful training not only must involve overload but also must avoid the combination of excessive overload plus inadequate recovery. Athletes can experience short-term performance decrement without severe psychological or lasting other negative symptoms. This functional overreaching will eventually lead to an improvement in performance after recovery. When athletes do not sufficiently respect the balance between training and recovery, nonfunctional overreaching (NFOR) can occur. The distinction between NFOR and overtraining syndrome (OTS) is very difficult and will depend on the clinical outcome and exclusion diagnosis. The athlete will often show the same clinical, hormonal, and other signs and symptoms. A keyword in the recognition of OTS might be "prolonged maladaptation" not only of the athlete but also of several biological, neurochemical, and hormonal regulation mechanisms. It is generally thought that symptoms of OTS, such as fatigue, performance decline, and mood disturbances, are more severe than those of NFOR. However, there is no scientific evidence to either confirm or refute this suggestion. One approach to understanding the etiology of OTS involves the exclusion of organic diseases or infections and factors such as dietary caloric restriction (negative energy balance) and insufficient carbohydrate and/or protein intake, iron deficiency, magnesium deficiency, allergies, and others together with identification of initiating events or triggers. In this article, we provide the recent status of possible markers for the detection of OTS. Currently, several markers (hormones, performance tests, psychological tests, and biochemical and immune markers) are used, but none of them meet all the criteria to make their use generally accepted.
884 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors inject squeezed states to improve the performance of one of the detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) beyond the quantum noise limit, most notably in the frequency region down to 150 Hz.
Abstract: Nearly a century after Einstein first predicted the existence of gravitational waves, a global network of Earth-based gravitational wave observatories1, 2, 3, 4 is seeking to directly detect this faint radiation using precision laser interferometry. Photon shot noise, due to the quantum nature of light, imposes a fundamental limit on the attometre-level sensitivity of the kilometre-scale Michelson interferometers deployed for this task. Here, we inject squeezed states to improve the performance of one of the detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) beyond the quantum noise limit, most notably in the frequency region down to 150 Hz, critically important for several astrophysical sources, with no deterioration of performance observed at any frequency. With the injection of squeezed states, this LIGO detector demonstrated the best broadband sensitivity to gravitational waves ever achieved, with important implications for observing the gravitational-wave Universe with unprecedented sensitivity.
805 citations
TL;DR: The 2D ternary nanojunction exhibits significantly enhanced photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic activities due to the large contact area, efficient light absorption, and rapid charge separation and transport.
Abstract: A 2D porous graphitic C3 N4 nanosheets/nitrogen-doped graphene/layered MoS2 ternary nanojunction is synthesized using a simple pyrolysis process followed by a hydrothermal treatment. The 2D ternary nanojunction exhibits significantly enhanced photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic activities due to the large contact area, efficient light absorption, and rapid charge separation and transport.
750 citations
TL;DR: There was a robust association between ACEs and poor outcomes in early adulthood, and greater levels of adversity were associated with poorer self-rated health and life satisfaction, as well as more frequent depressive symptoms, anxiety, tobacco use, alcohol use, and marijuana use.
502 citations
TL;DR: This review is focused on tests of Einstein’s theory of general relativity with gravitational waves that are detectable by ground-based interferometers and pulsar-timing experiments, and the predicted gravitational-wave observables of modified gravity theories.
Abstract: This review is focused on tests of Einstein’s theory of general relativity with gravitational waves that are detectable by ground-based interferometers and pulsar-timing experiments. Einstein’s theory has been greatly constrained in the quasi-linear, quasi-stationary regime, where gravity is weak and velocities are small. Gravitational waves will allow us to probe a complimentary, yet previously unexplored regime: the non-linear and dynamical strong-field regime. Such a regime is, for example, applicable to compact binaries coalescing, where characteristic velocities can reach fifty percent the speed of light and gravitational fields are large and dynamical. This review begins with the theoretical basis and the predicted gravitational-wave observables of modified gravity theories. The review continues with a brief description of the detectors, including both gravitational-wave interferometers and pulsar-timing arrays, leading to a discussion of the data analysis formalism that is applicable for such tests. The review ends with a discussion of gravitational-wave tests for compact binary systems.
431 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented the merger event rates of double compact objects as a function of cosmological redshift and provided the results for four cases, each one investigating a different important evolution parameter of binary stars.
Abstract: The development of advanced gravitational wave (GW) observatories, such as Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo, provides impetus to refine theoretical predictions for what these instruments might detect. In particular, with the range increasing by an order of magnitude, the search for GW sources is extending beyond the local universe and out to cosmological distances. Double compact objects (neutron star-neutron star (NS-NS), black hole-neutron star (BH-NS), and black hole-black hole (BH-BH) systems) are considered to be the most promising GW sources. In addition, NS-NS and/or BH-NS systems are thought to be the progenitors of gamma-ray bursts and may also be associated with kilonovae. In this paper, we present the merger event rates of these objects as a function of cosmological redshift. We provide the results for four cases, each one investigating a different important evolution parameter of binary stars. Each case is also presented for two metallicity evolution scenarios. We find that (1) in most cases NS-NS systems dominate the merger rates in the local universe, while BH-BH mergers dominate at high redshift, (2) BH-NS mergers are less frequent than other sources per unit volume, for all time, and (3) natal kicks may alter the observable properties of populations in a significant way, allowing the underlying models of binary evolution and compact object formation to be easily distinguished. This is the second paper in a series of three. The third paper will focus on calculating the detection rates of mergers by GW telescopes.
411 citations
TL;DR: Innovation ecosystems have emerged as an important context for entrepreneurship as mentioned in this paper, however, they face a unique set of challenges associated with the need to balance the goals and the resources.
Abstract: Innovation ecosystems have emerged as an important context for entrepreneurship. Ecosystem entrepreneurs, however, face a unique set of challenges associated with the need to balance the goals and ...
405 citations
TL;DR: The concentrations found in this study, and their corresponding risk quotient, indicate a significant threat by PPCPs to the health of the Great Lakes, particularly near shore organisms.
396 citations
Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden1, Columbia University2, National Institute of Amazonian Research3, Universidade Federal do Acre4, Philadelphia Zoo5, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária6, Wageningen University and Research Centre7, Duke University8, London School of Economics and Political Science9, Zoological Society of London10, Université libre de Bruxelles11, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech12, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi13, World Wide Fund for Nature14, University of Amsterdam15, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh16, Wildlife Conservation Society17, Center for International Forestry Research18, University of Oxford19, Universiti Sains Malaysia20, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno21, Kyoto University22, University of Bangka Belitung23, University of North Sumatra24, University of Zurich25, University of Los Andes26, Indonesian Institute of Sciences27, Southern Cross University28, Naturalis29, Missouri Botanical Garden30, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana31, Kagoshima University32, University of Copenhagen33, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute34, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee35, Liverpool John Moores University36, Chinese Academy of Sciences37
TL;DR: In this paper, the importance of large trees for tropical forest biomass storage and explore which intrinsic (species trait) and extrinsic (environment) variables are associated with the density of trees and forest biomass at continental and pan-tropical scales.
Abstract: Aim Large trees (d.b.h. 70 cm) store large amounts of biomass. Several studies suggest that large trees may be vulnerable to changing climate, poten- tially leading to declining forest biomass storage. Here we determine the importance of large trees for tropical forest biomass storage and explore which intrinsic (species trait) and extrinsic (environment) variables are associated with the density of large trees and forest biomass at continental and pan-tropical scales. Location Pan-tropical.
TL;DR: A multilevel meta-regression analysis was conducted to summarize the effects of different strategies employed in surveys of health professionals, finding the mail survey mode was more effective in improving RR, compared to the online or web survey mode.
Abstract: Surveys involving health care providers are characterized by low and declining response rates (RRs), and researchers have utilized various strategies to increase survey RRs among health professionals. Based on 48 studies with 156 subgroups of within-study conditions, a multilevel meta-regression analysis was conducted to summarize the effects of different strategies employed in surveys of health professionals. An estimated overall survey RR among health professionals was 0.53 with a significant downward trend during the last half century. Of the variables that were examined, mode of data collection, incentives, and number of follow-up attempts were all found to be significantly related to RR. The mail survey mode was more effective in improving RR, compared to the online or web survey mode. Relative to the non-incentive subgroups, subgroups receiving monetary incentives were more likely to respond, while nonmonetary incentive groups were not significantly different from non-incentive groups. When number o...
National Radio Astronomy Observatory1, McGill University2, University of British Columbia3, Lafayette College4, Goddard Space Flight Center5, Universities Space Research Association6, Cornell University7, California Institute of Technology8, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee9, Pennsylvania State University10, Max Planck Society11, University of Texas at Brownsville12, Franklin & Marshall College13, West Virginia University14, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation15, Oberlin College16
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of high-precision pulsar timing data taken as part of the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) project is presented.
Abstract: We present an analysis of high-precision pulsar timing data taken as part of the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) project. We have observed 17 pulsars for a span of roughly five years using the Green Bank and Arecibo radio telescopes. We analyze these data using standard pulsar timing models, with the addition of time-variable dispersion measure and frequency-variable pulse shape terms. Sub-microsecond timing residuals are obtained in nearly all cases, and the best rms timing residuals in this set are ~30-50 ns. We present methods for analyzing post-fit timing residuals for the presence of a gravitational wave signal with a specified spectral shape. These optimally take into account the timing fluctuation power removed by the model fit, and can be applied to either data from a single pulsar, or to a set of pulsars to detect a correlated signal. We apply these methods to our data set to set an upper limit on the strength of the nHz-frequency stochastic supermassive black hole gravitational wave background of h_c (1 yr^(–1)) < 7 × 10^(–15) (95%). This result is dominated by the timing of the two best pulsars in the set, PSRs J1713+0747 and J1909–3744.
Arizona State University1, University of Sydney2, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee3, National Centre for Radio Astrophysics4, Curtin University5, Monash University6, Harvard University7, University of Iowa8, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation9, University of California, San Diego10, Massachusetts Institute of Technology11, Cornell University12, Raman Research Institute13, University of Washington14, Victoria University of Wellington15, National Radio Astronomy Observatory16, University of Melbourne17, University of Western Australia18
TL;DR: The Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) as discussed by the authors is the first telescope in the southern hemisphere designed specifically to explore the low-frequency astronomical sky between 80 and 300 MHz with arcminute angular resolution and high survey efficiency.
Abstract: Significant new opportunities for astrophysics and cosmology have been identified at low radio frequencies. The Murchison Widefield Array is the first telescope in the southern hemisphere designed specifically to explore the low-frequency astronomical sky between 80 and 300 MHz with arcminute angular resolution and high survey efficiency. The telescope will enable new advances along four key science themes, including searching for redshifted 21-cm emission from the EoR in the early Universe; Galactic and extragalactic all-sky southern hemisphere surveys; time-domain astrophysics; and solar, heliospheric, and ionospheric science and space weather. The Murchison Widefield Array is located in Western Australia at the site of the planned Square Kilometre Array (SKA) low-band telescope and is the only low-frequency SKA precursor facility. In this paper, we review the performance properties of the Murchison Widefield Array and describe its primary scientific objectives.
TL;DR: This paper attempts to summarize the state-of-the-art research on PECVD growth of VG nanosheets to provide guidelines on the design of plasma sources and operation parameters, and to offer a perspective on outstanding challenges that need to be overcome to enable commercial applications of VG.
Abstract: Vertically oriented graphene (VG) nanosheets have attracted growing interest for a wide range of applications, from energy storage, catalysis and field emission to gas sensing, due to their unique orientation, exposed sharp edges, non-stacking morphology, and huge surface-to-volume ratio. Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) has emerged as a key method for VG synthesis; however, controllable growth of VG with desirable characteristics for specific applications remains a challenge. This paper attempts to summarize the state-of-the-art research on PECVD growth of VG nanosheets to provide guidelines on the design of plasma sources and operation parameters, and to offer a perspective on outstanding challenges that need to be overcome to enable commercial applications of VG. The review starts with an overview of various types of existing PECVD processes for VG growth, and then moves on to research on the influences of feedstock gas, temperature, and pressure on VG growth, substrate pretreatment, the growth of VG patterns on planar substrates, and VG growth on cylindrical and carbon nanotube (CNT) substrates. The review ends with a discussion on challenges and future directions for PECVD growth of VG.
TL;DR: In this article, a simple precipitation and calcination method was used to obtain as-prepared Cu/TiO2 (P25) nanoparticle catalysts for CO2 photoreduction with water vapor under simulated solar irradiation.
Abstract: The incorporation of Cu species in TiO2 photocatalysts is critical in photocatalytic CO2 reduction to fuels, but the effect of Cu valence is poorly understood. In this work, Cu/TiO2 (P25) nanoparticle catalysts were prepared by a simple precipitation and calcination method. The as-prepared Cu/TiO2 sample was dominated by Cu2+ species. Thermal pretreatment of the as-prepared samples in He and H2 atmosphere resulted in the transition to a surface dominated by Cu+ and mixed Cu+/Cu0, respectively, confirmed by in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) analyses. These thermal pretreatments in reducing atmospheres also induced the formation of defect sites such as oxygen vacancies and Ti3+. The various Cu/TiO2 catalysts were tested in CO2 photoreduction with water vapor under simulated solar irradiation, and their activities were in the order of as-prepared (unpretreated)
University College London1, University of Leeds2, University of Yaoundé I3, Center for International Forestry Research4, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute5, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee6, Forestry Commission7, University of Liège8, Université libre de Bruxelles9, École Normale Supérieure10, Royal Museum for Central Africa11, Ghent University12, Duke University13, London School of Economics and Political Science14, Forestry Research Institute of Ghana15, Wildlife Conservation Society16, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh17, American Museum of Natural History18, Austral University of Chile19, University of Stirling20, James Cook University21, University of Oxford22, University of York23, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad24, University of Cambridge25, Southern Cross University26, National University of Singapore27, University of Toronto28, University of Southampton29
TL;DR: The results indicate that AGB is mediated by both climate and soils, and suggest that the AGB of African closed-canopy tropical forests may be particularly sensitive to future precipitation and temperature changes.
Abstract: We report above-ground biomass (AGB), basal area, stem density and wood mass density estimates from 260 sample plots (mean size: 1.2 ha) in intact closed-canopy tropical forests across 12 African countries. Mean AGB is 395.7 Mg dry mass ha−1 (95% CI: 14.3), substantially higher than Amazonian values, with the Congo Basin and contiguous forest region attaining AGB values (429 Mg ha−1) similar to those of Bornean forests, and significantly greater than East or West African forests. AGB therefore appears generally higher in palaeo- compared with neotropical forests. However, mean stem density is low (426 ± 11 stems ha−1 greater than or equal to 100 mm diameter) compared with both Amazonian and Bornean forests (cf. approx. 600) and is the signature structural feature of African tropical forests. While spatial autocorrelation complicates analyses, AGB shows a positive relationship with rainfall in the driest nine months of the year, and an opposite association with the wettest three months of the year; a negative relationship with temperature; positive relationship with clay-rich soils; and negative relationships with C : N ratio (suggesting a positive soil phosphorus–AGB relationship), and soil fertility computed as the sum of base cations. The results indicate that AGB is mediated by both climate and soils, and suggest that the AGB of African closed-canopy tropical forests may be particularly sensitive to future precipitation and temperature changes.
TL;DR: The results demonstrate the technical viability of MFC technology outside the laboratory and its potential advantages in low energy consumption, low sludge production, and energy recovery from wastes.
Abstract: Two 4 L tubular microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were installed in a municipal wastewater treatment facility and operated for more than 400 days on primary effluents. Both MFCs removed 65–70% chemical oxygen demand (COD) at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 11 h and reduced about 50% suspended solids. The COD removal rates were about 0.4 (total) or 0.2 (soluble) kg m–3 day–1. They could handle fluctuation, such as emptying the anode for 1–3 days or different HRTs. The preliminary analysis of energy production and consumption indicated that the two MFCs could theoretically achieve a positive energy balance and energy consumption could be reduced using larger tubing connectors. Through linkage to a denitrifying MFC, the MFC system improved the removal of total nitrogen from 27.1 to 76.2%; however, the energy production substantially decreased because of organic consumption in the denitrifying MFC. Establishing a carbon (electron) balance revealed that sulfate reduction was a major electron scavenger (37–64%) a...
TL;DR: It is reported how ice adhesion is different from water using force balance analysis, and why superhydrophobic surfaces are not necessary icephobic, which is broad enough to cover a variety of situations relevant to de-icing.
Abstract: The term “icephobicity” has emerged in the literature recently. An extensive discussion took place on whether the icephobicity is related to the superhydrophobicity and the consensus is that there is no direct correlation. Besides the parallel between the icephobicity and superhydrophobicity for water/ice repellency, there are similarities on other levels including the hydrophobic effect/hydrophobic interactions, mechanisms of protein folding and ice crystal formation. In this paper, we report how ice adhesion is different from water using force balance analysis and why superhydrophobic surfaces are not necessary icephobic. We also present experimental data on anti-icing of various surfaces and suggest a definition of icephobicity, which is broad enough to cover a variety of situations relevant to de-icing including low adhesion strength and delayed ice crystallization and bouncing.
TL;DR: Graphene nanosheets standing vertically on a current collector can work as numerous electrically conductive bridges to facilitate charge transport and mitigate the constriction/spreading resistance at the interface between the active material and the current collector.
Abstract: Dense networks of graphene nanosheets standing vertically on a current collector can work as numerous electrically conductive bridges to facilitate charge transport and mitigate the constriction/spreading resistance at the interface between the active material and the current collector. The vertically oriented graphene-bridged supercapacitors present excellent rate and power capabilities.
TL;DR: Four critical issues for implementation science in school psychology are presented: barriers to implementation, improving intervention fidelity and identifying core intervention components, implementation with diverse client populations, and implementation in diverse settings.
Abstract: The APA Division 16 Working Group on Translating Science to Practice contends that implementation science is essential to the process of translating evidence-based interventions (EBIs) into the unique context of the schools, and that increasing attention to implementation will lead to the improvement of school psychological services and school learning environments. Key elements of implementation and implementation science are described. Four critical issues for implementation science in school psychology are presented: barriers to implementation, improving intervention fidelity and identifying core intervention components, implementation with diverse client populations, and implementation in diverse settings. What is known and what researchers need to investigate for each set of issues is addressed. A discussion of implementation science methods and measures is included. Finally, implications for research, training and practice are presented.
Washington University in St. Louis1, Samuel Merritt University2, University of California, San Francisco3, University of Iowa4, University of Utah5, United States Department of State6, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health7, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee8, University of California, Berkeley9
TL;DR: A common CTS case definition was established incorporating both symptoms and EDS results from data that were collected in all studies, and both prevalent and incident CTS were common in data pooled across multiple studies and sites.
Abstract: Objectives Most studies of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) incidence and prevalence among workers have been limited by small sample sizes or restricted to a small subset of jobs. We established a common CTS case definition and then pooled CTS prevalence and incidence data across six prospective studies of musculoskeletal outcomes to measure CTS frequency and allow better studies of etiology.
Methods Six research groups collected prospective data at >50 workplaces including symptoms characteristic of CTS and electrodiagnostic studies (EDS) of the median and ulnar nerves across the dominant wrist. While study designs and the timing of data collection varied across groups, we were able to create a common CTS case definition incorporating both symptoms and EDS results from data that were collected in all studies.
Results At the time of enrollment, 7.8% of 4321 subjects met our case definition and were considered prevalent cases of CTS. During 8833 person-years of follow-up, an additional 204 subjects met the CTS case definition for an overall incidence rate of 2.3 CTS cases per 100 person-years.
Conclusions Both prevalent and incident CTS were common in data pooled across multiple studies and sites. The large number of incident cases in this prospective study provides adequate power for future exposure–response analyses to identify work- and non-work-related risk factors for CTS. The prospective nature allows determination of the temporal relations necessary for causal inference.
TL;DR: Comparative analysis of 37 genomes of members of the phylum Bacteroidetes revealed the widespread occurrence of gliding motility genes and PorSS genes, suggesting that glider motility is more common than previously reported.
Abstract: The phylum Bacteroidetes is large and diverse, with rapid gliding motility and the ability to digest macromolecules associated with many genera and species. Recently, a novel protein secretion system, the Por secretion system (PorSS), was identified in two members of the phylum, the gliding bacterium Flavobacterium johnsoniae and the nonmotile oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. The components of the PorSS are not similar in sequence to those of other well-studied bacterial secretion systems. The F. johnsoniae PorSS genes are a subset of the gliding motility genes, suggesting a role for the secretion system in motility. The F. johnsoniae PorSS is needed for assembly of the gliding motility apparatus and for secretion of a chitinase, and the P. gingivalis PorSS is involved in secretion of gingipain protease virulence factors. Comparative analysis of 37 genomes of members of the phylum Bacteroidetes revealed the widespread occurrence of gliding motility genes and PorSS genes. Genes associated with other bacterial protein secretion systems were less common. The results suggest that gliding motility is more common than previously reported. Microscopic observations confirmed that organisms previously described as nonmotile, including Croceibacter atlanticus, "Gramella forsetii," Paludibacter propionicigenes, Riemerella anatipestifer, and Robiginitalea biformata, exhibit gliding motility. Three genes (gldA, gldF, and gldG) that encode an apparent ATP-binding cassette transporter required for F. johnsoniae gliding were absent from two related gliding bacteria, suggesting that the transporter may not be central to gliding motility.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used an extended set of equations of state and a multiple-group multiple-code collaborative effort to generate waveforms, and improved numerical-relativity-based data-analysis estimates of the measurability of matter effects in neutron-star binaries.
Abstract: Using an extended set of equations of state and a multiple-group multiple-code collaborative effort to generate waveforms, we improve numerical-relativity-based data-analysis estimates of the measurability of matter effects in neutron-star binaries. We vary two parameters of a parameterized piecewise-polytropic equation of state (EOS) to analyze the measurability of EOS properties, via a parameter {\Lambda} that characterizes the quadrupole deformability of an isolated neutron star. We find that, to within the accuracy of the simulations, the departure of the waveform from point-particle (or spinless double black-hole binary) inspiral increases monotonically with {\Lambda}, and changes in the EOS that did not change {\Lambda} are not measurable. We estimate with two methods the minimal and expected measurability of {\Lambda} in second- and third- generation gravitational-wave detectors. The first estimate, using numerical waveforms alone, shows two EOS which vary in radius by 1.3km are distinguishable in mergers at 100Mpc. The second estimate relies on the construction of hybrid waveforms by matching to post-Newtonian inspiral, and estimates that the same EOS are distinguishable in mergers at 300Mpc. We calculate systematic errors arising from numerical uncertainties and hybrid construction, and we estimate the frequency at which such effects would interfere with template-based searches.
TL;DR: A detailed overview of studies that examined the impact of early adolescent onset of alcohol and MJ use on neurocognition is provided, with a special emphasis on recent prospective longitudinal studies.
Abstract: Throughout the world, drug and alcohol use has a clear adolescent onset (Degenhardt et al., 2008). Alcohol continues to be the most popular drug among teens and emerging adults, with almost a third of 12th graders and 40% of college students reporting recent binge drinking (Johnston et al., 2009, 2010), and marijuana (MJ) is the second most popular drug in teens (Johnston et al., 2010). The initiation of drug use is consistent with an overall increase in risk-taking behaviors during adolescence that coincides with significant neurodevelopmental changes in both gray and white matter (Giedd et al., 1996a; Paus et al., 1999; Sowell et al., 1999, 2002, 2004; Gogtay et al., 2004; Barnea-Goraly et al., 2005; Lenroot and Giedd, 2006). Animal studies have suggested that compared to adults, adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of drugs, especially alcohol and MJ (see Schneider and Koch, 2003; Barron et al., 2005; Monti et al., 2005; Cha et al., 2006; Rubino et al., 2009; Spear, 2010). In this review, we will provide a detailed overview of studies that examined the impact of early adolescent onset of alcohol and MJ use on neurocognition (e.g., Ehrenreich et al., 1999; Wilson et al., 2000; Tapert et al., 2002a; Hartley et al., 2004; Fried et al., 2005; Townshend and Duka, 2005; Medina et al., 2007a; McQueeny et al., 2009; Gruber et al., 2011, 2012; Hanson et al., 2011; Lisdahl and Price, 2012), with a special emphasis on recent prospective longitudinal studies (e.g., White et al., 2011; Hicks et al., 2012; Meier et al., 2012). Finally, we will explore potential clinical and public health implications of these findings.
Weizmann Institute of Science1, University of Oxford2, University of Southampton3, University of California, Berkeley4, Carnegie Institution for Science5, California Institute of Technology6, Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics7, University of California, Santa Barbara8, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory9, Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network10, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee11, Tel Aviv University12, University of Texas at Austin13, The Racah Institute of Physics14
TL;DR: Observations of a mass-loss event detected 40 days before the explosion of the type IIn supernova SN 2010mc are reported, finding that the outburst luminosity and velocity are consistent with the predictions of the wave-driven pulsation model, and disfavour alternative suggestions.
Abstract: Some observations suggest that very massive stars experience extreme mass-loss episodes shortly before they explode as supernovae, as do several models. Establishing a causal connection between these mass-loss episodes and the final explosion would provide a novel way to study pre-supernova massive-star evolution. Here we report observations of a mass-loss event detected 40 days before the explosion of the type IIn supernova SN 2010mc (also known as PTF 10tel). Our photometric and spectroscopic data suggest that this event is a result of an energetic outburst, radiating at least 6 × 10^(47) erg of energy and releasing about 10^(−2) solar masses of material at typical velocities of 2,000 km s^(−1). The temporal proximity of the mass-loss outburst and the supernova explosion implies a causal connection between them. Moreover, we find that the outburst luminosity and velocity are consistent with the predictions of the wave-driven pulsation model, and disfavour alternative suggestions.
TL;DR: In this article, a promising strategy for large-scale fabrication of silicon (Si) nanotubes was described, which showed significantly improved rate capability and long-term cycling performance compared with commercial silicon meshes.
TL;DR: In this article, the photocatalytic activities of the prepared bicrystalline TiO2 were evaluated for CO2 photoreduction in the presence of water vapor for production of solar fuels (CO and CH4).
Abstract: Among the three naturally existing phases of TiO2, brookite is the least studied as a photocatalyst. In this study, single-phase anatase and brookite, and mixed-phase anatase–brookite TiO2 nanomaterials were synthesized through a hydrothermal method. The anatase–brookite phase content was controlled by adjusting the concentration of urea in the precursor solution. XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and high-resolution TEM were used to confirm the crystal structures. SEM and TEM analyses demonstrated that anatase TiO2 were nearly spherical nanoparticles while brookite TiO2 were rod-shaped nanoparticles. UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy showed a blue shift in absorption spectra with increasing brookite content. The photocatalytic activities of the prepared bicrystalline TiO2 were evaluated for CO2 photoreduction in the presence of water vapor for production of solar fuels (CO and CH4). The activities were compared with those of pure anatase, pure brookite, and a commercial anatase–rutile TiO2 (P25). The results showed that bicrystalline anatase–brookite was generally more active than single-phase anatase, brookite, and P25. The bicrystalline mixture with a composition of 75% anatase and 25% brookite showed the highest photocatalytic activity, likely due to the enhanced interfacial charge transfer between anatase and brookite nanocrystals. In situ DRIFTS analysis showed that CO2− and HCO3− species were active reaction intermediates for CO2 photoreduction while the accumulation of non-reactive CO32− species on the TiO2 surface may be detrimental.
TL;DR: Bacterial community sequencing of the V6 and V6V4 hypervariable regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene is exploited to identify bacterial distributions that signal the presence of sewer, fecal, and human fecal pollution.
Abstract: Urban coasts receive watershed drainage from ecosystems that include highly developed lands with sewer and stormwater infrastructure. In these complex ecosystems, coastal waters are often contaminated with fecal pollution, where multiple delivery mechanisms that often contain multiple fecal sources make it difficult to mitigate the pollution. Here, we exploit bacterial community sequencing of the V6 and V6V4 hypervariable regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene to identify bacterial distributions that signal the presence of sewer, fecal, and human fecal pollution. The sequences classified to three sewer infrastructure-associated bacterial genera, Acinetobacter, Arcobacter, and Trichococcus, and five fecal-associated bacterial families, Bacteroidaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, Clostridiaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae, served as signatures of sewer and fecal contamination, respectively. The human fecal signature was determined with the Bayesian source estimation program SourceTracker, which we applied to a set of 40 sewage influent samples collected in Milwaukee, WI, USA to identify operational taxonomic units (≥97 % identity) that were most likely of human fecal origin. During periods of dry weather, the magnitudes of all three signatures were relatively low in Milwaukee’s urban rivers and harbor and nearly zero in Lake Michigan. However, the relative contribution of the sewer and fecal signature frequently increased to >2 % of the measured surface water communities following sewer overflows. Also during combined sewer overflows, the ratio of the human fecal pollution signature to the fecal pollution signature in surface waters was generally close to that of sewage, but this ratio decreased dramatically during dry weather and rain events, suggesting that nonhuman fecal pollution was the dominant source during these weather-driven scenarios. The qPCR detection of two human fecal indicators, human Bacteroides and Lachno2, confirmed the urban fecal footprint in this ecosystem extends to at least 8 km offshore.