University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee

About: University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee is a education organization based out in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Gravitational wave. The organization has 11839 authors who have published 28034 publications receiving 936438 citations. The organization is also known as: UWM & University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.

The Characteristic Star Formation Histories of Galaxies at Redshifts z ~ 2-7

Abstract: A large sample of spectroscopically confirmed star-forming galaxies at redshifts 1.4 ≤ z_(spec) ≤ 3.7, with complementary imaging in the near- and mid-IR from the ground and from the Hubble Space Telescope and Spitzer Space Telescope, is used to infer the average star formation histories (SFHs) of typical galaxies from z ∼ 2 to 7. For a subset of 302 galaxies at 1.5 ≤ z_(spec) < 2.6, we perform a detailed comparison of star formation rates (SFRs) determined from spectral energy distribution (SED) modeling (SFRs[SED]) and those calculated from deep Keck UV and Spitzer/MIPS 24μm imaging (SFRs[IR+UV]). Exponentially declining SFHs yield SFRs[SED] that are 5–10 times lower on average than SFRs[IR+UV], indicating that declining SFHs may not be accurate for typical galaxies at z ≳ 2. The SFRs of z ∼ 2–3 galaxies are directly proportional to their stellar masses (M_*), with unity slope—a result that is confirmed with Spitzer/IRAC stacks of 1179 UV-faint (R > 25.5) galaxies—for M_* ≳ 5 × 10^8M_⊙ and SFRs ≳ 2M_⊙ yr^(−1). We interpret this result in the context of several systematic biases that can affect determinations of the SFR–M_* relation. The average specific SFRs at z ∼ 2–3 are remarkably similar within a factor of two to those measured at z ≳ 4, implying that the average SFH is one where SFRs increase with time. A consequence of these rising SFHs is that (1) a substantial fraction of UV-bright z ∼ 2–3 galaxies had faint sub-L* progenitors at z ≳ 4; and (2) gas masses must increase with time from z = 2 to 7, over which time the net cold gas accretion rate—as inferred from the specific SFR and the Kennicutt–Schmidt relation—is ∼2–3 times larger than the SFR. However, if we evolve to higher redshift the SFHs and masses of the halos that are expected to host L* galaxies at z ∼ 2, then we find that ≾10% of the baryons accreted onto typical halos at z ≳ 4 actually contribute to star formation at those epochs. These results highlight the relative inefficiency of star formation even at early cosmic times when galaxies were first assembling.

A Review of Remote Sensing Image Classification Techniques: the Role of Spatio-contextual Information

Abstract: This paper reviewed major remote sensing image classification techniques, including pixel-wise, sub-pixel-wise, and object-based image classification methods, and highlighted the importance of incorporating spatio-contextual information in remote sensing image classification. Further, this paper grouped spatio-contextual analysis techniques into three major categories, including 1) texture extraction, 2) Markov random fields (MRFs) modeling, and 3) image segmentation and object-based image analysis. Finally, this paper argued the necessity of developing geographic information analysis models for spatial-contextual classifications using two case studies.

From Nutrients to Nurturance: A Conceptual Introduction to Food Well-Being:

Abstract: The authors propose a restructuring of the “food as health” paradigm to “food as well-being.” This requires shifting from an emphasis on restraint and restrictions to a more positive, holistic understanding of the role of food in overall well-being. The authors propose the concept of food well-being (FWB), defined as a positive psychological, physical, emotional, and social relationship with food at both individual and societal levels. The authors define and explain the five primary domains of FWB: food socialization, food literacy, food marketing, food availability, and food policy. The FWB framework employs a richer definition of food and highlights the need for research that bridges other disciplines and paradigms outside and within marketing. Further research should develop and refine the understanding of each domain with the ultimate goal of moving the field toward this embodiment of food as well-being.

Visualizing Multiple Measures of Forecast Quality

Abstract: A method for visually representing multiple measures of dichotomous (yes–no) forecast quality (probability of detection, false alarm ratio, bias, and critical success index) in a single diagram is presented. Illustration of the method is provided using performance statistics from two previously published forecast verification studies (snowfall density and convective initiation) and a verification of several new forecast datasets: Storm Prediction Center forecasts of severe storms (nontornadic and tornadic), Hydrometeorological Prediction Center forecasts of heavy precipitation (greater than 12.5 mm in a 6-h period), National Weather Service Forecast Office terminal aviation forecasts (ceiling and visibility), and medium-range ensemble forecasts of 500-hPa height anomalies. The use of such verification metrics in concert with more detailed investigations to advance forecasting is briefly discussed.