Showing papers by "University of York published in 1982"
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss and promote Karl Marx's influential method of studying technology as the result of interrelated social processes, emphasizing the mutual interaction between technology and the economy, and conclude that scientific progress is heavily influenced by technological considerations that are, in turn, shaped by industry and economics.
Abstract: Explores how technological innovation has shaped and been shaped by science, industry, and economics in the twentieth century. Technological change and specific technologies have impacted productivity, the learning process, technology transfer and technology policies. Starting with a summary of historical literature on technical progress, the book goes on to discuss and promote Karl Marx's influential method of studying technology as the result of interrelated social processes -- especially emphasizing the mutual interaction between technology and the economy. Analysis of current empirical studies shows the need for an enlarged framework for understanding the relation between the economy and technical change. Technological interdependence in the American economy is analyzed, and later expanded to encompass international business. High-tech industries are discussed as particularly reliant upon scientific research. The commercial aircraft industry from 1925-75 is also examined, as an exemplary instance in which technological innovation and government support and regulation allowed for economic success. The book concludes that scientific progress is heavily influenced by technological considerations that are, in turn, shaped by industry and economics. Thus, decisions made in the private and public sectors should affect both supply and demand, favoring the creative, mutually advantageous connection between science and technology. (CJC)
3,181 citations
1,248 citations
TL;DR: The demand for health and medical care is analysed within a generalised Grossman-type health investment model and its underlying assumptions are shown to differ from those employed earlier in a manner which avoids some of the criticisms levelled at Grossman's model.
293 citations
TL;DR: The atomic structure of barnase is determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis and it is reported that its structure includes a large central β-pleated sheet and two α-helices, which is different from that found in bovine pancreatic ribonuclease.
Abstract: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens produces a ribonuclease1 (barnase), the function of which is probably the digestion of external RNA: it is excreted by the bacillus and within the cell its action is inhibited by a protein of ∼89 residues to which it binds with high affinity2. Determination3 of the amino acid sequence of the ribonuclease, which is a monomer of molecular weight 12,382 consisting of 110 residues, has revealed its homology with other prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribonucleases4–6. We have now determined the atomic structure of barnase by X-ray crystallographic analysis. We report that its structure includes a large central β-pleated sheet and two α-helices. The arrangement of these secondary structures is different from that found in bovine pancreatic ribonuclease.
214 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that geometric design principles proposed by Diamond and Wilson & Willis should be used with caution, since they are based on the unsubstantiated equilibrium theory of island biogeography and the equivocal species-area relationship.
204 citations
TL;DR: This report addresses the issue of whether some 'universal' dysfunction can be demonstrated across laboratories, conditions, and samples in schizophrenia by applying a common set of response definitions and uniform statistical-analytic procedures to the previously gathered electrodermal data obtained independently in each author's laboratory.
195 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors found that the rate of death of colonies of the coral Stylophora pistillata was 4 to 5 times higher in the polluted area than in a control area.
193 citations
TL;DR: Evidence from root weight ratios, phosphate inflows and the gut contents of the Collembola all suggest that the growth of leek was increased by mycorrhizal infection and leachings, the latter having a lesser effect, and reduced by F. Candida.
Abstract: Summary
Seedlings of leek were grown in a factorial experiment to examine the interactions between mycorrhizal infection with Glomus fasciculatus, soil teachings and the Collembola, Folsomia Candida. The growth of leek was increased by mycorrhizal infection and leachings, the latter having a lesser effect, and reduced by F. Candida. There was a strong interaction between the effects of mycorrhizal infection and the presence of F. Candida since infected plants in pots with the Collembola grew little better than uninfected plants. Evidence from root weight ratios, phosphate inflows and the gut contents of the Collembola all suggest that this is due to grazing of the external hyphae of G. fasciculatus, so rendering the infection ineffective.
164 citations
148 citations
TL;DR: Five ‘rules of thumb’ appear to be reasonably good and may be fairly robust and may constitute a better explanation of actual search behaviour than do the currently popular supposedly optimal rules.
Abstract: This paper presents the findings of some preliminary ‘laboratory’ investigations into ‘actual’ search behavior. Specifically we looked at situations in which searchers' initial information about the distributions was negligible. It seemed likely that simple ‘rules of thumb’ would be used in such situations. Our findings confirmed this view: we identified five such rules which between them ‘accounted’ for a high proportion of observed behaviour. Moreover, these rules although not ‘optimal’) appear to be reasonably good and may be fairly robust; jointly, they may constitute a better explanation (and predictor) of actual search behaviour than do the currently popular supposedly optimal rules.
135 citations
TL;DR: Changes in genome expression during normal cellular and plastid development in the first leaf of young (7-day-old) wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Maris Dove) were investigated by examining homogeneous populations of leaf cells andplastids of several developmental ages present in the same leaf.
Abstract: Changes in genome expression during normal cellular and plastid development in the first leaf of young (7-day-old) wheat ( Triticum aestivum var. Maris Dove) were investigated by examining homogeneous populations of leaf cells and plastids of several developmental ages present in the same leaf. The cells were characterized over a period immediately following the last cell division. All of the leaf cells had cytoplasmic contents and nuclei, and between 44% (young tissue) and 54% (older tissue) of the leaf cells were mesophyll cells. Chloroplast development was complete 36 hours after the chloroplasts had ceased dividing. Extremely large changes occurred in cellular constituents over a very short period of leaf development. Maximum rates of accumulation of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase per mesophyll cell (80 picograms/hour), chlorophyll per mesophyll cell (9 picograms/hour), and 70S ribosomes per mesophyll cell (19 × 10 5 /hour) were recorded. Total cellular DNA varied from 40 to 60 picograms/cell, reflecting the changes in nuclear and chloroplast DNA synthesis during different phases of cellular and chloroplast division. The period of maximum accumulation of protein, total RNA, and both 80S and 70S ribosomes occurred between 36 and 48 hours after the last cell division. Between 48 and 60 hours, 70S rRNA per cell and protein content per cell continued to increase as 80S rRNA per cell declined. Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase per cell increased 20-fold between 15 and 60 hours.
TL;DR: Postoperative teletherapy is probably indicated in most patients if survival rates are to increase, but the role of systemic chemotherapy remains to be defined.
Abstract: We have reviewed a 30 year experience with 204 patients treated for adenocarcinomas of salivary origin. Seventy-one percent had histologically typical adenocarcinomas, whereas 12 percent had papillary, 12 percent mucinous, and 5 percent other unusual variants. Despite these morphologic differences, almost all of the lesions could be classified into one of three histologic grades. The tumors arose most often in the minor salivary glands (138 patients, 68 percent) and the less common variants of adenocarcinoma usually involved the oral cavity, nasal cavity, or paranasal sinuses. High-grade tumors were more often high stage at the time of diagnosis. Treatment almost always consisted of surgical resection which was tailored according to the site and extent of the lesion. Five, 10, and 15 year cure rates were 41, 34, and 28 percent, respectively, and salvage was determined by the grade and stage of the tumor rather than by the extent of the surgery. Local recurrence of this most lethal of salivary tumors exceeded 50 percent. Postoperative teletherapy is probably indicated in most patients if survival rates are to increase, but the role of systemic chemotherapy remains to be defined.
TL;DR: The results suggest that in utero alcohol exposure produces a developmental delay in ontogeny of response inhibition mechanisms underlying activity, but not passive avoidance learning or spontaneous alternation.
Abstract: Offspring of rats fed liquid alcohol diet during pregnancy exhibited age-related increased activity and deficits in passive avoidance learning and response perseveration which were not age-related. Alcohol-exposed offspring also elicited less maternal responsiveness from nontreated dams than did pair-fed controls. The results suggest that in utero alcohol exposure produces a developmental delay in ontogeny of response inhibition mechanisms underlying activity, but not passive avoidance learning or spontaneous alternation.
TL;DR: Experimental results on the influence of temperature on the age-dependent survival and infectivity of the miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni and the relationship between snail age, snail size and susceptibility to infection are reported.
Abstract: We report the results of experimental work on (a) the influence of temperature on the age-dependent survival and infectivity of the miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni and (b) the relationship between snail age, snail size and susceptibility to infection. The death rate of miracidia declined exponentially with age where life-expectancy was maximal (approximately 16 h) at 15 degrees C. Infectivity also declined rapidly with larval age but, in contrast to larval survival, the rate of infection was at a maximum at 25 degrees C. Snail susceptibility was shown to be more closely correlated with host size rather than host age. Susceptibility declined exponentially with increased host size. Size-dependent susceptibility was shown to generate concave age-prevalence curves for infection within snail populations, where the maximum prevalence is generated in snails of intermediary age. Simple mathematical models are developed to aid estimation of larval survival and infection rates and experimental results are discussed in relation to the overall transmission success of the parasite from man to snail.
TL;DR: Results are related to previous reports of cpDNA changes during the development of dicotyledonous plants, and to theories about the regulation of chloroplast numbers per cell.
Abstract: Plastids at different stages of development were isolated from light-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum, var. Maris Dove) seedling leaves, and the average chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) per plastid at each developmental stage was measured directly. In the earliest stages of development, the number of plastids per cell and the amount of cpDNA per cell increased with cell age, but cpDNA per plastid remained constant at between 800 and 1,000 genome copies per plastid. After this phase, plastids per cell continued to increase, but cpDNA per plastid decreased. Subsequently, both plastids per cell and cpDNA per plastid remained constant as cell age increased, the final DNA content being approximately 300 genome copies per plastid. These results are related to previous reports of cpDNA changes during the development of dicotyledonous plants, and to theories about the regulation of chloroplast numbers per cell.
TL;DR: In this paper, the foundations of a function theory, in several complex variables, over complex Clifford algebras are developed, and the influence within this theory of complex analysis, in one variable, is demonstrated.
Abstract: The foundations of a function theory, in several complex variables, over complex Clifford algebras are developed The influence within this theory of complex analysis, in one variable, is demonstrated. A generalized Cauchy integral formula is provided, and complex harmonic functions are used to construct holomorphic functions which satisfy a generalized Cauchy Riemann equation introduced here.
TL;DR: Studies in vilro can provide no direct evidence for the role of various effector mechanisms in vivo, but they do allow a more precise identification and detailed analysis of each mechanism than would be po.ssibie in vivo: and, more importantly, they can be carried out with human materials, and therefore offer an approach to the study of human immunity.
Abstract: Studies on immunity in schistosomiasis, as in other parasitic infections, have followed two distinct directions: first, the use of experimental animal models, in either natural or unnatural host-parasite combinations; and, secondly, the use of assay systems for studying immune effector mechanisms m vilro. Each of these two approaches, which are not mutually exclusive, has its own advantages and disadvantages. The experimental animal models may permit the identification of effector mechanisms that are demonstrably involved in mediating immunity In vivo. However, there appears to be a wide species variation in host response to schistosome infection (reviewed by Smithers & Terry 1976, Phillips & Colley 1978) and there is no evidence that any experimental animal provides an accurate reflection of the situation in man. In contrast, studies in vilro can provide no direct evidence for the role of various effector mechanisms in vivo. However, they do allow a more precise identification and detailed analysis of each mechanism than would be po.ssibie in vivo: and, more importantly, they can be carried out with human materials, and therefore offer an approach to the study of human immunity.
TL;DR: It is by now accepted that James Mill's History of British India, which exercised such influence over the British image of India and Indians throughout the nineteenth century, was cast in the mould of "philosophical history" as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: It is by now accepted that James Mill’s History of British India, which exercised such influence over the British image of India and Indians throughout the nineteenth century, was cast in the mould of‘philosophical history’, the kind of historical writing typical of the Scottish Enlightenment By the 1790s such an approach was faught at Edinburgh by Dugald Stewart, and in Glasgow by John Millar; and their teachings and writings did much to form Mill’s approach, overlaid though it later was by the Benthamite political message. The characteristics of ‘ philosophical history’ can be identified. Writers of the Scottish Enlightenment were concerned to apply to the study of man and society methods of enquiry comparable to those of the natural sciences, and this, for them, involved the formulation of general laws on the basis of observation, and the available evidence about the history, economy, culture, and political institutions of different societies. Certain guidelines were evolved. The starting point was the close interrelationship between all aspects of men's life within society, between the economy, government, culture, and social life of a people. Secondly, a civilisation, by which was implied all these aspects of a society, could be located on an evolutionary scale, a ladder of civilizations running from ‘rudeness’ to ‘refinement’.
TL;DR: The first experiment shows that the clumsy children still experience difficulties in matching the length of a line to a second line which is simultaneously present, which suggests the difficulty is one of perception and not memory, and explores whether faulty perception of length in the clumsyChildren is related to eye movement problems.
TL;DR: In this article, it was predicted that an external locus of control would characterize under-socialization in secondary school children, using a battery of self-report "socialization-delinquent personality measures to assess degree of socialization.
TL;DR: In this paper, the first unambiguous identification of a finite rumpling of the ions in the (100) face of a rocksalt-structure compound has been made by means of an extension of a previous LEED theory/experiment comparison for MgO (100), carried out using a new and extensive I(V) data set recorded over the energy range between 20 and 150 eV.
Abstract: The first unambiguous identification of a finite rumpling of the ions in the (100) face of a rocksalt-structure compound has been made by means of an extension of a previous LEED theory/experiment comparison for MgO (100) carried out using a new and extensive I(V) data set recorded over the energy range between 20 and 150 eV. These data were obtained from an air-cleaved sample using a novel, computer-controlled spectrum acquisition system, surface charging effects being eliminated by application of a primary energy modulation technique. An R-factor analysis was used to locate the optimum structural solution. This involves a differential relaxation of the top layer ions of 0.04 AA with an associated mean surface relaxation of zero, a result which agrees well with the most recent shell model calculations. This finding is discussed in relation to the postulated existence of a structural phase transition at the MgO (100) surface and its implications for the type of chemical bonding operative in the region are assessed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic ecological behaviors of activity, range and social interaction of 15 individual pets that are permitted varying degrees of freedom to roam without human supervision were studied. And the authors found that dogs that are provided with no supervision behave more like un-owned strays than those that are only occasionally permitted to run free.
TL;DR: It appears that wide-field laryngectomy in conjunction with appropriate thyroidectomy and tracheoesophageal groove node dissection is the optimal initial treatment for primary epidermoid carcinoma of the subglottic region.
Abstract: Primary epidermoid carcinoma of the subglottic region is extremely rare. Review of the tumor registry at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center over the past 25 years showed only 16 patients who could be classified as having primary carcinomas arising in the subglottic larynx. Their ages ranged from 33 to 77 years. There were 13 men and 3 women. The most common symptom was hoarseness of voice (13 patients), followed by respiratory difficulty, and hemoptysis. One patient had stage I disease, two had stage II disease, five had stage III disease, and eight patients had stage IV disease. The thyroid gland was commonly involved in T4 lesions. Thirteen patients underwent total laryngectomy and 3 had partial laryngectomy. Thirteen patients were followed for more than 5 years. There was one postoperative death. One patient who had recurrence of tumor in the neck died 6 months later. One patient died after 1 year due to local recurrence and carotid rupture. One patient with initial bilateral metastatic neck nodes died from progressive, rapid, diffuse metastasis within 6 months. The 5 year determinate cure rate was, therefore, 70 percent (10 of 14). Herein, we have attempted to study the natural history of primary tumors of the subglottic region and elucidate causes of treatment failure. It appears that wide-field laryngectomy in conjunction with appropriate thyroidectomy and tracheoesophageal groove node dissection is the optimal initial treatment. Postoperative radiotherapy should be considered in advanced cases.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the lower blood pressure and the possible beneficial effects of lower weight on other cardiovascular risk factors may provide a selective advantage to carriers of the MVP gene, explaining its high prevalence in the general population.
TL;DR: The findings suggest the absence of moderating effects of any of the support and coping variables on each stressor or on the effects of stressors on Feeling Bad, Feeling Good, and Wellbeing.
Abstract: Individual and community measures of stress are related to the presence of depression/demoralization symptoms (Feeling Bad), to positive Wellbeing (Feeling Good) and to the combination of these two (Wellbeing), in an urban sample of 549 adults. The mediation and moderation of these effects by indicators of social support, evaluation of status, and belief variables intended to measure aspects of individual coping tendencies are examined and tested. The findings suggest the absence of moderating effects of any of the support and coping variables on each stressor or on the effects of stressors on Feeling Bad, Feeling Good, and Wellbeing. A number of the variables do, however, have significant main effects, and thus appear to operate directly on the dependent variables, regardless of the presence or level of stress. Differences between apparent effects on Feeling Good and Feeling Bad and the increase in effects for the combination measure are discussed.
TL;DR: Results are taken to show that a surprising event (the omission of an expected shock) can restore the associability of a pre-exposed conditioned stimulus.
Abstract: Three experiments are reported which use rats and the conditioned suppression technique. The first two confirmed a previous finding that prior exposure to a stimulus predicting a weak shock retards further learning when this same stimulus is subsequently used to signal a stronger shock. They further showed that this loss of stimulus associability could be attenuated by inserting trials on which the stimulus was presented alone in the absence of shock before the phase of training with the stronger shock. Experiment III demonstrated that, for animals given prior exposure to two stimuli, the insertion of nonreinforced trials with one of the stimuli will restore the associability only of that stimulus. These results are taken to show that a surprising event (the omission of an expected shock) can restore the associability of a pre-exposed conditioned stimulus.
TL;DR: One pair of limbs of the mantid shrimp, Gonodactylus, is used to smash hard-shelled prey as mentioned in this paper, and the composition and structural features of the cuticle allowing this were examined by microhardness testing, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and scanning electron microscopy.
Abstract: One pair of limbs of the mantid shrimp, Gonodactylus, is used to smash hard-shelled prey. The composition and structural features of the cuticle allowing this were examined by microhardness testing, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The cuticle becomes much harder toward its outer surface, and this is associated with an increased mineralization of the organic cuticle and the replacement of calcium carbonate by some form of calcium phosphate as the important mineral phase. The outer part of the limb is so hard that, although it is very brittle, it is very rarely damaged during many months of use in which it strikes thousands of highly energetic blows.