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Institution

University of Zambia

EducationLusaka, Lusaka, Zambia
About: University of Zambia is a education organization based out in Lusaka, Lusaka, Zambia. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Health care. The organization has 2593 authors who have published 4402 publications receiving 122411 citations. The organization is also known as: UNZA.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a stable reduced-order linear model construction approach based on the concept of Hurwitz polynomial approximation is given, where Pade approximants to the tangent function of a given large-degree Hurwitz approximation are constructed, such that the corresponding low-degree polynomials are also Hurwitz.
Abstract: A new approach to stable reduced-order linear model construction is given, based on the concept of Hurwitz polynomial approximation. Pade approximants to the tangent function of a given large-degree Hurwitz polynomial are constructed, such that the corresponding low-degree polynomials are also Hurwitz. We prove a theorem to that effect and give methods for obtaining the reduced Hurwitz polynomials. Model reduction is achieved by first invoking this theorem and completing the reduction using the Pade equations. Two examples are given.

78 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of early weaning on diarrhea morbidity and mortality of uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers were evaluated in 618 HIV-uninfected singletons alive and still breastfeeding at 4 months.
Abstract: Background. Early weaning may reduce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission but may have deleterious consequences for uninfected children. Here we evaluate effects of early weaning on diarrhea morbidity and mortality of uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers. Methods. HIV-infected women in Lusaka, Zambia, were randomly assigned to breastfeeding for 4 months only or to continue breastfeeding until the mother decided to stop. Replacement and complementary foods were provided and all women were counseled around feeding and hygiene. Diarrhea morbidity and mortality were assessed in 618 HIV-uninfected singletons alive and still breastfeeding at 4 months. Intent-to-treat analyses and comparisons based on actual feeding practices were conducted using regression methods. Results. Between 4 and 6 months, diarrheal episodes were 1.8-fold (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.3‐2.4) higher in the short compared with long breastfeeding group. Associations were stronger based on actual feeding practices and persisted after adjustment for confounding. At older ages, only more severe outcomes, including diarrhea-related hospitalization or death (relative hazard [RH], 3.2, 95% CI, 2.1‐5.1 increase 4‐24 months), were increased among weaned children. Conclusions. Continued breastfeeding is associated with reduced risk of diarrhea-related morbidity and mortality among uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers in this low-resource setting despite provision of replacement and complementary food and counseling. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT00310726.

78 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
11 May 2007-AIDS
TL;DR: Exposure to maternal single-dose NVP was not associated with substantially different short-term treatment outcomes, however, evidence was suggestive that exposure within 6 months of ART initiation may be a risk factor for poor treatment outcomes.
Abstract: The objective was to determine whether prior exposure to single-dose nevirapine (NVP) for prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) is associated with attenuated CD4 cell response death or clinical treatment failure in women starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) containing non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI). Open cohort evaluation of outcomes for women in program sites across Zambia. HIV treatment was provided according to Zambian/World Health Organization guidelines. Peripartum NVP exposure status was known for 6740 women initiating NNRTI-containing ART of whom 751 (11%) reported prior use of NVP for PMTCT. There was no significant difference in mean CD4 cell change between those exposed or unexposed to NVP at 6 (+202 versus +182 cells/ml; P=0.20) or 12 (+201 versus +211 cells/ml; P=0.60) months. Multivariable analyses showed no significant differences in mortality [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8-1.8] or clinical treatment failure (adjusted HR 1.1; 95% CI 0.8-1.5). Comparison of recent NVP exposure with remote exposure suggested a less favorable CD4 cell response at 6 (+150 versus +219 cells/ml; P=0.06) and 12 (+149 versus +215 cells/ml; P=0.39) months. Women with recent NVP exposure also had a trend towards elevated risk for clinical treatment failure (adjusted HR 1.6; 95% CI 0.9-2.7). Exposure to maternal single-dose NVP was not associated with substantially different short-term treatment outcomes. However evidence was suggestive that exposure within 6 months of ART initiation may be a risk factor for poor treatment outcomes highlighting the importance of ART screening and initiation early in pregnancy. (authors)

78 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Primary data from seven country studies on the effects of three GHIs on coordination of HIV/AIDS programmes are reviewed to identify residual national and subnational obstacles to effective coordination and optimal use of funds by focal GHIs.
Abstract: Background: A coordinated response to HIV/AIDS remains one of the ‘grand challenges’ facing policymakers today. Global health initiatives (GHIs) have the potential both to facilitate and exacerbate coordination at the national and subnational level. Evidence of the effects of GHIs on coordination is beginning to emerge but has hitherto been limited to single-country studies and broad-brush reviews. To date, no study has provided a focused synthesis of the effects of GHIs on national and subnational health systems across multiple countries. To address this deficit, we review primary data from seven country studies on the effects of three GHIs on coordination of HIV/AIDS programmes: the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), and the World Bank’s HIV/AIDS programmes including the Multi-country AIDS Programme (MAP). Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted at national and subnational levels (179 and 218 respectively) in seven countries in Europe, Asia, Africa and South America, between 2006 and 2008. Studies explored the development and functioning of national and subnational HIV coordination structures, and the extent to which coordination efforts around HIV/AIDS are aligned with and strengthen country health systems. Results: Positive effects of GHIs included the creation of opportunities for multisectoral participation, greater political commitment and increased transparency among most partners. However, the quality of participation was often limited, and some GHIs bypassed coordination mechanisms, especially at the subnational level, weakening their effectiveness. Conclusions: The paper identifies residual national and subnational obstacles to effective coordination and optimal use of funds by focal GHIs, which these GHIs, other donors and country partners need to collectively address.

78 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Cattle seem to be the major livestock species affected by the disease in trypanosomiasis endemic areas, and could be partly attributed to their higher availability and attractiveness to tsetse.

78 citations


Authors

Showing all 2635 results

NameH-indexPapersCitations
Alimuddin Zumla10074743284
David Clark7365224857
Sten H. Vermund6960622181
Paul A. Kelly6820816836
Francis Drobniewski6729317371
Ayato Takada6727314467
Karl Peltzer6088018515
Hirofumi Sawa5532511735
Peter Godfrey-Faussett521738486
Igor J. Koralnik5219710186
Peter Mwaba481327386
Alison M. Elliott482997772
Kelly Chibale473377713
Chihiro Sugimoto473257737
Sian Floyd471636791
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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Institution in previous years
YearPapers
202318
202248
2021481
2020505
2019358
2018299