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Showing papers by "University of Zambia published in 1999"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results are discussed in terms of sub-lethal oral Cu affecting the partitioning of energy utilisation between locomotion and maintenance metabolism by trout in a physiological drive towards invariant growth rates.

189 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: Despite improved obstetric services, the maternal mortality ratios at UTH, Lusaka, Zambia have increased eight-fold over the past two decades, mainly due to non-obstetric causes of death.
Abstract: CADRE : Departement d'Obstetrique et de Gynecologie, Hopital Universitaire d'Enseignement (UTH) de Lusaka en Zambie OBJECTIFS: S'informer sur 1) les causes non-obstetricales de mortalite maternelle, 2) l'importance de la tuberculose comme cause de deces maternel, et 3) les tendances dans l'etiologie des causes non-obstetricales de deces maternel pendant la derniere decennie, au cours de l'epidemie de VIH SCHEMA : Etude retrospective pendant deux ans sur l'etiologie de tous les deces maternels survenant a l'Hopital Universitaire d'Enseignement de Lusaka, Zambie entre le 1 er janvier 1996 et le 31 decembre 1997 Comparaison de ces donnees avec celles disponibles publiees entre 1974 et 1989 RESULTATS: Pendant la periode d'etude, 251 deces maternels ont ete enregistres Parmi ceux-ci, 104 (42%) etaient dus a des causes directes obstetricales et 145 (58%) a des causes indirectes non-obstetricales : la malaria (30%), la tuberculose (25%), et les infections chroniques non specifiees du tractus respiratoire (22%) ont rendu compte de 77% des causes non-obstetricales de deces maternel et de 44% de l'ensemble des causes de deces maternel Le diagnostic de SIDA a ete etroitement lie a celui de tuberculose (92% des cas), ainsi qu'a celui d'affections respiratoires chroniques non specifiees (97%), mais pas a celui de la malaria (37%) Le ratio de mortalite maternelle pour l'UTH se situe a 921 pour 100 000 naissances d'enfants vivants, une augmentation significative par rapport aux 118 notes en 1982 et aux 667 de 1989 CONCLUSIONS : Malgre une amelioration des services obstetricaux, le ratio de mortalite maternelle a l'UTH de Lusaka a augmente de huit fois au cours des deux dernieres decennies Cette augmentation dramatique est principalement due aux causes non-obstetricales de deces La malaria, la tuberculose associee au SIDA, ainsi que les 'maladies respiratoires chroniques' non specifiees sont actuellement les causes principales de deces maternel en Zambie Il y a lieu d'insister davantage et d'urgence sur la detection precoce, le diagnostic precis, le traitement et la prevention de la malaria et de la tuberculose au cours de la grossesse Il est indispensable en outre de definir davantage les 'maladies respiratoires chroniques non specifiees'

134 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is being argued that a scheme to incorporate the n'ganga into STD control activities in which they can be utilised to refer clients to modern medical facilities can be beneficial.

93 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The most striking result was the degree of unmet need for health services and the large number of individuals who were self-medicating due to lack of money rather than the minor nature of their illness.

81 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined suspended sediment transport rates and their relationship to effective discharge based on daily discharge duration curves and found that the concept of effective discharge was applicable to the Fraser River basin where the average class-based Qeff occurred during 8·4% of the study period.
Abstract: This study analyses archival discharge and sediment concentration data (1965–1988), monitored by Water Survey of Canada, to examine suspended sediment transport rates and their relationship to effective discharge (Qeff) based on daily discharge duration curves. Effective discharge was determined as the mid-point of the discharge class transporting the greatest portion of the suspended sediment load (hence class-based Qeff). Results showed that the concept of effective discharge was applicable to the Fraser River basin where the average class-based Qeff occurred during 8·4% of the study period with individual values ranging from 0·03% to 16·1%. The durations of effective discharge classes ranged from 0·02% to 19·6% while the transport of 50% of total sediment loads ranged from 3% to 22% with an average of 14% of the time. Equations for predicting the class-based Qeff in the Fraser River basin from bankfull discharge and drainage area are presented. The observed variations among stations in sediment-discharge regimes based on subjectively selected 20 discharge classes, seem to reflect the influence of sediment controlling factors such as geology, physiography, catchment size and land use practice in the basin. Future directions of research on applications of the effective discharge concept are explored. As a solution to the problem of lack of an objective method for determining the effective discharge, the effective discharge should be determined from event based assessments of sediment transport (event-based Qeff), avoiding any subjectivity in the selection of number of discharge classes used for its determination. In conclusion, it is proposed that continued use of the conventional method of determining Qeff should cease. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

73 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A petrological and geochemical study of the metabasic rocks indicates that they crystallised from genetically related, tholeiitic magmas as discussed by the authors, and that fractionation of olivine, pyroxene and plagioclase played an important role in the generation of the range of mafic compositions.

50 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that African countries need to develop procedures for testing pesticides in Africa in order to arrive at the correct conclusions concerning adverse side effects from pesticide use.

40 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Shyam Singh1
TL;DR: In this article, both the ruled and holographic gratings are discussed, in particular, their focusing properties, aberrations, and their applications, in order to understand the differences between them.
Abstract: Diffraction grating is an optical instrument, which is advantageously used for scientific research in spectroscopy and spatial filtering. It has many other applications in science and technology such as wavelength selectors for tuneable lasers, selective surfaces for solar energy, masks for photolithography, beam sampling mirrors for high power lasers, spectrometers in extreme UV and X-ray regions for space optics, metrology, phase measuring interferometry and pattern recognition, etc. Although the holographic gratings have many advantages over the ruled gratings but they have not yet eliminated completely the classical ruled gratings as the ruled gratings have their own importance in many applications. Therefore, in this article, both the ruled and holographic gratings will be discussed, in particular, their focusing properties, aberrations, and their applications.

37 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that although plasma E1 concentration was greater than E2 throughout gestation, both were related to the stage of gestation and that fetal number was correlated with circulating E1 levels in the last two trimesters of gestation.

34 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The level of Salmonella enteritidis contamination in Zambian table eggs and ready market chicken carcasses was studied and the isolates were sensitive to gentamycin, ampicillin, tetracycline, cotrimoxazole, amoxycillin, furazolidone, and chloramphenicol.
Abstract: SUMMARY. The level of Salmonella enteritidis contamination in Zambian table eggs and ready market chicken carcasses was studied. Nine of the 240 (3.8%) pooled samples of table eggs and 18 of 382 (4.7%) chicken carcasses were contaminated with S. enteritidis. All the isolates from the table eggs belonged to the enteropathogenic invasive phage type 4, whereas seven isolates from the chicken carcasses belonged to phage type 4, three were phage type 7, and eight were untypable (rough type). All the isolates were sensitive to gentamycin, ampicillin, tetracycline, cotrimoxazole, amoxycillin, furazolidone, and chloramphenicol. RESUMEN. Nota de investigacidn-Ocurrencia de Salmonella enteritidis en mezcla de muestras de huevos para consumo y canales de pollos listas para el mercado en Zambia. Se estudi6 el nivel de contaminaci6n por Salmonella enteritidis en huevos para consumo y canales de polio listas para el mercado. Nueve de 240 (3.8%) mezclas de muestras de huevos de mesa y 18 de 382 (4.7%) canales de polio se encontraron contaminadas con S. enteritidis. Todas las cepas aisladas de los huevos para consumo pertenecieron al fagotipo 4 invasivo enteropat6geno mientras que 7 cepas aisladas de las canales de pollos pertenecieron al fagotipo 4, tres al fagotipo 7 y ocho cepas no fueron tipificables (tipo rugoso). Todas las cepas fueron sensibles a la gentamicina, ampicilina, tetraciclina, cotrimoxazol, amoxicilina, furazolidona y cloranfenicol.

29 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The basin-fill succession of the Ordovician to Devonian Sinakumbe Group and overlying Upper Carboniferous to Lower Jurassic Karoo Supergroup (∼4.5 km thick) were deposited in the mid-Zambezi Rift Valley Basin, southern Zambia.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Differences between reciprocal crosses were strikingly widespread, and appeared generally to be due to cytoplasmic effects or cytopLasmic × nuclear interactions rather than maternal effects, indicating that the direction in which a cross is made may have a perceptible effect on the progeny that can be obtained from it.
Abstract: The extent and distribution of incompatibility between gene pools (Mesoamerican and Andean) and evolutionary classes (wild, landrace and bred) of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) was explored by seeking anomalous values of highly heritable quantitative traits in the progeny of crosses. Clear incompatibility (no progeny or sterile or deformed progeny) was shown by 28 crosses in a 12-parent wild × bred diallel cross, and 37 crosses in a 12-parent landrace × bred diallel cross. Incompatibility was particularly common in the progeny of certain genotypes, but was not consistently associated with the division between gene pools or evolutionary classes. When crosses showing clear incompatibility were eliminated from the data, days to flowering, number of seeds per pod, log (weight per seed) and seed roundness in the F1 generation gave a good fit to an additive-dominance model, confirming that there is no overall tendency to incompatibility between the gene pools. There was a division between the gene pools with regard to log (weight per seed), as expected, but there was no such division, with regard either to the means of the parent lines or the distribution of the statistics V r and W r (which indicate the distribution of dominant alleles between genotypes), for the other quantitative variables. Differences between reciprocal crosses were strikingly widespread, and appeared generally to be due to cytoplasmic effects or cytoplasmic × nuclear interactions rather than maternal effects, indicating that the direction in which a cross is made may have a perceptible effect on the progeny that can be obtained from it.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the problem of the classification of finite rings such that the set of all zero-divisors form an ideal M is addressed, and these rings are called completely primary and they shall call a finite completely primary ring R which satisfies conditions (i), (ii) and (iii), a ring with property T.
Abstract: In [7], Corbas determined all finite rings in which the product of any two zero-divisors is zero, and showed that they are of two types, one of characteristic p 2and the other of characteristic p2. The purpose of this paper is to address the problem of the classification of finite rings such that. (i)the set of all zero-divisors form an ideal M. (ii)M 3=(0); and. (iii)M 3≠(0). Because of (i), these rings are called completely primary and we shall call a finite completely primary ring R which satisfies conditions (i), (ii) and (iii), a ring with property(T). These rings are of three types, namely, of characteristic p p 2 and p 3. The characteristic p 2 case is subdivided into cases in which p∊M 2 p∊ann(M)−M 2 and p∊M −ann(M), where ann(M) denotes the two-sided annihilator of where M in R.

01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) on the education systems in Nigeria and Zambia were investigated on a longitudinal basis, and the effects varied by educational levels.
Abstract: . This paper set out to measure, on a longitudinal basis, the effects of Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) on the education systems in Nigeria and Zambia. Trends revealed that fiscal measures introduced by Nigeria and Zambia during SAP had some devastating effects on public expenditure on education, the purchasing power of teachers, quality of education, access to education, and gender gap in the provision of education at all levels. Between 1984 and 1988, for instance, both countries experienced about an 8 % reduction in the share of education in the national budget. In a similar vein, public spending per student fell by 32.96% and 60% in Nigeria and Zambia respectively. At the same time, the high inflation rates in both countries led to a significant reduction in purchasing power. Consequently there were, in most cases, downward trends in the gross enrolment ratio, female participation in education, completion rate, pupils per school, pupil-teacher ratio, and performance in international examinations. Due to differences in educational priorities, the negative effects of SAP varied by educational levels, and between Nigeria and Zambia. RESUME. Les auteurs de cet article s'emploient a mesurer longitudinalement les effets d'un programme d'ajustement structurel (PAS) sur les systemes d'education du Nigeria et de la Zambie. Tout porte a croire en effet que les mesures fmancieres adoptees par le Nigeria et la Zambie durant le PAS ont eu des effets catastrophiques sur les depenses publiques consacrees a l'education, sur le pouvoir d'achat des enseignants, la qualite de l'education, l'acces a l'education et le fosse hommes-femmes dans les services d'education a tous les niveaux. Entre 1984 et 1988 par exemple, les deux pays ont enregistre une baisse d'environ 8 % de la part de l'education dans le budget national. Dans une meme veine, les depenses publiques par eleve ont baisse respectivement de 32,96 % et 60 % au Nigeria et en Zambie. Pendant ce temps, l'inflation elevee dans les deux pays a entraine une forte baisse du pouvoir d'achat. Il y a donc eu dans la plupart des cas un flechissement du taux de scolarisation, de la participation des femmes a l'education, des taux de reussite, du nombre d'eleves par ecole, du rapport enseignants-eleves et des resultats obtenus aux examens internationaux. Compte tenu des differences relatives aux priorites pedagogiques, les effets deleteres du PAS ont varie selon le niveau d'etudes et entre le Nigeria et la Zambie.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: New protocols should be developed for the prevention and control of F MD, including the enforcement of livestock movement control, improved disease surveillance and reporting, and the monitoring of FMD virus in carrier cattle and buffalo.
Abstract: In Zambia, foot and mouth disease (FMD) has been caused by all three of the South African Territories serotypes (SAT 1, 2 and 3) and by European types O and A. Three areas of the country which have experienced repeated occurrences of the disease are considered high-risk areas. The three areas are as follows: the southern border area between Zambia and Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia, the Kafue Flats and the northern border with Tanzania in the Nakonde and Mbala districts. The transfer mechanism of the virus is poorly understood but the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is considered to be the natural host, acting as a reservoir of infection for the SAT types of the virus. Cattle are known to be carriers of the virus for up to two and a half years and individual semi-domesticated buffalo have been reported to act as carriers for up to five years. In wild herds of buffalo, the virus has been recorded for periods of up to twenty-five years. Current control measures include mass vaccination of cattle in high-risk areas and restrictions on the movement of cattle from areas in which contact exists with buffalo. New protocols should be developed for the prevention and control of FMD, including the enforcement of livestock movement control, improved disease surveillance and reporting, and the monitoring of FMD virus in carrier cattle and buffalo. These measures will contribute towards building the confidence of the regulatory bodies of importing countries in the region.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In Africa, as in Western countries, an epidemic of atypical cases of KS led to the recognition of some of the first cases of AIDS and in line with recent developments in the understanding of the etiology of KS globally, HHV-8 or KSAHV has also been detected in patients with African KS.



Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the approach to derive the matrix treatment of spin from first principles to treat systems of compounded angular momentum and obtained the probability amplitudes for measurements on the systems, as well as the matrix vectors and operators corresponding to the systems.
Abstract: The approach to quantum mechanics which we have used to derive the matrix treatment of spin from first principles is now employed to treat systems of compounded angular momentum. A general treatment is first given, which is then applied to the concrete cases of a spin-0 and a spin-1 system obtained by adding the spins of two spin-1/2 systems. Thus the probability amplitudes for measurements on the systems are derived, as well as the matrix vectors and operators corresponding to the systems. The matrix operators and states obtained are different from the standard forms and are much more generalized. The new results are applied to the case of joint measurements on the subsystems of such a system; this is a problem that has been made very topical by the high level of interest in the foundations of quantum mechanics. As a consequence of the insights arising from this treatment, we show that the Clebsch-Gordan coefficients are amenable to generalization, and we give the generalized forms for these cases.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, the Jacobson Radical of cube zero and square non-zero was constructed for all the characteristics of the ring with property(T) and characteristic p, and the number of isomorphism classes of these rings with given invariants was determined.
Abstract: In [1], finite associative rings wih identity and such that the set of all zero-divisors form and ideal M, called the Jacobson Radical, of cube zero and square non-zero, were constructed for all the characteristics. These rings are completely primary and we call them rings with property(T). In this paper, we associate with each ring with property(T) and characteristic p, invariants (integers) and determine (in certain cases) the number of isomorphism classes of these rings with given invariants.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The curricula for the certificate level have a lot of differences and deficiencies as discussed by the authors and the mechanisms of curricula review had various levels of consultations but the consultations were more internal. This mechanism was found to be ineffective as it left the programmes uncoordinated.
Abstract: There are three institutions which offer library and information science programmes in Zambia: the University of Zambia (UNZA); the Evelyn Hone College of Applied Arts and Commerce (a college under the Ministry of Science and Technology, Department of Vocational Training); and the Zambia Telecommunication Corporation College. The former offers degree programme and the latter offer Diploma (Evelyn Hone College only) and Certificate programmes. The curricula for the certificate level have a lot of differences and deficiencies. The mechanisms of curricula review had various levels of consultations but the consultations were more internal. This mechanism was found to be ineffective as it left the programmes uncoordinated. Recommendations have been made to alleviate the situation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Commercial capsicum fields in Lusaka Province were surveyed for the presence of viruses during 1996-01/06 and it was shown that PVY could infect capsicum plants alone or in combination with CMV or TMV, and that CMV and PMMV were less common and occurred in 30% of fields.
Abstract: Commercial capsicum fields in Lusaka Province were surveyed for the presence of viruses during 1996-01/06. The survey demonstrated the occurrence of five viruses in 13 fields. Virus identification was based on field disease syndrome, host range studies, DAS-ELISA and electron microscopy. The identified viruses were alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus (AMV), potato Y potyvirus (PVY), tobacco mosaic tobamovirus (TMV), cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) and pepper mild mottle tobamovirus (PMMV). The most prevalent and widespread virus, recovered from 70% of the surveyed fields, was AMV, and this was followed by PVY and TMV, which were detected in 50% and 40% of the fields respectively. CMV and PMMV were less common and occurred in 30% of fields. The study also showed that PVY could infect capsicum plants alone or in combination with CMV or TMV. The average plant infections caused by AMV was 80–100% and by TMV and PVY 50% and 60% respectively. The disease incidence in the case of CMV was 15–60% and for PMMV 30–40%. This is a first report on the identification of viruses that infect capsicum in Zambia.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An apparatus for heating food includes a treating chamber, a multilevel shelving in the treating chamber for supporting the food to be heated; a plurality of blowers arranged in thereating chamber; and heating elements associated with the blowers for generating hot air currents.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the performance of three collectors (Senkol 26, Xanthic ester, Senkol 45, a blend of alkyl dithiophosphate and Xanthates, and SENkol 700, a thionocarbomate type) against the existing SEX collector.

Journal ArticleDOI
S. Singh1
TL;DR: In this paper, a stigmatic mounting of a holographic cylindrical diffraction grating has been considered to be used in the field of X-ray and XUV regions.
Abstract: A new stigmatic mounting of a holographic cylindrical diffraction grating has been considered to be used in the field of X-ray and XUV regions. The conditions for zero astigmatism and sagittal coma have been obtained. Astigmatism per unit length has been plotted against wavelength using the design parameters which give zero astigmatism at least at one wavelength.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown how the interpretation of quantum mechanics due to Lande' can be used to derive from first principles generalized formulas for the operators and some eigenvectors for spin 1/2.
Abstract: Recently, we have shown how the interpretation of quantum mechanics due to Lande' can be used to derive from first principles generalized formulas for the operators and some eigenvectors for spin 1/2 Though we gave the operators for all the components of the spin, we did not give the eigenvectors of the operators for the x and y components of the spin. We now give these vectors. In addition, we present a new and simple method of deriving the operators for the x and y components of the spin as well as their vectors from those for the z component. We give a general proof that the operator for the square of the spin is the unit matrix multiplied by the value of the square of the spin.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown explicitly that changing the phase gives different forms for both the spin vectors and spin operators, and that there are as many forms of these quantities as there are different choices of phase.
Abstract: The forms of the generalized quantities that we have recently introduced are dependent on the phase of the probability amplitudes for spin-projection measurements. In this paper, we show explicitly that changing the phase gives different forms for both the spin vectors and spin operators. Therefore, there are as many forms of these quantities as there are different choices of phase.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the connection between the differential eigenvalue equation and the matrix eigen value equation for an operator is elucidated, and the elements of a matrix vector state are probability amplitudes with a structure rather than being mere constants.
Abstract: The interpretation of quantum mechanics due to Lande' is applied to the connection between wave mechanics and matrix mechanics. The connection between the differential eigenvalue equation and the matrix eigenvalue equation for an operator is elucidated. In particular, we show that the elements of a matrix vector state are probability amplitudes with a structure rather than being mere constants. We obtain the most general expressions for the probability amplitudes for the description of spin-1/2 measurements. As a result, we derive spin-1/2 operators and vectors from first principles. The procedure used is analogous to that by which orbital angular momentum wavefunctions and operators are transformed to matrix mechanics vectors and matrices. The most generalized forms of the spin operators and their eigenvectors for spin-1/2 are derived and shown to reduce to the Pauli spin matrices and vectors in an appropriate limit.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Serological analysis suggests that the virus (or virus complex) is closely related to luteoviruses and is tentatively named sunflower yellow blotch virus (SYBV).
Abstract: Symptoms of a virus-like disease of unknown aetiology were observed in sunflower in five provinces of Zambia during the 1998 growing season. In the 20 surveyed farmers’fields, disease incidence was 80–100%. Yield loss in seed production as a result of the putative virus (or virus complex) was estimated at 60%. The virus was not seed-borne in sunflower. The weed Tridax procumbens was found to be an alternative host of the virus, and the virus was transmitted by Aphis gossypii from the weed to sunflower. Serological analysis suggests that the virus (or virus complex) is closely related to luteoviruses. It is tentatively named sunflower yellow blotch virus (SYBV).

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the connection between the generalized spin quantities and standard spin quantities is explained and the calculation of various quantities of interest using these new forms is done, focusing on expectation values.
Abstract: We explain the connection between the generalized spin quantities we have recently introduced and standard forms. We show how the calculation of various quantities of interest using these new forms is done. Focusing attention on expectation values, we find that in every case, the standard results can be obtained as special cases arising from the new generalized results.