Showing papers by "University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee published in 2019"
University of Washington1, California Institute of Technology2, Stockholm University3, University of Maryland, College Park4, Humboldt University of Berlin5, Goddard Space Flight Center6, National Central University7, Weizmann Institute of Science8, Macau University of Science and Technology9, Tel Aviv University10, University of California, Santa Barbara11, University of Michigan12, Adler Planetarium13, Northwestern University14, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory15, University of California, Berkeley16, Soka University of America17, Centre national de la recherche scientifique18, Radboud University Nijmegen19, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee20, Los Alamos National Laboratory21
TL;DR: The Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) as mentioned in this paper is a new optical time-domain survey that uses the Palomar 48 inch Schmidt telescope, which provides a 47 deg^2 field of view and 8 s readout time, yielding more than an order of magnitude improvement in survey speed relative to its predecessor survey.
Abstract: The Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) is a new optical time-domain survey that uses the Palomar 48 inch Schmidt telescope. A custom-built wide-field camera provides a 47 deg^2 field of view and 8 s readout time, yielding more than an order of magnitude improvement in survey speed relative to its predecessor survey, the Palomar Transient Factory. We describe the design and implementation of the camera and observing system. The ZTF data system at the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center provides near-real-time reduction to identify moving and varying objects. We outline the analysis pipelines, data products, and associated archive. Finally, we present on-sky performance analysis and first scientific results from commissioning and the early survey. ZTF's public alert stream will serve as a useful precursor for that of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope.
1,009 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors improved initial estimates of the binary's properties, including component masses, spins, and tidal parameters, using the known source location, improved modeling, and recalibrated Virgo data.
Abstract: On August 17, 2017, the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo gravitational-wave detectors observed a low-mass compact binary inspiral. The initial sky localization of the source of the gravitational-wave signal, GW170817, allowed electromagnetic observatories to identify NGC 4993 as the host galaxy. In this work, we improve initial estimates of the binary's properties, including component masses, spins, and tidal parameters, using the known source location, improved modeling, and recalibrated Virgo data. We extend the range of gravitational-wave frequencies considered down to 23 Hz, compared to 30 Hz in the initial analysis. We also compare results inferred using several signal models, which are more accurate and incorporate additional physical effects as compared to the initial analysis. We improve the localization of the gravitational-wave source to a 90% credible region of 16 deg2. We find tighter constraints on the masses, spins, and tidal parameters, and continue to find no evidence for nonzero component spins. The component masses are inferred to lie between 1.00 and 1.89 M when allowing for large component spins, and to lie between 1.16 and 1.60 M (with a total mass 2.73-0.01+0.04 M) when the spins are restricted to be within the range observed in Galactic binary neutron stars. Using a precessing model and allowing for large component spins, we constrain the dimensionless spins of the components to be less than 0.50 for the primary and 0.61 for the secondary. Under minimal assumptions about the nature of the compact objects, our constraints for the tidal deformability parameter Λ are (0,630) when we allow for large component spins, and 300-230+420 (using a 90% highest posterior density interval) when restricting the magnitude of the component spins, ruling out several equation-of-state models at the 90% credible level. Finally, with LIGO and GEO600 data, we use a Bayesian analysis to place upper limits on the amplitude and spectral energy density of a possible postmerger signal.
715 citations
Daniel Taliun1, Daniel N. Harris2, Michael D. Kessler2, Jedidiah Carlson3 +191 more•Institutions (61)
TL;DR: The nearly complete catalog of genetic variation in TOPMed studies provides unique opportunities for exploring the contributions of rare and non-coding sequence variants to phenotypic variation as well as resources and early insights from the sequence data.
Abstract: Summary paragraph The Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program seeks to elucidate the genetic architecture and disease biology of heart, lung, blood, and sleep disorders, with the ultimate goal of improving diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The initial phases of the program focus on whole genome sequencing of individuals with rich phenotypic data and diverse backgrounds. Here, we describe TOPMed goals and design as well as resources and early insights from the sequence data. The resources include a variant browser, a genotype imputation panel, and sharing of genomic and phenotypic data via dbGaP. In 53,581 TOPMed samples, >400 million single-nucleotide and insertion/deletion variants were detected by alignment with the reference genome. Additional novel variants are detectable through assembly of unmapped reads and customized analysis in highly variable loci. Among the >400 million variants detected, 97% have frequency
662 citations
Nasim Mavaddat1, Kyriaki Michailidou2, Kyriaki Michailidou1, Joe Dennis1 +307 more•Institutions (105)
TL;DR: This PRS, optimized for prediction of estrogen receptor (ER)-specific disease, from the largest available genome-wide association dataset is developed and empirically validated and is a powerful and reliable predictor of breast cancer risk that may improve breast cancer prevention programs.
Abstract: Stratification of women according to their risk of breast cancer based on polygenic risk scores (PRSs) could improve screening and prevention strategies. Our aim was to develop PRSs, optimized for prediction of estrogen receptor (ER)-specific disease, from the largest available genome-wide association dataset and to empirically validate the PRSs in prospective studies. The development dataset comprised 94,075 case subjects and 75,017 control subjects of European ancestry from 69 studies, divided into training and validation sets. Samples were genotyped using genome-wide arrays, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected by stepwise regression or lasso penalized regression. The best performing PRSs were validated in an independent test set comprising 11,428 case subjects and 18,323 control subjects from 10 prospective studies and 190,040 women from UK Biobank (3,215 incident breast cancers). For the best PRSs (313 SNPs), the odds ratio for overall disease per 1 standard deviation in ten prospective studies was 1.61 (95%CI: 1.57-1.65) with area under receiver-operator curve (AUC) = 0.630 (95%CI: 0.628-0.651). The lifetime risk of overall breast cancer in the top centile of the PRSs was 32.6%. Compared with women in the middle quintile, those in the highest 1% of risk had 4.37- and 2.78-fold risks, and those in the lowest 1% of risk had 0.16- and 0.27-fold risks, of developing ER-positive and ER-negative disease, respectively. Goodness-of-fit tests indicated that this PRS was well calibrated and predicts disease risk accurately in the tails of the distribution. This PRS is a powerful and reliable predictor of breast cancer risk that may improve breast cancer prevention programs.
653 citations
TL;DR: A registry of dementia sufferers in the United States shows that race, age, race, and ethnicity are important risk factors for ADRD.
Abstract: Introduction Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) cause a high burden of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Age, race, and ethnicity are important risk factors for ADRD. Methods We estimated the future US burden of ADRD by age, sex, and race and ethnicity by applying subgroup-specific prevalence among Medicare Fee-for-Service beneficiaries aged ≥65 years in 2014 to subgroup-specific population estimates for 2014 and population projection data from the United States Census Bureau for 2015 to 2060. Results The burden of ADRD in 2014 was an estimated 5.0 million adults aged ≥65 years or 1.6% of the population, and there are significant disparities in ADRD prevalence among population subgroups defined by race and ethnicity. ADRD burden will double to 3.3% by 2060 when 13.9 million Americans are projected to have the disease. Discussion These estimates can be used to guide planning and interventions related to caring for the ADRD population and supporting caregivers.
520 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the mass, spin, and redshift distributions of binary black hole (BBH) mergers with LIGO and Advanced Virgo observations were analyzed using phenomenological population models.
Abstract: We present results on the mass, spin, and redshift distributions with phenomenological population models using the 10 binary black hole (BBH) mergers detected in the first and second observing runs completed by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo. We constrain properties of the BBH mass spectrum using models with a range of parameterizations of the BBH mass and spin distributions. We find that the mass distribution of the more massive BH in such binaries is well approximated by models with no more than 1% of BHs more massive than 45 M and a power-law index of (90% credibility). We also show that BBHs are unlikely to be composed of BHs with large spins aligned to the orbital angular momentum. Modeling the evolution of the BBH merger rate with redshift, we show that it is flat or increasing with redshift with 93% probability. Marginalizing over uncertainties in the BBH population, we find robust estimates of the BBH merger rate density of R= (90% credibility). As the BBH catalog grows in future observing runs, we expect that uncertainties in the population model parameters will shrink, potentially providing insights into the formation of BHs via supernovae, binary interactions of massive stars, stellar cluster dynamics, and the formation history of BHs across cosmic time.
464 citations
California Institute of Technology1, Carnegie Learning2, National Central University3, University of Michigan4, Goddard Space Flight Center5, University of Maryland, College Park6, Adler Planetarium7, Northwestern University8, University of Washington9, Weizmann Institute of Science10, University of California, Santa Barbara11, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee12
TL;DR: The Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) as mentioned in this paper is a robotic time-domain survey currently in progress using the Palomar 48-inch Schmidt Telescope, which uses a 600 megapixel camera to scan the entire northern visible sky at rates of ~3760 square degrees/hour.
Abstract: The Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) is a new robotic time-domain survey currently in progress using the Palomar 48-inch Schmidt Telescope. ZTF uses a 47 square degree field with a 600 megapixel camera to scan the entire northern visible sky at rates of ~3760 square degrees/hour to median depths of g ~ 20.8 and r ~ 20.6 mag (AB, 5σ in 30 sec). We describe the Science Data System that is housed at IPAC, Caltech. This comprises the data-processing pipelines, alert production system, data archive, and user interfaces for accessing and analyzing the products. The real-time pipeline employs a novel image-differencing algorithm, optimized for the detection of point-source transient events. These events are vetted for reliability using a machine-learned classifier and combined with contextual information to generate data-rich alert packets. The packets become available for distribution typically within 13 minutes (95th percentile) of observation. Detected events are also linked to generate candidate moving-object tracks using a novel algorithm. Objects that move fast enough to streak in the individual exposures are also extracted and vetted. We present some preliminary results of the calibration performance delivered by the real-time pipeline. The reconstructed astrometric accuracy per science image with respect to Gaia DR1 is typically 45 to 85 milliarcsec. This is the RMS per-axis on the sky for sources extracted with photometric S/N ≥ 10 and hence corresponds to the typical astrometric uncertainty down to this limit. The derived photometric precision (repeatability) at bright unsaturated fluxes varies between 8 and 25 millimag. The high end of these ranges corresponds to an airmass approaching ~2—the limit of the public survey. Photometric calibration accuracy with respect to Pan-STARRS1 is generally better than 2%. The products support a broad range of scientific applications: fast and young supernovae; rare flux transients; variable stars; eclipsing binaries; variability from active galactic nuclei; counterparts to gravitational wave sources; a more complete census of Type Ia supernovae; and solar-system objects.
453 citations
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory1, Los Alamos National Laboratory2, University of Houston3, Oak Ridge National Laboratory4, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory5, University of Arizona6, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory7, University of British Columbia8, Sandia National Laboratories9, Argonne National Laboratory10, University of Michigan11, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee12, National Center for Atmospheric Research13, Brookhaven National Laboratory14, University of California, San Diego15, House of Representatives16, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology17, University of California, Irvine18
TL;DR: Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) project as mentioned in this paper is a project of the U.S. Department of Energy that aims to develop and validate the E3SM model.
Abstract: Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) project - U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research; Climate Model Development and Validation activity - Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the US Department of Energy Office of Science; Regional and Global Modeling and Analysis Program of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research; National Research Foundation [NRF_2017R1A2b4007480]; Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231]; DOE Office of Science User Facility [DE-AC05-00OR22725]; U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [DE-AC52-07NA27344]; DOE [DE-AC05-76RLO1830]; National Center for Atmospheric Research - National Science Foundation [1852977];[DE-SC0012778]
437 citations
University of California, San Diego1, McGill University2, Oregon Health & Science University3, Florida International University4, Yale University5, Washington University in St. Louis6, Virginia Commonwealth University7, University of Vermont8, University of Michigan9, Medical University of South Carolina10, National Institutes of Health11, SRI International12, University of Southern California13, McGovern Institute for Brain Research14, Harvard University15, Medical College of Wisconsin16, University of California, Irvine17, University of California, Los Angeles18, University of California, San Francisco19, University of Colorado Boulder20, University of Florida21, University of Maryland, Baltimore22, University of Massachusetts Boston23, University of Minnesota24, University of Pittsburgh25, University of Rochester26, University of Tennessee27, University of Utah28, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee29, United States Department of Veterans Affairs30, Boston University31
TL;DR: The baseline neuroimaging processing and subject-level analysis methods used by the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study are described to be a resource of unprecedented scale and depth for studying typical and atypical development.
431 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors place constraints on the dipole radiation and possible deviations from GR in the post-Newtonian coefficients that govern the inspiral regime of a binary neutron star inspiral.
Abstract: The recent discovery by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo of a gravitational wave signal from a binary neutron star inspiral has enabled tests of general relativity (GR) with this new type of source. This source, for the first time, permits tests of strong-field dynamics of compact binaries in the presence of matter. In this Letter, we place constraints on the dipole radiation and possible deviations from GR in the post-Newtonian coefficients that govern the inspiral regime. Bounds on modified dispersion of gravitational waves are obtained; in combination with information from the observed electromagnetic counterpart we can also constrain effects due to large extra dimensions. Finally, the polarization content of the gravitational wave signal is studied. The results of all tests performed here show good agreement with GR.
430 citations
California Institute of Technology1, Carnegie Learning2, National Central University3, University of Michigan4, Goddard Space Flight Center5, University of Maryland, College Park6, Northwestern University7, Adler Planetarium8, University of Washington9, Weizmann Institute of Science10, University of California, Santa Barbara11, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee12
TL;DR: The Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) is a new robotic time-domain survey currently in progress using the Palomar 48-inch Schmidt Telescope, and the Science Data System that is housed at IPAC, Caltech is described.
Abstract: The Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) is a new robotic time-domain survey currently in progress using the Palomar 48-inch Schmidt Telescope. ZTF uses a 47 square degree field with a 600 megapixel camera to scan the entire northern visible sky at rates of ~3760 square degrees/hour to median depths of g ~ 20.8 and r ~ 20.6 mag (AB, 5sigma in 30 sec). We describe the Science Data System that is housed at IPAC, Caltech. This comprises the data-processing pipelines, alert production system, data archive, and user interfaces for accessing and analyzing the products. The realtime pipeline employs a novel image-differencing algorithm, optimized for the detection of point source transient events. These events are vetted for reliability using a machine-learned classifier and combined with contextual information to generate data-rich alert packets. The packets become available for distribution typically within 13 minutes (95th percentile) of observation. Detected events are also linked to generate candidate moving-object tracks using a novel algorithm. Objects that move fast enough to streak in the individual exposures are also extracted and vetted. The reconstructed astrometric accuracy per science image with respect to Gaia is typically 45 to 85 milliarcsec. This is the RMS per axis on the sky for sources extracted with photometric S/N >= 10. The derived photometric precision (repeatability) at bright unsaturated fluxes varies between 8 and 25 millimag. Photometric calibration accuracy with respect to Pan-STARRS1 is generally better than 2%. The products support a broad range of scientific applications: fast and young supernovae, rare flux transients, variable stars, eclipsing binaries, variability from active galactic nuclei, counterparts to gravitational wave sources, a more complete census of Type Ia supernovae, and Solar System objects.
University of Manchester1, Arecibo Observatory2, Lafayette College3, National Radio Astronomy Observatory4, United States Naval Research Laboratory5, Swinburne University of Technology6, Goddard Space Flight Center7, West Virginia University8, ASTRON9, Curtin University10, Cornell University11, INAF12, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research13, Peking University14, Max Planck Society15, PSL Research University16, University of Orléans17, University of British Columbia18, Australia Telescope National Facility19, Paris Diderot University20, Hillsdale College21, University of East Anglia22, University of Maryland, College Park23, McGill University24, University of Birmingham25, University of Washington26, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee27, Radboud University Nijmegen28, University of Toronto29, York University30, Hungarian Academy of Sciences31, University of Cagliari32, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation33, University of Milan34, Oregon State University35, California Institute of Technology36, Vanderbilt University37, Chinese Academy of Sciences38, Monash University, Clayton campus39
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the International Pulsar Timing Array second data release, which includes recent pulsar timing data obtained by three regional consortia: the European Pulsars Timing array, the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves, and the Parkes pulsar timing array, and find that the timing precisions of pulsars are generally improved compared to the previous data release.
Abstract: In this paper, we describe the International Pulsar Timing Array second data release, which includes recent pulsar timing data obtained by three regional consortia: the European Pulsar Timing Array, the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves, and the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array. We analyse and where possible combine high-precision timing data for 65 millisecond pulsars which are regularly observed by these groups. A basic noise analysis, including the processes which are both correlated and uncorrelated in time, provides noise models and timing ephemerides for the pulsars. We find that the timing precisions of pulsars are generally improved compared to the previous data release, mainly due to the addition of new data in the combination. The main purpose of this work is to create the most up-to-date IPTA data release. These data are publicly available for searches for low-frequency gravitational waves and other pulsar science.
California Institute of Technology1, University of Washington2, Stockholm University3, University of Maryland, College Park4, Auburn University5, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee6, Goddard Space Flight Center7, National Central University8, University of California, Santa Barbara9, University of Michigan10, Adler Planetarium11, Northwestern University12, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory13, University of California, Berkeley14, Weizmann Institute of Science15, Radboud University Nijmegen16, Humboldt University of Berlin17, Macau University of Science and Technology18, Tel Aviv University19, Soka University of America20, Centre national de la recherche scientifique21, Los Alamos National Laboratory22
TL;DR: The Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) as mentioned in this paper is a new time-domain survey employing a dedicated camera on the Palomar 48-inch Schmidt telescope with a 47 deg^2 field of view and an 8 second readout time.
Abstract: The Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), a public–private enterprise, is a new time-domain survey employing a dedicated camera on the Palomar 48-inch Schmidt telescope with a 47 deg^2 field of view and an 8 second readout time. It is well positioned in the development of time-domain astronomy, offering operations at 10% of the scale and style of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) with a single 1-m class survey telescope. The public surveys will cover the observable northern sky every three nights in g and r filters and the visible Galactic plane every night in g and r. Alerts generated by these surveys are sent in real time to brokers. A consortium of universities that provided funding ("partnership") are undertaking several boutique surveys. The combination of these surveys producing one million alerts per night allows for exploration of transient and variable astrophysical phenomena brighter than r ~ 20.5 on timescales of minutes to years. We describe the primary science objectives driving ZTF, including the physics of supernovae and relativistic explosions, multi-messenger astrophysics, supernova cosmology, active galactic nuclei, and tidal disruption events, stellar variability, and solar system objects.
Canadian Institute for Advanced Research1, West Virginia University2, Jet Propulsion Laboratory3, California Institute of Technology4, Hillsdale College5, University of Washington6, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign7, Harvard University8, Northwestern University9, National Radio Astronomy Observatory10, Vanderbilt University11, Fisk University12, York University13, Eötvös Loránd University14, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee15, Swarthmore College16
TL;DR: Pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations in North America, Australia, and Europe have been exploiting the exquisite timing precision of millisecond pulsars over decades of observations to search for correlated timing deviations induced by gravitational waves (GWs).
Abstract: Pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations in North America, Australia, and Europe, have been exploiting the exquisite timing precision of millisecond pulsars over decades of observations to search for correlated timing deviations induced by gravitational waves (GWs). PTAs are sensitive to the frequency band ranging just below 1 nanohertz to a few tens of microhertz. The discovery space of this band is potentially rich with populations of inspiraling supermassive black hole binaries, decaying cosmic string networks, relic post-inflation GWs, and even non-GW imprints of axionic dark matter. This article aims to provide an understanding of the exciting open science questions in cosmology, galaxy evolution, and fundamental physics that will be addressed by the detection and study of GWs through PTAs. The focus of the article is on providing an understanding of the mechanisms by which PTAs can address specific questions in these fields, and to outline some of the subtleties and difficulties in each case. The material included is weighted most heavily toward the questions which we expect will be answered in the near-term with PTAs; however, we have made efforts to include most currently anticipated applications of nanohertz GWs.
TL;DR: The challenges of DC microgrid protection are investigated from various aspects including, dc fault current characteristics, ground systems, fault detection methods, protective devices, and fault location methods.
Abstract: DC microgrids have attracted significant attention over the last decade in both academia and industry. DC microgrids have demonstrated superiority over AC microgrids with respect to reliability, efficiency, control simplicity, integration of renewable energy sources, and connection of dc loads. Despite these numerous advantages, designing and implementing an appropriate protection system for dc microgrids remains a significant challenge. The challenge stems from the rapid rise of dc fault current which must be extinguished in the absence of naturally occurring zero crossings, potentially leading to sustained arcs. In this paper, the challenges of DC microgrid protection are investigated from various aspects including, dc fault current characteristics, ground systems, fault detection methods, protective devices, and fault location methods. In each part, a comprehensive review has been carried out. Finally, future trends in the protection of DC microgrids are briefly discussed.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill1, Harvard University2, University of Washington3, University of Illinois at Chicago4, University of Kentucky5, University of Colorado Denver6, Johns Hopkins University7, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center8, University of Texas at Austin9, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston10, Wake Forest University11, Rutgers University12, Brigham and Women's Hospital13, Broad Institute14, Kaiser Permanente15, Boston University16, University of Vermont17, University of Michigan18, Tulane University19, University of Alabama at Birmingham20, Albert Einstein College of Medicine21, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai22, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation23, University of Minnesota24, University of Virginia25, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute26, United States Department of Veterans Affairs27, University of Mississippi Medical Center28, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee29
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that using TOPMed sequencing data as the imputation reference panel improves genotypes into admixed African and Hispanic/Latino samples with genome-wide genotyping array data, which subsequently enhanced gene-mapping power for complex traits.
Abstract: Most genome-wide association and fine-mapping studies to date have been conducted in individuals of European descent, and genetic studies of populations of Hispanic/Latino and African ancestry are limited. In addition, these populations have more complex linkage disequilibrium structure. In order to better define the genetic architecture of these understudied populations, we leveraged >100,000 phased sequences available from deep-coverage whole genome sequencing through the multi-ethnic NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program to impute genotypes into admixed African and Hispanic/Latino samples with genome-wide genotyping array data. We demonstrated that using TOPMed sequencing data as the imputation reference panel improves genotype imputation quality in these populations, which subsequently enhanced gene-mapping power for complex traits. For rare variants with minor allele frequency (MAF) 86%. Subsequent association analyses of TOPMed reference panel-imputed genotype data with hematological traits (hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), and white blood cell count (WBC)) in ~21,600 African-ancestry and ~21,700 Hispanic/Latino individuals identified associations with two rare variants in the HBB gene (rs33930165 with higher WBC [p = 8.8x10-15] in African populations, rs11549407 with lower HGB [p = 1.5x10-12] and HCT [p = 8.8x10-10] in Hispanics/Latinos). By comparison, neither variant would have been genome-wide significant if either 1000 Genomes Project Phase 3 or Haplotype Reference Consortium reference panels had been used for imputation. Our findings highlight the utility of the TOPMed imputation reference panel for identification of novel rare variant associations not previously detected in similarly sized genome-wide studies of under-represented African and Hispanic/Latino populations.
TL;DR: In this paper, a statistical standard siren analysis of GW170817 is presented, which considers all galaxies brighter than 0.626{L}_{B}^{\star }$ as equally likely to host a binary neutron star merger.
Abstract: We perform a statistical standard siren analysis of GW170817. Our analysis does not utilize knowledge of NGC 4993 as the unique host galaxy of the optical counterpart to GW170817. Instead, we consider each galaxy within the GW170817 localization region as a potential host; combining the redshifts from all of the galaxies with the distance estimate from GW170817 provides an estimate of the Hubble constant, H 0. Considering all galaxies brighter than $0.626{L}_{B}^{\star }$ as equally likely to host a binary neutron star merger, we find ${H}_{0}={77}_{-18}^{+37}$ km s−1 Mpc−1 (maximum a posteriori and 68.3% highest density posterior interval; assuming a flat H 0 prior in the range $\left[10,220\right]$ km s−1 Mpc−1). We explore the dependence of our results on the thresholds by which galaxies are included in our sample, and we show that weighting the host galaxies by stellar mass or star formation rate provides entirely consistent results with potentially tighter constraints. By applying the method to simulated gravitational-wave events and a realistic galaxy catalog we show that, because of the small localization volume, this statistical standard siren analysis of GW170817 provides an unusually informative (top 10%) constraint. Under optimistic assumptions for galaxy completeness and redshift uncertainty, we find that dark binary neutron star measurements of H 0 will converge as $40 \% /\sqrt{(N)}$, where N is the number of sources. While these statistical estimates are inferior to the value from the counterpart standard siren measurement utilizing NGC 4993 as the unique host, ${H}_{0}={76}_{-13}^{+19}$ km s−1 Mpc−1 (determined from the same publicly available data), our analysis is a proof-of-principle demonstration of the statistical approach first proposed by Bernard Schutz over 30 yr ago.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyze and explain the lake desiccation based on other observed hydro-climatic and vegetation changes in the Lake Urmia watershed and classical exploratory statistical methods.
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory1, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory2, Brookhaven National Laboratory3, Sandia National Laboratories4, National Center for Atmospheric Research5, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee6, Oak Ridge National Laboratory7, Argonne National Laboratory8, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology9, University of California, Irvine10, University of Michigan11, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory12, University of Wyoming13
TL;DR: The Energy Exascale Earth System Model Atmosphere Model version 1, the atmospheric component of the Department of Energy's Energy Extase Earth System model, is described in this paper.
Abstract: Author(s): Rasch, PJ; Xie, S; Ma, PL; Lin, W; Wang, H; Tang, Q; Burrows, SM; Caldwell, P; Zhang, K; Easter, RC; Cameron-Smith, P; Singh, B; Wan, H; Golaz, JC; Harrop, BE; Roesler, E; Bacmeister, J; Larson, VE; Evans, KJ; Qian, Y; Taylor, M; Leung, LR; Zhang, Y; Brent, L; Branstetter, M; Hannay, C; Mahajan, S; Mametjanov, A; Neale, R; Richter, JH; Yoon, JH; Zender, CS; Bader, D; Flanner, M; Foucar, JG; Jacob, R; Keen, N; Klein, SA; Liu, X; Salinger, AG; Shrivastava, M; Yang, Y | Abstract: The Energy Exascale Earth System Model Atmosphere Model version 1, the atmospheric component of the Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth System Model is described. The model began as a fork of the well-known Community Atmosphere Model, but it has evolved in new ways, and coding, performance, resolution, physical processes (primarily cloud and aerosols formulations), testing and development procedures now differ significantly. Vertical resolution was increased (from 30 to 72 layers), and the model top extended to 60 km (~0.1 hPa). A simple ozone photochemistry predicts stratospheric ozone, and the model now supports increased and more realistic variability in the upper troposphere and stratosphere. An optional improved treatment of light-absorbing particle deposition to snowpack and ice is available, and stronger connections with Earth system biogeochemistry can be used for some science problems. Satellite and ground-based cloud and aerosol simulators were implemented to facilitate evaluation of clouds, aerosols, and aerosol-cloud interactions. Higher horizontal and vertical resolution, increased complexity, and more predicted and transported variables have increased the model computational cost and changed the simulations considerably. These changes required development of alternate strategies for tuning and evaluation as it was not feasible to “brute force” tune the high-resolution configurations, so short-term hindcasts, perturbed parameter ensemble simulations, and regionally refined simulations provided guidance on tuning and parameterization sensitivity to higher resolution. A brief overview of the model and model climate is provided. Model fidelity has generally improved compared to its predecessors and the CMIP5 generation of climate models.
Albert Einstein Institution1, Leibniz University of Hanover2, University of Jena3, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee4, Cornell University5, Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques6, Sapienza University of Rome7, Cardiff University8, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare9, University of Parma10, University of Zurich11, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign12, University of Cambridge13, University of Groningen14
TL;DR: In this article, a numerical relativity (NR) based approximation for the tidal part of the phasing was proposed for nonprecessing and precessing binary black hole systems, as implemented in the LSC Algorithm Library Suite.
Abstract: The combined observation of gravitational and electromagnetic waves from the coalescence of two neutron stars marks the beginning of multimessenger astronomy with gravitational waves (GWs). The development of accurate gravitational waveform models is a crucial prerequisite to extract information about the properties of the binary system that generated a detected GW signal. In binary neutron star systems (BNS), tidal effects also need to be incorporated in the modeling for an accurate waveform representation. Building on previous work [Phys. Rev. D 96, 121501 (2017)], we explore the performance of inspiral-merger waveform models that are obtained by adding a numerical relativity (NR) based approximant for the tidal part of the phasing ($\mathrm{NRTidal}$) to existing models for nonprecessing and precessing binary black hole systems, as implemented in the LSC Algorithm Library Suite. The resulting BNS waveforms are compared and contrasted to a set of target waveforms which we obtain by hybridizing NR waveforms (covering the last $\ensuremath{\sim}10$ orbits up to the merger and extending through the postmerger phase) with inspiral waveforms calculated from 30 Hz obtained with a state-of-the-art effective-one-body waveform model. While due to the construction procedure of the target waveforms, there is no error budget available over the full frequency range accessible by advanced GW detectors, the waveform set presents only an approximation of the real signal. We probe that the combination of the self-spin terms and of the $\mathrm{NRTidal}$ description is necessary to obtain minimal mismatches ($\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.01$) and phase differences ($\ensuremath{\lesssim}1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{rad}$) with respect to the target waveforms. We also discuss possible improvements and drawbacks of the $\mathrm{NRTidal}$ approximant in its current form.
Marcelle Soares-Santos1, Antonella Palmese2, W. G. Hartley3, J. Annis2 +1285 more•Institutions (156)
TL;DR: In this article, a multi-messenger measurement of the Hubble constant H 0 using the binary-black-hole merger GW170814 as a standard siren, combined with a photometric redshift catalog from the Dark Energy Survey (DES), is presented.
Abstract: We present a multi-messenger measurement of the Hubble constant H 0 using the binary–black-hole merger GW170814 as a standard siren, combined with a photometric redshift catalog from the Dark Energy Survey (DES). The luminosity distance is obtained from the gravitational wave signal detected by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO)/Virgo Collaboration (LVC) on 2017 August 14, and the redshift information is provided by the DES Year 3 data. Black hole mergers such as GW170814 are expected to lack bright electromagnetic emission to uniquely identify their host galaxies and build an object-by-object Hubble diagram. However, they are suitable for a statistical measurement, provided that a galaxy catalog of adequate depth and redshift completion is available. Here we present the first Hubble parameter measurement using a black hole merger. Our analysis results in ${H}_{0}={75}_{-32}^{+40}\,\mathrm{km}\,{{\rm{s}}}^{-1}\,{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{-1}$, which is consistent with both SN Ia and cosmic microwave background measurements of the Hubble constant. The quoted 68% credible region comprises 60% of the uniform prior range [20, 140] km s−1 Mpc−1, and it depends on the assumed prior range. If we take a broader prior of [10, 220] km s−1 Mpc−1, we find ${H}_{0}={78}_{-24}^{+96}\,\mathrm{km}\,{{\rm{s}}}^{-1}\,{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{-1}$ (57% of the prior range). Although a weak constraint on the Hubble constant from a single event is expected using the dark siren method, a multifold increase in the LVC event rate is anticipated in the coming years and combinations of many sirens will lead to improved constraints on H 0.
TL;DR: In order to facilitate energy sharing and improve system flexibility, a hybrid energy sharing framework of multiple microgrids (MGs) is proposed for a heat–electricity integrated energy system with combined heat and power (CHP) and demand response.
Abstract: In order to facilitate energy sharing and improve system flexibility, a hybrid energy sharing framework of multiple microgrids (MGs) is proposed for a heat–electricity integrated energy system with combined heat and power (CHP) and demand response. First, considering the multi-timescale characteristics, an electrical and thermal energy sharing model of interconnected MGs with CHP and photovoltaic systems is built, in which CHP can operate in a hybrid mode by selecting the operating point flexibly. Moreover, the local subproblem of each MG is formulated and solved considering a comprehensive set of factors, including the generating heat and power cost, trading cost with utility grid, trading electrical and thermal energy cost with other MGs, load characteristic, power consumption utility, and thermal discomfort cost. In addition, a distributed optimization algorithm is used to solve the hybrid energy sharing problem, where the electrical and thermal energy prices can be obtained. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed energy sharing method is demonstrated by a case study simulation.
TL;DR: The intention and hopeful expectation is that the content presented serves as a call to action for psychologists to make psychology a Sanctuary Discipline by using and integrating intersectionality theory, trauma-informed care, and Liberation Psychology into policy, research, and practice with Latinx immigrants.
Abstract: Latinx immigrants living in the United States often experience the negative effects of systemic oppression, which may lead to psychological distress, including ethno-racial trauma. We define ethno-racial trauma as the individual and/or collective psychological distress and fear of danger that results from experiencing or witnessing discrimination, threats of harm, violence, and intimidation directed at ethno-racial minority groups. This form of trauma stems from a legacy of oppressive laws, policies, and practices. Using an intersectionality framework, this article discusses the complex ways in which interlocking systems of oppression (e.g., racism, ethnocentrism, nativism, sexism) and anti-immigrant policies impact Latinxs individuals, families, and communities. The article also presents a framework to stimulate healing from ethno-racial trauma titled, HEART (Healing Ethno And Racial Trauma). Grounded in the principles of Liberation Psychology and trauma-informed care, the framework is composed of four phases. Each phase is accompanied by a goal to assist clinicians in helping individuals, families, and communities to achieve growth, wellness, and healing. The main objective of each phase is for Latinx immigrants to find relief, gain awareness, and cope with systemic oppression while encouraging resistance and protection from the external forces that cause ethno-racial trauma. Overall, our intention and hopeful expectation is that the content presented in this article serves as a call to action for psychologists to make psychology a Sanctuary Discipline by using and integrating intersectionality theory, trauma-informed care, and Liberation Psychology into policy, research, and practice with Latinx immigrants. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
TL;DR: In this article, the results of an all-sky search for continuous gravitational waves (CWs), which can be produced by fast spinning neutron stars with an asymmetry around their rotation axis, were presented.
Abstract: We present results of an all-sky search for continuous gravitational waves (CWs), which can be produced by fast spinning neutron stars with an asymmetry around their rotation axis, using data from the second observing run of the Advanced LIGO detectors. Three different semicoherent methods are used to search in a gravitational-wave frequency band from 20 to 1922 Hz and a first frequency derivative from -1×10-8 to 2×10-9 Hz/s. None of these searches has found clear evidence for a CW signal, so upper limits on the gravitational-wave strain amplitude are calculated, which for this broad range in parameter space are the most sensitive ever achieved.
University of London1, University of Cambridge2, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute3, University of Hertfordshire4, University of Pennsylvania5, Stanford University6, Cardiff University7, Max Planck Society8, University of Oxford9, University of Leicester10, National Institute for Health Research11, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine12, Geneva College13, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee14, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center15, University of Washington16, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill17, Microsoft18, University of KwaZulu-Natal19, University of Liverpool20
TL;DR: The largest study of its kind, comprising genome-wide data from 6,400 individuals and whole-genome sequences from rural Uganda, finds evidence of geographically correlated fine-scale population substructure.
TL;DR: A heterogeneous association graph is constructed that fuses high-level detections and low-level image evidence for target association and the novel idea of adaptive weights is proposed to analyze the contribution between motion and appearance.
Abstract: Tracking-by-detection is one of the most popular approaches to tracking multiple objects in which the detector plays an important role. Sometimes, detector failures caused by occlusions or various poses are unavoidable and lead to tracking failure. To cope with this problem, we construct a heterogeneous association graph that fuses high-level detections and low-level image evidence for target association. Compared with other methods using low-level information, our proposed heterogeneous association fusion (HAF) tracker is less sensitive to particular parameters and is easier to extend and implement. We use the fused association graph to build track trees for HAF and solve them by the multiple hypotheses tracking framework, which has been proven to be competitive by introducing efficient pruning strategies. In addition, the novel idea of adaptive weights is proposed to analyze the contribution between motion and appearance. We also evaluated our results on the MOT challenge benchmarks and achieved state-of-the-art results on the MOT Challenge 2017.
TL;DR: In the cooperative trading framework, a real-time rolling horizon energy management model is proposed based on cooperative game theory considering the stochastic characteristics of PV prosumers and the conditional value at risk (CVaR) and it is transformed into a more easily resolved mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model by adding auxiliary variables.
Abstract: The concept of energy hub (EH) was proposed to facilitate the synergies among different forms of energy carriers. Under the new electricity market environment, it is of great significance to build a win–win situation for prosumers and the hub manager (HM) at the community level without bringing extra burden to the utility grid. This paper proposes a cooperative trading mode for a community-level energy system (CES), which consists of the energy hub and PV prosumers with the automatic demand response (DR) capability. In the cooperative trading framework, a real-time rolling horizon energy management model is proposed based on cooperative game theory considering the stochastic characteristics of PV prosumers and the conditional value at risk (CVaR). The validity of the proposed model is analyzed through optimality proof of the grand coalition. A contribution-based profit distribution scheme and its stability proof are also provided. Moreover, in order to solve the optimization model, it is further transformed into a more easily resolved mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model by adding auxiliary variables. Finally, via a practical example, the effectiveness of the model is verified in terms of promoting local consumption of PV energy, increasing HM's profits, and reducing prosumers’ costs, etc.
West Virginia University1, Goddard Space Flight Center2, Cornell University3, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee4, Montana State University5, Franklin & Marshall College6, University of British Columbia7, University of Virginia8, Lafayette College9, National Radio Astronomy Observatory10, Hillsdale College11, Durham University12, University of East Anglia13, McGill University14, University of Washington15, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign16, Columbia University17, Northwestern University18, California Institute of Technology19, University of Manchester20, University of Texas at Austin21, First Green Bank22, York University23, Hungarian Academy of Sciences24, United States Naval Research Laboratory25, Swinburne University of Technology26, Oberlin College27, Chinese Academy of Sciences28
TL;DR: In this article, the authors searched the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves 11 yr data set for GWs from individual SMBHBs in circular orbits, and placed 95% upper limits on the strength of GWs coming from such sources.
Abstract: Observations indicate that nearly all galaxies contain supermassive black holes at their centers. When galaxies merge, their component black holes form SMBH binaries (SMBHBs), which emit low-frequency gravitational waves (GWs) that can be detected by pulsar timing arrays. We have searched the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves 11 yr data set for GWs from individual SMBHBs in circular orbits. As we did not find strong evidence for GWs in our data, we placed 95% upper limits on the strength of GWs from such sources. At f(gw) = 8 nHz, we placed a sky-averaged upper limit of h(0) 1.6 x 10(exp 9) Solar Mass emitting GWs with f(gw) = 2.8–317.8 nHz in the Virgo Cluster. Finally, we compared our strain upper limits to simulated populations of SMBHBs, based on galaxies in the Two Micron All-Sky Survey and merger rates from the Illustris cosmological simulation project, and found that only 34 out of 75,000 realizations of the local universe contained a detectable source.
TL;DR: A genome-wide association study including 133,384 breast cancer cases and 113,789 controls, plus 18,908 BRCA1 mutation carriers of European ancestry provides an improved understanding of genetic predisposition to breast cancer subtypes and will inform the development of subtype-specific polygenic risk scores.
Abstract: Breast cancer susceptibility variants frequently show heterogeneity in associations by tumor subtype. To identify novel loci, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) including 133,384 breast cancer cases and 113,789 controls, plus 18,908 BRCA1 mutation carriers (9,414 with breast cancer) of European ancestry, using both standard and novel methodologies that account for underlying tumor heterogeneity by estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status and tumor grade. We identified 32 novel susceptibility loci (P
California Institute of Technology1, University of Maryland, College Park2, Goddard Space Flight Center3, University of Washington4, Swinburne University of Technology5, Liverpool John Moores University6, National Central University7, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay8, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory9, University of California, Berkeley10, Indian Institute of Astrophysics11, University of New South Wales12, Stockholm University13, INAF14, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee15, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Japan16, University of California, Santa Cruz17, Rutgers University18, National Tsing Hua University19, Humboldt University of Berlin20, Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics21, Australian National University22, Weizmann Institute of Science23, Northwestern University24, Tokyo Institute of Technology25
TL;DR: In this article, the authors performed a dedicated follow-up campaign with the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) and Palomar Gattini-IR telescopes.
Abstract: The third observing run by LVC has brought the discovery of many compact binary coalescences. Following the detection of the first binary neutron star merger in this run (LIGO/Virgo S190425z), we performed a dedicated follow-up campaign with the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) and Palomar Gattini-IR telescopes. The initial skymap of this single-detector gravitational wave (GW) trigger spanned most of the sky observable from Palomar Observatory. Covering 8000 deg2 of the initial skymap over the next two nights, corresponding to 46% integrated probability, ZTF system achieved a depth of ≈21 m AB in g- and r-bands. Palomar Gattini-IR covered 2200 square degrees in J-band to a depth of 15.5 mag, including 32% integrated probability based on the initial skymap. The revised skymap issued the following day reduced these numbers to 21% for the ZTF and 19% for Palomar Gattini-IR. We narrowed 338,646 ZTF transient "alerts" over the first two nights of observations to 15 candidate counterparts. Two candidates, ZTF19aarykkb and ZTF19aarzaod, were particularly compelling given that their location, distance, and age were consistent with the GW event, and their early optical light curves were photometrically consistent with that of kilonovae. These two candidates were spectroscopically classified as young core-collapse supernovae. The remaining candidates were ruled out as supernovae. Palomar Gattini-IR did not identify any viable candidates with multiple detections only after merger time. We demonstrate that even with single-detector GW events localized to thousands of square degrees, systematic kilonova discovery is feasible.