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Showing papers by "University of Zambia published in 1993"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings imply that cases of HIV-associated pulmonary tuberculosis may frequently be missed and emphasise the need for new diagnostic methods.

199 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: Two hundred and forty-nine patients with tuberculosis were recruited to a cohort study to investigate the interaction between tuberculosis and HIV in Lusaka, Zambia; findings at presentation are presented here.
Abstract: Two hundred and forty-nine patients with tuberculosis were recruited to a cohort study to investigate the interaction between tuberculosis and HIV in Lusaka, Zambia; findings at presentation are presented here. One hundred and eighty-two (73%; 95% confidence interval 67-79%) of the cases were HIV-1 antibody positive. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was confirmed by microscopy for acid-alcohol fast bacilli, culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or histology in 74% of all cases. HIV negative and positive cases differed in site of disease: among HIV negative patients 72% had pulmonary disease alone, 16% extrapulmonary disease alone and 12% had both, whereas among HIV positive patients 40% had pulmonary disease alone, 34% extrapulmonary disease alone and 26% both (P < 0.001). HIV negative and positive cases were compared with regard to outcome of diagnostic procedures: 55% of HIV negative cases could be diagnosed at enrollment by sputum smear, but only 35% of HIV positive cases (P < 0.01). Among pulmonary cases confirmed by sputum culture, 76% of HIV negative patients had a positive sputum smear, compared with 57% of HIV positive patients (P = 0.09). Pleural and pericardial disease were difficult to confirm, but culture of pleural fluid was positive in 12/46 HIV positive patients, compared with 0/11 HIV negative patients. Lymph node disease was readily confirmed by biopsy. The tuberculin test was positive in only 30/110 (27%) of HIV positive cases, but in 21/38 (55%) of HIV negative cases (P < 0.01). Mycobacterium tuberculosis was cultured in 57% of HIV negative cases and 54% of HIV positive cases; no atypical mycobacteria were isolated. Initial resistance to isoniazid was present in isolates from 5% of cases with a positive culture.

131 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 1993-AIDS
TL;DR: HIV-positive patients with pulmonary TB may be less infectious than their HIV-negative counterparts and this may partly be explained by lower bacillary load in the sputum.
Abstract: Between April and December 1989 the chest clinic of the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka Zambia confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in 141 adults 95 (67%) of whom were HIV-1 seropositive. Health workers made home visits to 71 of the index cases (43 HIV-1 positive and 28 HIV-1 negative) to learn whether the 348 household members would also develop TB thus allowing researchers to determine the effect of HIV on infectiousness of TB. Contacts of HIV-1 positive patients developed TB at a lower rate than did those of HIV-1 negative patients (52% vs. 71%; odds ratio [OR] = 0.43; p < .001). This difference continued even after controlling for between-household variations indicating that confounding variables did not account for the difference. Age of contact intimacy with the index case and crowding in the household were associated with the tuberculin response in the contact but they did not confound the effect of HIV status. Tuberculin response in the contact was associated with the number of bacilli in the sputum smear (crude OR = 3.13; p = .013 and adjusted OR =1.84; p = .28) suggesting that the number of bacilli somewhat explained the difference in infectiousness between HIV-1 positive and HIV-1 negative patients. 12 contacts (8 of HIV-positive cases and 4 of HIV-negative cases) developed active TB after the TB diagnosis in the index case. These findings clearly demonstrated that infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis was less likely in household members of HIV-1 positive cases than in those of HIV-1 negative cases. The lower bacillary load in the sputum in HIV- 1 cases may have accounted somewhat for the lower infectiousness of pulmonary TB.

103 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: There is a need for better co-ordination between the different services involved in rabies control in Zambia to enhance the sustainability of vaccination programmes and improve the treatment of persons bitten by dogs.
Abstract: Characteristics of dog populations and their accessibility for rabies vaccination were compared in an urban and a semi-rural area in Zambia. A total of 1,190 households were interviewed. In the urban study area (Mutendere, a low income suburb of Lusaka) only 11% of the households kept dogs with a dog:human ratio of 1:45. In the semi-rural area (Palabana) dogs were kept by 42% of households with a dog:human ratio of 1:6,7. In conjuction with the study of the dog populations in these two areas, immunization of dogs against rabies was provided by door-to-door visits in both study areas and also through central point vaccination in the urban area. The attitude of the public towards free rabies vaccinations was positive, although some misconceptions regarding indications and modalities of treatment following exposure to suspect dogs were found. Approximately 50% of the dog removals were as a result of disease and the demand for dogs was higher than the supply. Although only information on the owned segment of the dog population was obtained during the study, the proportion of ownerless dogs appeared to be very low. Generally, there is a need for better co-ordination between the different services involved in rabies control in Zambia to enhance the sustainability of vaccination programmes and improve the treatment of persons bitten by dogs.

83 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the recovery of miombo woodlands following clearance for woodfuel is monitored at four sites in central Zambia, and the authors show that clearing of successive regrowth miombo does not appear to affect productivity.

62 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article argued that the labour history of the Copperbelt has been dominated by a "modernist narrative" in which "progressive" scholars have sought to disengage the study of urban life from its rural attachments, and have seen the transition to urban permanence and proletarianisation as both inevitable and desirable.
Abstract: Zambia has long been recognised as one of the most urbanised countries in Africa. The major theme in the social scientific study of the country since the development of the Copperbelt in the late 1920s has been the relationship between the towns and the rural areas. This has been the subject of academic and political debate for over 60 years and has stimulated a number of important works by economists, social anthropologists, political scientists and historians. James Ferguson, a social anthropologist, recently attempted in a lengthy two part article in this journal to survey the literature on this topic. The present article takes issue with his contention that the labour history of the Copperbelt has been dominated by a ‘modernist narrative’ in which ‘progressive’ scholars have sought to ‘disengage the study of urban life on the Copperbelt from its rural attachments’, and have seen the transition to urban permanence and proletarianisation as both inevitable and desirable. It argues that since Austin Robi...

57 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
P.C. Jain1
TL;DR: A review of the topic including the physics of the greenhouse effect is given in this article, where the authors suggest that reducing use of fossil fuels and increasing use of alternative sources of energy coupled with energy conservation strategies are needed to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.

50 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 1993-AIDS
TL;DR: It is recommended that all patients with suspected tuberculous lymphadenitis in Africa, undergo wide-needle aspiration before surgical biopsy or empirical treatment.
Abstract: This study evaluated wide-needle (19-gauge) aspiration in the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis. 304 patients presenting to 1 surgeon for diagnostic surgical biopsy of a peripheral lymph node during 1989 and 1990 at the Department of Surgery University Teaching Hospital Lusaka Zambia were involved in this prospective study in which wide-needle aspiration routinely preceded open surgical biopsy. Histology and mycobacterial culture of the surgically biopsied lymph node HIV-1 serology successful aspiration of material naked-eye appearance of aspirate and presence of acid-fast bacilli and/or microscopic caseation in the aspirate were the main outcome measures. 188 of 304 (61.8%) patients had histologically and/or culture-proven tuberculous lymphadenitis of whom 155 of 183 (84.7%) tested HIV-1 seropositive. Material was successfully aspirated from 190 of 188 (95.7%) patients with proven tuberculous lymphadenitis. Macroscopic caseation diagnosable on naked-eye examination alone of the aspirate was present in 49 of 120 (40.8%) consecutive aspirates from tuberculous nodes. Acid-fast bacilli and/or microscopic caseation were seen in 116 of 155 (74.8%) aspirates from tuberculous nodes for which smears stained by both Ziehl-Nielsen and hematoxylin and eosin were available. It is recommended that all patients with suspected tuberculous lymphadenitis in Africa undergo wide-needle aspiration before surgical biopsy or empirical treatment. (authors modified)

49 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: Evaluated residents of urban and rural areas of Ghana from 1972 through 1987 to evaluate the health burden of cardiovascular diseases, especially high blood pressure, in these African communities found rates were higher among men than among women.
Abstract: We studied residents of urban and rural areas of Ghana from 1972 through 1987 to evaluate the health burden of cardiovascular diseases, especially high blood pressure, in these African communities. Among urban adults, the prevalence of hypertension was 8% to 13%, compared to only 4.5% among rural adults. Overall, rates were higher among men than among women. However, the rate of hypertension was the same for men and women over 40 years old. The prevalence of hypertension was 29% for persons aged 35 and older, compared to 3.9% for persons under 35 years of age. Of the 24% of the study participants who were aware of their hypertension status, only a third were undergoing treatment, and only half of those were receiving adequate treatment. The determinants of hypertension include age, family history, body mass index, parity, and alcohol use. On a continent where over 80% of the health budget is spent on communicable diseases such as malaria, this study represents one of the few early attempts to understand the magnitude of the health burden of noncommunicable diseases in Africa.

46 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the antireflection (AR) coatings on glass prepared by liquid-phase etching in a silica supersaturated flousilicic acid in comparison to dipping in a teflon sol are shown.

42 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Various changes in the human laryngeal cartilages have been studied by the naked eye, radiology, and histology in 28 dissecting room and autopsy specimens, showing various degenerative processes, including calcification, but also revealed the occurrence of actual ossification even in some younger specimens.
Abstract: Various changes in the human laryngeal cartilages have been studied by the naked eye, radiology, and histology in 28 dissecting room and 20 autopsy specimens (21 male and 27 female) ranging from 14 to 101 years. Except for one 14- and one 20-year-old specimen, radiographic signs of calcification occurred in all and were found in hyaline cartilaginous tissue of the thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, and the variably occurring triticiate cartilages. A series of stages has been established indicating the pattern of spread of the process in the thyroid cricoid and arytenoid cartilages. Minor differences between the sexes were found in the thyroid and the cricoid, and some correlation was noted between sites of calcification with sites of muscle attachment and sites of greatest mass. The degree of involvement was not, however, found to be a reliable index of age, with wide variations occurring between individuals. Histology showed various degenerative processes, including calcification, but also revealed the occurrence of actual ossification even in some younger specimens. However, some foci of cartilage always persisted even when ossification was well advanced. Naked eye examination detected regions within the cartilages where ossification was well established, dark areas being produced by the presence of marrow. The remaining tissue was found histologically to be composed of cartilage, which might be calcified or might even contain small foci of bone. Radiology was an accurate method for detection of calcification and ossification, which were sometimes distinguishable, larger masses of calcified cartilage having a dense uniform radiographic appearance unlike the trabecular pattern of bone. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Data support the long‐term immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a two‐ or three‐dose regimen of the hepatitis B vaccine in a rural African setting.
Abstract: One hundred and one of 255 recipients of a plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine were evaluated in 1990, 9 years after the first vaccine dose in a study in Zambia to evaluate the efficacy of one, two, or three doses. In 1983, 2 years after the first vaccine dose, antibody to the hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) had been detectable in 90 of these 101 participants (89%). In 1990, anti-HBs was still detectable in 72 of 101 (71%), and was present at a protective level ( ≥ 10 mlU ml) in 68 of 101 (67%). Although the original vaccine study elicited a protective level of antibody in a greater percentage of children and adolescents than in adults, there were no significant differences among the three groups at 9 years. (In 1990, anti-HBs was still detectable in 52 of 70 [74%] who had had no serologic markers of the hepatitis B virus in 1981, and a protective level was detected in 47 of 70 [67%].) A protective level of anti-HBs was detected in 1990 in 26 of 36 (72%) recipients of three doses and in 23 of 31 (74%) recipients of two doses; the slightly lower prevalence among recipients of one dose (19 of 34 [56%]) was not statistically significant. However, between the years 1983–1990, hepatitis B virus infections had occurred in one of 36 (3%) of those who had been vaccinated with three doses, one of 31 (3%) vaccinated with two doses, and eight of 34 (24%) of those vaccinated with one dose (P < .02 for either two or three doses compared with one dose). These data support the long-term immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a two- or three-dose regimen of the hepatitis B vaccine in a rural African setting. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The population at Matinangala was more at risk of infection by both S. haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni than the Siavonga population and factors which may be influencing their distribution are discussed.
Abstract: A schistosomiasis prevalence survey was carried out at Lake Kariba, Zambia—only the second since the creation of the lake more than 30 years ago. In the 20 or so years since the first study the pre...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The efficacy and acceptability of two widely used oral contraceptive tablets administered by the vaginal route, one containing 250 mg levonorgestrel and 50 µg ethinyl estradiol and the other containing 150 μg desogestrel, are confirmed.
Abstract: The efficacy and acceptability of two widely used oral contraceptive tablets, one containing 250 mg levonorgestrel and 50 micrograms ethinyl estradiol and the other containing 150 micrograms desogestrel and 30 micrograms ethinyl estradiol, administered by the vaginal route were compared in 1055 women studied over 12,630 woman-months of vaginal contraceptive pill use. This multicenter clinical trial was performed in nine countries of the developing world by the "South to South Cooperation in Reproductive Health," an organization founded by scientists from the Third World working in the area of reproductive health, and the study was developed and coordinated by one of these centers. The findings of this study confirm the efficacy of both these tablets when administered by the vaginal route. Involuntary pregnancy rates at 1 year of 2.78 for subjects in the levonorgestrel group and 4.54 for subjects the desogestrel group showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups. However, total discontinuation rates of 47.01 for subjects in the levonorgestrel group and 56.33 for subjects in the desogestrel group showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups, and discontinuation rates attributable to prolonged bleeding of 0.6 for subjects in the levonorgestrel group and 3.2 for subjects in the desogestrel group were also significantly higher in the group of subjects using the desogestrel vaginal contraceptive pill. Blood pressure remained at admission values throughout treatment. A statistically significant weight increase from admission values occurred in both groups of subjects.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The vaginal route of administration appears to be as acceptable and efficacious as the oral route, and involuntary pregnancy rates after 1 year were not statistically significantly different between the two groups.
Abstract: The objective of this multicenter randomized clinical trail was to compare the efficacy acceptability and occurrence of side effects associated with the oral versus vaginal route of administration of contraceptive pills. This study started in June 1987 and data collection extended up to April 1992 at family planning clinics and research centers members of the South to South Cooperation in Reproductive Health in seven countries of the developing world. The 819 subjects were from 17 to 39 years of age had already had at least one pregnancy had had regular menstrual cycles for 3 months before were exposed to the risk of pregnancy and were not using any other method of contraception. 424 were randomly assigned to use the pills orally (which contained 250 mcg levonorgestrel and 50 mcg ethinyl estradiol) whereas 395 inserted the pills vaginally. 625 subjects completed at least 6 months of use 326 used the pills orally and 299 used the pills vaginally. 385 subjects completed 1 year of pills use 201 in the oral group and 184 in the vaginal group. The 1-year discontinuation rate per 100 subjects per year for the oral group was 34.71 +or- 2.42 while it was 36.35 +or- 2.53 for the vaginal group. This difference was not statistically significant. The only single reason of statistically significant difference for discontinuation was "desire for pregnancy" (p = 0.444). Paired value analysis of subjects completing 12 months of study showed that women in the oral group had a statistically significant increase in weight from a mean of 55.8 kg at admission to a mean of 56.9 kg at 6 months (p < 0.05) and 57.3 kg at 1 year (p = 0.05). The mean weight of the vaginal group increased from 56.52 kg to 57.22 kg (p = 0.036) at 12 months. Significantly more complaints of vaginal discharge were recorded in women using the pills by the vaginal route (p = 0.001). However only one subject discontinued the pills because of vaginal discharge.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: HIV-seropositive patients with chronic diarrhoea or associated illnesses appear to have significantly increased seroprevalence of anti-BVD virus antibodies (P = >0.01).
Abstract: Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus is a cosmopolitan pestivirus of animals which is associated with diarrhoea, immunosuppression and synergy with other pathogens. This study was conducted to establish the prevalence of anti-BVD virus antibodies in healthy Zambian adults and those with asymptomatic and symptomatic HIV disease. Sera from 1159 adults were tested for anti-BVD virus antibodies using the indirect immunofluorescence test and the confirmatory Western blot. Of the 1159 sera examined, 180 (15.5%) showed significantly elevated titres of anti-BVD antibodies. These included 70 out of 477 (14.7%) HIV-negative healthy adults; 73 out of 480 (15.2%) of HIV-positive asymptomatic individuals; 23 out of 129 (17.8%) HIV-seropositive patients with associated illnesses excluding diarrhoea; and 14 out of 73 (19.2%) of HIV-seropositive patients with chronic diarrhoea. HIV-seropositive patients with chronic diarrhoea or associated illnesses appear to have significantly increased seroprevalence of anti-BVD virus antibodies (P = > 0.01). The mechanism of interaction between BVD virus and HIV infections and the synergistic effects with other opportunistic pathogens in humans requires definition.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Mbilinyi (1979, p. 218) does not hesitate to point out that formal education is one of the fundamental forms of means of production and transmission of knowledge and therefore, must be considered both as an ideological instrument and as one aspect of productive forces as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: On March 9, 1967, President Julius Nyerere of Tanzania issued a dramatic manifesto that he called "Education for Self-Reliance." In this document, he stated that education has definite purposes: to prepare young people to live and serve society and to transmit the knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes of society (Nyerere, 1968, p. 44). Meanwhile, a Cuban educator had said that, when he was in Italy for an education conference, someone asked him whether or not the school in Cuba was an instrument of the state. He answered, "Yes, of course, just as it was before the triumph of the Revolution and as it is in the present day Italy" (Carnoy & Wertheim, 1977, p. 573). The educator could not have been more accurate, for everywhere education is, no doubt, a state instrument in the process of political and socioeconomic development. Consequently, Mbilinyi (1979, p. 218) does not hesitate to point out that "formal education is one of the fundamental forms of means of production and transmission of knowledge and therefore, must be considered both as an ideological instrument and as one aspect of productive forces." Schooling, she continues, cuts across the ideological and economic levels. At the same time, schooling is increasingly becoming an instrument of state and must also be posed as an element of political level.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of the Target MOTAD Model indicate an optimal cropping pattern of growing sorghum, rice and soyabeans in the Gwembe Valley of Zambia.

Journal ArticleDOI
P S Patil1, C Bem
TL;DR: Wide needle aspiration cytology is useful in the diagnosis of lymphadenopathy in Central Africa, with the exception of lymphenopathic Kaposi's disease.
Abstract: AIMS--To study the value of wide needle (19 gauge) aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of lymph node disease in Zambia in the absence of a trained cytologist. METHODS--Patients (n = 304) referred for surgical biopsy of an enlarged peripheral lymph node were studied prospectively. Surgical biopsy was routinely preceded by 19 gauge needle aspiration of the same node; aspirates were stained by haematoxylin and eosin and Ziehl Neelsen stains. RESULTS--Of 232 aspirates, 182 contained sufficient material for cytological characterisation. Tuberculosis was diagnosed or suspected in 122 of 126 aspirates with histologically confirmed tuberculous lymphadenitis; reactive follicular hyperplasia in 31 of 38 patients with primary HIV lymphadenopathy; malignancy in all five patients with malignant nodes; and Kaposi's disease in four of nine patients with this. Tuberculous lymphadenitis was falsely suspected in four patients, as was reactive follicular hyperplasia in four, and Kaposi's disease in four. CONCLUSIONS--Wide needle aspiration cytology is useful in the diagnosis of lymphadenopathy in Central Africa, with the exception of lymphadenopathic Kaposi's disease.

Journal Article
TL;DR: For both cattle and pigs, drug resistance was more frequently observed against tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfadimethoxine and ampicillin than other antibiotics and the single resistance pattern occurred most frequency, especially among pig E. coli strains.
Abstract: Escherichia (E.) coli and Salmonella (S.) choleraesuis (subsp. choleraesuis and subsp. salamae) from apparently healthy slaughtered cattle and pigs in 1989 in Zambia, were examined for antibiotic resistance and the presence of conjuga­ tive R plasmid. Salmonella strains from diseased animals (cattle, chickens, leopards, lions and warthogs) were similarly tested. The majority of the cattle had been nomadic ally kept in so-called "traditional farms" while all the pigs were from commercial farms. More pigs (39 %; 411105) harboured drug-resistant E. coli than cattle (6.7%; 7/105). Moreover, the number of drug-resistant E. coli was higher among strains from pigs (31.2 %; 49/157) than cattle (4.2 %; 7/167). For both cattle and pigs, drug resistance was more frequently observed against tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfadimethoxine and ampicillin than other antibiotics and the single resistance pattern occurred most frequency, especially among pig E. coli strains. Drug-resistant Salmonella was recorded in 3.6 % (1128) of strains from slaughtered cattle and 31.3 % (10/32) of those from diseased animals. Drug-resistant E. coli from pigs and cattle carried R plasmid at high frequency.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Women's Lobby is one of a number of initiatives which have emerged from within Zambia's civil society in recent years as part of the pluralist momentum toward democratisation and the advance of human rights.
Abstract: The Women's Lobby is one of a number of initiatives which have emerged from within Zambia's civil society in recent years as part of the pluralist momentum toward democratisation and the advance of human rights. Its voice alongside that of the churches, the Law Society and the independent press has advanced pressure for a return to a multi‐party system. It has used the space created to open up a dialogue toward fuller consideration of gender issues. It has also been characteristic of the Zambian experience that the flurry of public debate has primarily involved the more articulate and more privileged members of society. There is obvious intent to mobilise the entire population but the dialogue has beenfostered by the relatively affluent, a pattern no less true of the Women's Lobby than other bodies involved in the public debate. The process has revealed tensions and conflicts at various levels, following in some cases from a reluctance to submit liberal demands to comprehensive analysis and to extend crit...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the optical properties of tin oxide-coated aluminium and anodized aluminium were investigated and it was suggested that the most feasible explanation is an interfacial reaction between the metal and the oxide.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Zambia's pilot project suggests that mandatory prenatal screening for syphilis could usher in other prenatal interventions against STDs an research into the effectiveness of prenatal care and maternal health.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The gross anatomy of the omasum of 11 different Zambian game species are described and lamellar area and papilla density and shape are reported.
Abstract: Summary The gross anatomy of the omasum of 11 different Zambian game species are described. These include Roan Antelope, Sable Antelope, Wildebeest, Kudu, Kafue Lechwe, Puku, Reedbuck, Impala, Bushbuck, Oribi and Duiker. Lamellar area and papilla density and shape are reported.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The contribution of the Institute to social science research in its first fifty years of existence is assessed in this paper under three broad areas: foundation, aims, and objectives; publication and research; and problems encountered and their solution.
Abstract: G. K. Gwassa states that research institutes in Africa constitute one critical factor of development in that they have to undertake the twin problems of research which involve the search for and the discovery of the process of social development. They also undertake purposeful functional research by (especially) studying and analyzing internal economic and social conditions in order to determine the characteristics, variables, and criteria for rational economic and political actions within a given country. These have become the functions of many social science research institutions in sub-Saharan Africa. The pioneer in all this is the University of Zambia's Institute for African Studies, the oldest social science-oriented research center in black Africa.The Institute was founded in 1938 as the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute for Social Research (RLISR). In its fifty years of existence the Institute has made contributions which have earned it an international reputation for its research work. The aim of this paper is to assess the contribution of the Institute to social science research in its first fifty years of existence. In undertaking this task, I propose to discuss the topic under three broad areas: foundation, aims, and objectives; publication and research; and problems encountered and their solution.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the solution of a selection of organic analysis problems dealing with drug stability and pesticide residue determination and arising in Zambia is discussed with respect to the available instrumentation.
Abstract: The solution of a selection of organic analysis problems dealing with drug stability and pesticide residue determination and arising in Zambia is discussed with respect to the available instrumentation. The problems discussed are the determination of trimethoprim, trimethoprim potentiated sulphonamides, diazepam, benzophenone degradation products arising from diazepam, metronidazole, all as pharmaceutical raw materials and/or formulations and the organochlorine pesticide dieldrin in meal samples.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Hydranencephaly without arthrogryposis was observed in three newborn Holstein-Friesian calves, born during one week in a 400-cow dairy herd in Zambia, and Akabane virus infection was suspected based on the pathological findings and etiological data, however, it could not determine the exact causative agent.
Abstract: Hydranencephaly without arthrogryposis was observed in three newborn Holstein-Friesian calves, born during one week in a 400-cow dairy herd in Zambia. The affected calves were blind and exhibited nystagmus and depressed behavior. Akabane virus infection was suspected based on the pathological findings and etiological data, however, we could not determine the exact causative agent.


Journal ArticleDOI
I. Javaid1
TL;DR: The results showed crucial deficiencies in extension worker’s knowledge on thresholds of key pests and their implementation in cotton IPM.
Abstract: A questionnaire survey was conducted to find out the information and knowledge of extension workers on thresholds of cotton boll worms, (Helicoverpa armigera and Diparopsis castanea). A sample of 30 extension officers was interviewed in Southern and Central provinces of Zambia. The results showed crucial deficiencies in extension worker’s knowledge on thresholds of key pests and their implementation in cotton IPM. More than 60% extension officers were not aware of the basic information and knowledge such as thresholds of cotton bollworms, the recommended time to start scouting (weeks after germination of cotton) and the number of cotton plants to be examined for pest observance in each field. All extension officers indicated a desperate need for more field oriented practical training on thresholds. The recent increase in the incidence of aphids, Aphis gossypii as reported by 50 % extension workers is obviously due to calendar sprays of synthetic pyrethroids and the lack of a suitable aphicide in current spray programme. Demonstrations on the practical aspects of thresholds deserve much more attention at college level and also during the in-service training. More co-operation in cotton IPM training for extension officers within Central and Southern Africa is suggested.