Showing papers by "University of York published in 2021"
Monash University1, University of Amsterdam2, University of Paris3, Bond University4, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio5, University of Ottawa6, American University of Beirut7, Oregon Health & Science University8, University of York9, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute10, University of Southern Denmark11, Johns Hopkins University12, Brigham and Women's Hospital13, Indiana University14, University of Bristol15, University College London16, University of Toronto17
TL;DR: The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement as discussed by the authors was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report why the review was done, what the authors did, and what they found.
Abstract: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, published in 2009, was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report why the review was done, what the authors did, and what they found. Over the past decade, advances in systematic review methodology and terminology have necessitated an update to the guideline. The PRISMA 2020 statement replaces the 2009 statement and includes new reporting guidance that reflects advances in methods to identify, select, appraise, and synthesise studies. The structure and presentation of the items have been modified to facilitate implementation. In this article, we present the PRISMA 2020 27-item checklist, an expanded checklist that details reporting recommendations for each item, the PRISMA 2020 abstract checklist, and the revised flow diagrams for original and updated reviews.
16,613 citations
Monash University1, University of Ottawa2, University of Amsterdam3, University of Paris4, Bond University5, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio6, American University of Beirut7, Oregon Health & Science University8, University of York9, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute10, University of Southern Denmark11, Johns Hopkins University12, Brigham and Women's Hospital13, Indiana University14, University of Bristol15, University College London16, University of Toronto17
TL;DR: The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA 2020) as mentioned in this paper was developed to facilitate transparent and complete reporting of systematic reviews, and has been updated to reflect recent advances in systematic review methodology and terminology.
Abstract: The methods and results of systematic reviews should be reported in sufficient detail to allow users to assess the trustworthiness and applicability of the review findings. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement was developed to facilitate transparent and complete reporting of systematic reviews and has been updated (to PRISMA 2020) to reflect recent advances in systematic review methodology and terminology. Here, we present the explanation and elaboration paper for PRISMA 2020, where we explain why reporting of each item is recommended, present bullet points that detail the reporting recommendations, and present examples from published reviews. We hope that changes to the content and structure of PRISMA 2020 will facilitate uptake of the guideline and lead to more transparent, complete, and accurate reporting of systematic reviews.
2,217 citations
Monash University1, University of Amsterdam2, University of Paris3, Bond University4, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio5, University of Ottawa6, American University of Beirut7, Oregon Health & Science University8, University of York9, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute10, University of Southern Denmark11, Johns Hopkins University12, Brigham and Women's Hospital13, Indiana University14, University of Bristol15, University College London16, University of Toronto17
TL;DR: The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement as discussed by the authors was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report why the review was done, what the authors did, and what they found.
Abstract: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, published in 2009, was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report why the review was done, what the authors did, and what they found. Over the past decade, advances in systematic review methodology and terminology have necessitated an update to the guideline. The PRISMA 2020 statement replaces the 2009 statement and includes new reporting guidance that reflects advances in methods to identify, select, appraise, and synthesise studies. The structure and presentation of the items have been modified to facilitate implementation. In this article, we present the PRISMA 2020 27-item checklist, an expanded checklist that details reporting recommendations for each item, the PRISMA 2020 abstract checklist, and the revised flow diagrams for original and updated reviews.
2,192 citations
Monash University1, University of Amsterdam2, University of Paris3, Bond University4, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio5, University of Ottawa6, American University of Beirut7, Oregon Health & Science University8, University of York9, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute10, University of Southern Denmark11, Johns Hopkins University12, Brigham and Women's Hospital13, Indiana University14, University of Bristol15, University College London16, University of Toronto17
TL;DR: The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement as discussed by the authors was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report why the review was done, what the authors did, and what they found.
1,725 citations
Daniel J. Klionsky1, Amal Kamal Abdel-Aziz2, Sara Abdelfatah3, Mahmoud Abdellatif4 +2980 more•Institutions (777)
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes.
Abstract: In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.
1,129 citations
University College London1, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis2, University of Reading3, United Nations University4, University of London5, University of Colorado Boulder6, Umeå University7, Tsinghua University8, World Health Organization9, Cardiff University10, University of Geneva11, University of New England (United States)12, University of Birmingham13, Yale University14, University of Washington15, Northeastern University16, Virginia Tech17, University of Oxford18, University of York19, International Livestock Research Institute20, Cayetano Heredia University21, Harvard University22, Boston University23, University of Sussex24, Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology25, Emory University26, Columbia University27, Autonomous University of Barcelona28, Technische Universität München29, University of Melbourne30, Iran University of Medical Sciences31, University of Exeter32, Imperial College London33, University of Sheffield34, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control35, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu36, University of Santiago de Compostela37
TL;DR: TRANSLATIONS For the Chinese, French, German, and Spanish translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
886 citations
Monash University1, University of Amsterdam2, University of Paris3, Bond University4, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio5, University of Ottawa6, American University of Beirut7, Oregon Health & Science University8, University of York9, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute10, University of Southern Denmark11, Johns Hopkins University12, Brigham and Women's Hospital13, Indiana University14, University of Bristol15, University College London16, University of Toronto17
TL;DR: The PRISMA 2020, an updated reporting guideline for systematic reviews and meta-analyses, was proposed by Page and colleagues as discussed by the authors, who describe the guidelines as "an updated reporting guidelines for systematic review and meta analysis".
Abstract: Matthew Page and co-authors describe PRISMA 2020, an updated reporting guideline for systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
824 citations
Monash University1, University of Amsterdam2, University of Paris3, Bond University4, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio5, University of Ottawa6, American University of Beirut7, Oregon Health & Science University8, University of York9, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute10, University of Southern Denmark11, University of Colorado Denver12, Brigham and Women's Hospital13, Indiana University14, University of Bristol15, University College London16, University of Toronto17
TL;DR: The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement as discussed by the authors was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report why the review was done, what the authors did, and what they found.
628 citations
University College London1, University of Reading2, University of York3, United Nations University4, University of London5, Tsinghua University6, World Health Organization7, Cardiff University8, Yale University9, University of Birmingham10, University of Greenwich11, University of Washington12, Northeastern University13, Virginia Tech14, International Livestock Research Institute15, National University of Singapore16, Cayetano Heredia University17, Harvard University18, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis19, Boston University20, University of Sussex21, Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology22, Emory University23, Columbia University24, Autonomous University of Barcelona25, Technische Universität München26, University of Melbourne27, University of Copenhagen28, Iran University of Medical Sciences29, Technical University of Denmark30, Umeå University31, Max Planck Society32, University of Colorado Boulder33, University of Exeter34, University of Oxford35, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu36, University of Santiago de Compostela37, University of Hong Kong38
TL;DR: The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change : code red for a healthy future as mentioned in this paper, is the most recent publication of the Countdown on Health and Climate Change, 2019.
491 citations
TL;DR: Both parents and children appear to be experiencing loss, worry and changes in mood and behaviour as a result of the rapid social changes that have occurred under COVID-19.
Abstract: Parents of children with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities in the UK (n = 241) were asked to describe the impact of COVID-19 on their own mental health and that of their child. An inductive content analysis of the data was undertaken. Both parents and children appear to be experiencing loss, worry and changes in mood and behaviour as a result of the rapid social changes that have occurred. Some parents reported feeling overwhelmed and described the impact of child understanding and awareness. Finally, a minority of parents reported that COVID-19 has had little impact on mental health in their family, or has even led to improvements. Implications for how to support these families in the immediate future are discussed.
293 citations
University of Bern1, Harvard University2, VU University Amsterdam3, University of Oxford4, Public Health Research Institute5, University of Wuppertal6, Kyoto University7, University of Amsterdam8, University of New South Wales9, University of Melbourne10, City University London11, University of Gothenburg12, Free University of Berlin13, University of Texas at Austin14, James I University15, Carlos III Health Institute16, Ohio State University17, Northwestern University18, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg19, University of Bristol20, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust21, Trinity College, Dublin22, University of York23, Karolinska Institutet24, Peking Union Medical College25, Linköping University26, University of Regina27, University of Sydney28, McLean Hospital29, University of Lübeck30, University of Zaragoza31, Imperial College London32, University of Nottingham33, University of Hamburg34, Oregon Research Institute35, Australian National University36, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center37, Hofstra University38, Stockholm University39, Hull York Medical School40, Tilburg University41, Linnaeus University42
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conducted a systematic review and IPD network meta-analysis and estimated relative treatment effect sizes across different patient characteristics through IPD-network meta-regression, and found that both guided and unguided iCBT were associated with more effectiveness as measured by PHQ-9 scores than control treatments over the short term and the long term.
Abstract: Importance Personalized treatment choices would increase the effectiveness of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) for depression to the extent that patients differ in interventions that better suit them. Objective To provide personalized estimates of short-term and long-term relative efficacy of guided and unguided iCBT for depression using patient-level information. Data Sources We searched PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo, and Cochrane Library to identify randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published up to January 1, 2019. Study Selection Eligible RCTs were those comparing guided or unguided iCBT against each other or against any control intervention in individuals with depression. Available individual patient data (IPD) was collected from all eligible studies. Depression symptom severity was assessed after treatment, 6 months, and 12 months after randomization. Data Extraction and Synthesis We conducted a systematic review and IPD network meta-analysis and estimated relative treatment effect sizes across different patient characteristics through IPD network meta-regression. Main Outcomes and Measures Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ-9) scores. Results Of 42 eligible RCTs, 39 studies comprising 9751 participants with depression contributed IPD to the IPD network meta-analysis, of which 8107 IPD were synthesized. Overall, both guided and unguided iCBT were associated with more effectiveness as measured by PHQ-9 scores than control treatments over the short term and the long term. Guided iCBT was associated with more effectiveness than unguided iCBT (mean difference [MD] in posttreatment PHQ-9 scores, −0.8; 95% CI, −1.4 to −0.2), but we found no evidence of a difference at 6 or 12 months following randomization. Baseline depression was found to be the most important modifier of the relative association for efficacy of guided vs unguided iCBT. Differences between unguided and guided iCBT in people with baseline symptoms of subthreshold depression (PHQ-9 scores 5-9) were small, while guided iCBT was associated with overall better outcomes in patients with baseline PHQ-9 greater than 9. Conclusions and Relevance In this network meta-analysis with IPD, guided iCBT was associated with more effectiveness than unguided iCBT for individuals with depression, benefits were more substantial in individuals with moderate to severe depression. Unguided iCBT was associated with similar effectiveness among individuals with symptoms of mild/subthreshold depression. Personalized treatment selection is entirely possible and necessary to ensure the best allocation of treatment resources for depression.
TL;DR: The default mode network (DMN) as mentioned in this paper is a set of widely distributed brain regions in the parietal, temporal and frontal cortex, and it has been shown that these regions often show reductions in activity during attention-demanding tasks but increase their activity across multiple forms of complex cognition.
Abstract: The default mode network (DMN) is a set of widely distributed brain regions in the parietal, temporal and frontal cortex. These regions often show reductions in activity during attention-demanding tasks but increase their activity across multiple forms of complex cognition, many of which are linked to memory or abstract thought. Within the cortex, the DMN has been shown to be located in regions furthest away from those contributing to sensory and motor systems. Here, we consider how our knowledge of the topographic characteristics of the DMN can be leveraged to better understand how this network contributes to cognition and behaviour. Regions of the default mode network (DMN) are distributed across the brain and show patterns of activity that have linked them to various different functional domains. In this Perspective, Smallwood and colleagues consider how an examination of the topographic characteristics of the DMN can shed light on its contribution to cognition.
TL;DR: In this article, a review of cyclic carbonate synthesis is presented, with a focus on the relative and absolute stereochemical consequences of each mechanism and how this combined with other physical organic chemistry techniques can be used to distinguish between three main mechanistic classes: epoxide activation; carbon dioxide activation; and dual activation.
TL;DR: NanoSeq as discussed by the authors is a duplex sequencing protocol with error rates of less than five errors per billion base pairs in single DNA molecules from cell populations, enabling the study of somatic mutations in any tissue independently of clonality.
Abstract: Somatic mutations drive the development of cancer and may contribute to ageing and other diseases1,2. Despite their importance, the difficulty of detecting mutations that are only present in single cells or small clones has limited our knowledge of somatic mutagenesis to a minority of tissues. Here, to overcome these limitations, we developed nanorate sequencing (NanoSeq), a duplex sequencing protocol with error rates of less than five errors per billion base pairs in single DNA molecules from cell populations. This rate is two orders of magnitude lower than typical somatic mutation loads, enabling the study of somatic mutations in any tissue independently of clonality. We used this single-molecule sensitivity to study somatic mutations in non-dividing cells across several tissues, comparing stem cells to differentiated cells and studying mutagenesis in the absence of cell division. Differentiated cells in blood and colon displayed remarkably similar mutation loads and signatures to their corresponding stem cells, despite mature blood cells having undergone considerably more divisions. We then characterized the mutational landscape of post-mitotic neurons and polyclonal smooth muscle, confirming that neurons accumulate somatic mutations at a constant rate throughout life without cell division, with similar rates to mitotically active tissues. Together, our results suggest that mutational processes that are independent of cell division are important contributors to somatic mutagenesis. We anticipate that the ability to reliably detect mutations in single DNA molecules could transform our understanding of somatic mutagenesis and enable non-invasive studies on large-scale cohorts. NanoSeq is used to detect mutations in single DNA molecules and analyses show that mutational processes that are independent of cell division are important contributors to somatic mutagenesis.
TL;DR: Both human and non-human primate studies reveal the existence of a third visual pathway on the lateral brain surface that computes the actions of moving faces and bodies and is specialized for the dynamic aspects of social perception.
DOI•
09 Nov 2021TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors synthesize the changes observed in China's drylands, with a focus on their drivers and the effects of 13 large-scale land conservation and restoration programs aimed at mitigating them.
Abstract: China has 6.6 million km2 of drylands that support approximately 580 million people. These drylands are at risk of desertification. In this Review, the changes observed in China’s drylands are synthesized, with a focus on their drivers and the effects of 13 large-scale land conservation and restoration programmes aimed at mitigating them, including the Three-North Shelterbelt Development Program and Grain for Green Program. After the implementation of the first large-scale restoration programme in 1978, 45.76% of China’s drylands experienced statistically significant land improvement or vegetation greenness, as identified by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. However, activities associated with restoration and conservation projects, such as afforestation, also impose substantial water pressure. Desertification thus remained prevalent during 1980–2015, with 11.43% drylands (especially in north-eastern and north-western drylands) experiencing land degradation or vegetation brownness. Drylands remain at risk of expansion owing to increasing aridity, particularly in semi-arid areas. Future trade-offs between the effects of CO2 fertilization and increased aridity on dryland vegetation cover are still poorly understood. Long-term experiments on the interactions between physical–chemical–biological processes across spatial and temporal scales, such as large-scale field surveys using standardized protocols, are needed to better manage drylands in China and globally. Global drylands are threatened by a combination of anthropogenic climate change and human activities, putting some locations at high risk of desertification. This Review details changes observed in the drylands of China, and the mitigating impact of large-scale restoration and conservation programmes designed to reverse them.
Texas A&M University1, University of Exeter2, University of Helsinki3, Université du Québec à Montréal4, Tanjungpura University5, University of Hawaii at Manoa6, University of Bristol7, Bowdoin College8, Chulalongkorn University9, University of California, Los Angeles10, Max Planck Society11, University of Nottingham12, University of Magallanes13, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research14, Université de Montréal15, Lehigh University16, Northeast Normal University17, Mount Holyoke College18, McGill University19, Stockholm University20, University of Leicester21, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven22, University of St Andrews23, Florida State University24, Aarhus University25, University of Toronto26, University of New Hampshire27, University of Łódź28, Centre national de la recherche scientifique29, Cranfield University30, University of Alberta31, Stockholm Environment Institute32, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory33, United States Geological Survey34, Texas A&M University at Galveston35, University of Victoria36, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań37, Finnish Meteorological Institute38, Royal Holloway, University of London39, University of Queensland40, Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory41, National Park Service42, University of York43, Hope College44, University of Reading45, Uva Wellassa University46, Queen's University Belfast47, University of California, Berkeley48, Memorial University of Newfoundland49
TL;DR: In this article, the authors define and quantify the leading drivers of change that have impacted peatland carbon stocks during the Holocene and predict their effect during this century and in the far future.
Abstract: The carbon balance of peatlands is predicted to shift from a sink to a source this century. However, peatland ecosystems are still omitted from the main Earth system models that are used for future climate change projections, and they are not considered in integrated assessment models that are used in impact and mitigation studies. By using evidence synthesized from the literature and an expert elicitation, we define and quantify the leading drivers of change that have impacted peatland carbon stocks during the Holocene and predict their effect during this century and in the far future. We also identify uncertainties and knowledge gaps in the scientific community and provide insight towards better integration of peatlands into modelling frameworks. Given the importance of the contribution by peatlands to the global carbon cycle, this study shows that peatland science is a critical research area and that we still have a long way to go to fully understand the peatland–carbon–climate nexus. Peatlands are impacted by climate and land-use changes, with feedback to warming by acting as either sources or sinks of carbon. Expert elicitation combined with literature review reveals key drivers of change that alter peatland carbon dynamics, with implications for improving models.
Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research1, Lüneburg University2, University of Waterloo3, Desautels Faculty of Management4, Erasmus University Rotterdam5, University of York6, University of Luxembourg7, Chalmers University of Technology8, Arizona State University9, Max Planck Society10, Santa Fe Institute11
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that research institutions devoted to sustainability should focus more on creating the conditions for experimenting with multiple kinds of knowledge and ways of knowing to foster sustainability-oriented learning.
Abstract: Sustainability science needs more systematic approaches for mobilizing knowledge in support of interventions that may bring about transformative change. In this Perspective, we contend that action-oriented knowledge for sustainability emerges when working in integrated ways with the many kinds of knowledge involved in the shared design, enactment and realization of change. The pluralistic and integrated approach we present rejects technocratic solutions to complex sustainability challenges and foregrounds individual and social learning. We argue that research institutions devoted to sustainability should focus more on creating the conditions for experimenting with multiple kinds of knowledge and ways of knowing to foster sustainability-oriented learning. Sustainability science needs to better mobilize a range of knowledge to support transformative change. This Perspective contends that such transformative, action-oriented knowledge emerges from integrating multiple kinds of knowledge and ways of knowing.
TL;DR: There is significant uncertainty around estimates due to the assumption that avoidable ADEs correspond to medication errors, data quality, and lack of data around longer-term impacts of errors.
Abstract: Objectives To provide national estimates of the number and clinical and economic burden of medication errors in the National Health Service (NHS) in England. Methods We used UK-based prevalence of medication errors (in prescribing, dispensing, administration and monitoring) in primary care, secondary care and care home settings, and associated healthcare resource use, to estimate annual number and burden of errors to the NHS. Burden (healthcare resource use and deaths) was estimated from harm associated with avoidable adverse drug events (ADEs). Results We estimated that 237 million medication errors occur at some point in the medication process in England annually, 38.4% occurring in primary care; 72% have little/no potential for harm and 66 million are potentially clinically significant. Prescribing in primary care accounts for 34% of all potentially clinically significant errors. Definitely avoidable ADEs are estimated to cost the NHS £98 462 582 per year, consuming 181 626 bed-days, and causing/contributing to 1708 deaths. This comprises primary care ADEs leading to hospital admission (£83.7 million; causing 627 deaths), and secondary care ADEs leading to longer hospital stay (£14.8 million; causing or contributing to 1081 deaths). Conclusions Ubiquitous medicines use in health care leads unsurprisingly to high numbers of medication errors, although most are not clinically important. There is significant uncertainty around estimates due to the assumption that avoidable ADEs correspond to medication errors, data quality, and lack of data around longer-term impacts of errors. Data linkage between errors and patient outcomes is essential to progress understanding in this area.
TL;DR: The authors found that the more confused, distressed and mistrusting participants felt about their social worlds during the pandemic, the less positive they were about a vaccine, while the more confident they were in their social world, the more likely they were to be positive about the vaccine.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: COVID-19 vaccines can offer a route out of the pandemic, yet initial research suggests that many are unwilling to be vaccinated. A rise in the spread of misinformation is thought to have played a significant role in vaccine hesitancy. To maximize uptake, it is important to understand why misinformation has been able to take hold at this time and why it may pose a more significant problem within certain contexts. OBJECTIVE: To understand people's COVID-19 beliefs, their interactions with (mis)information during COVID-19 and attitudes towards a COVID-19 vaccine. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Bradford, UK, was chosen as the study site to provide evidence to local decision makers. In-depth phone interviews were carried out with 20 people from different ethnic groups and areas of Bradford during Autumn 2020. Reflexive thematic analysis was conducted. RESULTS: Participants discussed a wide range of COVID-19 misinformation they had encountered, resulting in confusion, distress and mistrust. Vaccine hesitancy could be attributed to three prominent factors: safety concerns, negative stories and personal knowledge. The more confused, distressed and mistrusting participants felt about their social worlds during the pandemic, the less positive they were about a vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy needs to be understood in the context of the relationship between the spread of misinformation and associated emotional reactions. Vaccine programmes should provide a focused, localized and empathetic response to counter misinformation. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: A rapid community and stakeholder engagement process was undertaken to identify COVID-19 priority topics important to Bradford citizens and decision makers.
TL;DR: Heusler alloys are theoretically predicted to become half-metals at room temperature (RT) and by employing these ferromagnetic alloy films in a spintronic device, efficient spin injection into a non-magnetic material and large magnetoresistance are also discussed.
TL;DR: Zhang et al. as mentioned in this paper reported the growth and properties of single and few-layer CrTe2, a van der Waals (vdW) material, on bilayer graphene by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE).
Abstract: While the discovery of two-dimensional (2D) magnets opens the door for fundamental physics and next-generation spintronics, it is technically challenging to achieve the room-temperature ferromagnetic (FM) order in a way compatible with potential device applications. Here, we report the growth and properties of single- and few-layer CrTe2, a van der Waals (vdW) material, on bilayer graphene by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Intrinsic ferromagnetism with a Curie temperature (TC) up to 300 K, an atomic magnetic moment of ~0.21
$${\mu }_{{\rm{B}}}$$
/Cr and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) constant (Ku) of 4.89 × 105 erg/cm3 at room temperature in these few-monolayer films have been unambiguously evidenced by superconducting quantum interference device and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism. This intrinsic ferromagnetism has also been identified by the splitting of majority and minority band dispersions with ~0.2 eV at Г point using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The FM order is preserved with the film thickness down to a monolayer (TC ~ 200 K), benefiting from the strong PMA and weak interlayer coupling. The successful MBE growth of 2D FM CrTe2 films with room-temperature ferromagnetism opens a new avenue for developing large-scale 2D magnet-based spintronics devices. The emergence of two dimensional ferromagnetism suffers from an inherent fragility to thermal fluctuations, which typically restricts the Curie temperature to below room temperature. Here, Zhang et al present CrTe2 thin films grown via molecular beam epitaxy with a Curie temperature exceeding 300 K.
Lea Berrang-Ford1, A. R. Siders2, Alexandra Lesnikowski3, Alexandra Paige Fischer4 +147 more•Institutions (87)
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a systematic and comprehensive global stocktake of implemented human adaptation to climate change and identify eight priorities for global adaptation research: assess the effectiveness of adaptation responses, enhance the understanding of limits to adaptation, enable individuals and civil society to adapt, include missing places, scholars and scholarship, understand private sector responses, improve methods for synthesizing different forms of evidence, assess the adaptation at different temperature thresholds, and improve the inclusion of timescale and the dynamics of responses.
Abstract: Assessing global progress on human adaptation to climate change is an urgent priority. Although the literature on adaptation to climate change is rapidly expanding, little is known about the actual extent of implementation. We systematically screened >48,000 articles using machine learning methods and a global network of 126 researchers. Our synthesis of the resulting 1,682 articles presents a systematic and comprehensive global stocktake of implemented human adaptation to climate change. Documented adaptations were largely fragmented, local and incremental, with limited evidence of transformational adaptation and negligible evidence of risk reduction outcomes. We identify eight priorities for global adaptation research: assess the effectiveness of adaptation responses, enhance the understanding of limits to adaptation, enable individuals and civil society to adapt, include missing places, scholars and scholarship, understand private sector responses, improve methods for synthesizing different forms of evidence, assess the adaptation at different temperature thresholds, and improve the inclusion of timescale and the dynamics of responses. Determining progress in adaptation to climate change is challenging, yet critical as climate change impacts increase. A stocktake of the scientific literature on implemented adaptation now shows that adaptation is mostly fragmented and incremental, with evidence lacking for its impact on reducing risk.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview of magnetic nanoparticles and their assemblies produced via different synthetic routes, focusing on which MNP features have allowed unprecedented heating efficiency levels to be achieved in MHT and highlighting nanoplatforms that prevent magnetic heat loss in the intracellular environment.
Abstract: Magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) is a therapeutic modality for the treatment of solid tumors that has now accumulated more than 30 years of experience. In the ongoing MHT clinical trials for the treatment of brain and prostate tumors, iron oxide nanoparticles are employed as intra-tumoral MHT agents under a patient-safe 100 kHz alternating magnetic field (AMF) applicator. Although iron oxide nanoparticles are currently approved by FDA for imaging purposes and for the treatment of anemia, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) designed for the efficient treatment of MHT must respond to specific physical-chemical properties in terms of magneto-energy conversion, heat dose production, surface chemistry and aggregation state. Accordingly, in the past few decades, these requirements have boosted the development of a new generation of MNPs specifically aimed for MHT. In this review, we present an overview on MNPs and their assemblies produced via different synthetic routes, focusing on which MNP features have allowed unprecedented heating efficiency levels to be achieved in MHT and highlighting nanoplatforms that prevent magnetic heat loss in the intracellular environment. Moreover, we review the advances on MNP-based nanoplatforms that embrace the concept of multimodal therapy, which aims to combine MHT with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic or phototherapy. Next, for a better control of the therapeutic temperature at the tumor, we focus on the studies that have optimized MNPs to maintain gold-standard MHT performance and are also tackling MNP imaging with the aim to quantitatively assess the amount of nanoparticles accumulated at the tumor site and regulate the MHT field conditions. To conclude, future perspectives with guidance on how to advance MHT therapy will be provided.
TL;DR: In this paper, a meta-analytic examination of the relationship between burnout and teachers' intentions to quit, and whether burnout or job satisfaction is more important in predicting teachers' intention to quit was conducted.
TL;DR: The authors provided the first systematic review of studies examining the consequences of teacher burnout for students, focusing on academic achievement and student-reported outcomes, and provided preliminary evidence that teachers' burnout can affect the students they teach.
Marine Conservation Institute1, Oregon State University2, University of York3, Stony Brook University4, University of the Algarve5, The Pew Charitable Trusts6, World Conservation Monitoring Centre7, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources8, Florida State University9, Centre national de la recherche scientifique10, University of Hawaii11, Duke University12, James Cook University13, University of Victoria14, World Wide Fund for Nature15, University of Paris16, Wildlife Conservation Society17, Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society18, National Research Council19, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University20, University of Montpellier21, Hoffmann-La Roche22, Shanghai Jiao Tong University23, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute24, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile25
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe MPAs as conservation tools intended to protect biodiversity, promote healthy and resilient marine ecosystems, and provide societal benefits, despite codification of MPAs.
Abstract: Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are conservation tools intended to protect biodiversity, promote healthy and resilient marine ecosystems, and provide societal benefits. Despite codification of MPAs i...
TL;DR: A scoping review is a type of literature review that analyzes the evidence and synthesises the evidence in a particular topic area to determine whether or not a book should be classified as recommendable for publication.
Abstract: Literature reviews generally analyse and synthesis the evidence (or lack thereof) in a particular topic area and they are an increasingly popular form of scholarly activity. The scoping review is a...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the effect of the global pandemic on stock market volatility and whether economic strength, measured by a set of selected country-level economic characteristics and factors such as economic resilience, intensity of capitalism, level of corporate governance, financial development, monetary policy rate and quality of health system, could potentially mitigate the possible detrimental effect of global pandamine on stock price volatility.
TL;DR: In this article, a machine learning algorithm driven by information from the NASA GEOS-CF model was used to assess changes in nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and ozone (O 3 ) at 5756 observations sites in 46 countries from January through June 2020.
Abstract: . Social distancing to combat the COVID-19 pandemic has led
to widespread reductions in air pollutant emissions. Quantifying these
changes requires a business-as-usual counterfactual that accounts for the
synoptic and seasonal variability of air pollutants. We use a machine learning algorithm driven by information from the NASA GEOS-CF model to
assess changes in nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and ozone (O 3 ) at 5756
observation sites in 46 countries from January through June 2020. Reductions
in NO 2 coincide with the timing and intensity of COVID-19 restrictions,
ranging from 60 % in severely affected cities (e.g., Wuhan, Milan) to
little change (e.g., Rio de Janeiro, Taipei). On average, NO 2
concentrations were 18 (13–23) % lower than business as usual from
February 2020 onward. China experienced the earliest and steepest decline,
but concentrations since April have mostly recovered and remained within
5 % of the business-as-usual estimate. NO 2 reductions in Europe and
the US have been more gradual, with a halting recovery starting in late
March. We estimate that the global NO x (NO + NO 2 ) emission
reduction during the first 6 months of 2020 amounted to 3.1 (2.6–3.6) TgN,
equivalent to 5.5 (4.7–6.4) % of the annual anthropogenic total. The
response of surface O 3 is complicated by competing influences of
nonlinear atmospheric chemistry. While surface O 3 increased by up to
50 % in some locations, we find the overall net impact on daily average
O 3 between February–June 2020 to be small. However, our analysis
indicates a flattening of the O 3 diurnal cycle with an increase in
nighttime ozone due to reduced titration and a decrease in daytime ozone,
reflecting a reduction in photochemical production. The O 3 response is dependent on season, timescale, and environment,
with declines in surface O 3 forecasted if NO x emission
reductions continue.