Showing papers by "University of Zurich published in 1974"
TL;DR: The results corroborate the hypothesis of the role of the frontal lobe in the adaptation of behaviour to unsual situations, the left frontal lobe being of fundamental importance when verbal factors are involved.
997 citations
TL;DR: Ciliated protozoa are characterized by generative micronuclei and vegetative polyploid macron nuclei and their kinetic complexity can be determined by comparison with the kinetic complexity of E. coli DNA.
Abstract: Ciliated protozoa are characterized by generative micronuclei and vegetative polyploid macronuclei. Micronuclei of Stylonychia mytilus contain 1 600 times as much DNA per haploid genome as E. coli. Most of this DNA is shown to be repetitive. The development of the macronucleus involves, as demonstrated by cytology, only 1/3 of the chromosomes which in a first replication phase are polytenized in probably 5 replication steps and appear as giant chromosomes. At this developmental stage considerable amounts of repetitive DNA are still present in the chromosomes. During the subsequent disintegration phase more than 90% of the DNA are eliminated from the macronucleus anlage. The remainder is further replicated five times and composes the final macronucleus. Since this DNA reassociates with a reaction rate almost identical to an ideal second order reaction its kinetic complexity can be determined by comparison with the kinetic complexity of E. coli DNA. Macronuclear DNA reassociates with a kinetic complexity of 26 times the kinetic complexity of E. coli DNA (corrected for GC content) which indicates that macronuclear DNA sequences exist at a ploidy level of 4 096 C. We assume that macronuclear DNA may be present only once per haploid genome. In this case it represents only 1.6% of the DNA in micronuclei or 10% of the DNA in the giant chromosome stage.
277 citations
264 citations
TL;DR: In the present study, the isolation from human liver and characterization of two similar, only zinc-containing forms of metallothionein are reported.
213 citations
TL;DR: Analysis shows that the inhibition suppresses friendly as well as aggressive approaches in the rival, thus keeping him away from the pair, and the formation of triads thus seems to reduce two of the component dyadic relationships while furthering the third.
Abstract: Field observation and pilot field experiments suggested the hypothesis that a social inhibition prevents male hamadryas baboons from encroaching on each other's females. The hypothesis was tested in a set of enclosure experiments which led to the following results : 1. When two males were simultaneously confronted with an unfamiliar female, one would become her "owner", either by defeating his rival or by the latter's withdrawal. 2. No fights occurred, however, when one male was allowed to watch a troop mate interact with a new female before he was admitted to them. He then respected the pair bond even if he was dominant over the owner. This agreed with the inhibition hypothesis. The alternative dominance hypothesis was rejected at the 0.01 level. 3. When males from different troops were used, some rivals attacked the owners and took their females. Most attacks were directed by powerful rivals against the particularly inferior males of one troop, suggesting that dominance factors can, in extreme cases, override the rival's inhibition. 4. The inhibition appeared to be restricted to the context of owning females in that it did not significantly affect the male's performance in food dominance tests. 5. A few casual interactions between the pair sufficed to inhibit the rival. The owner's overt demonstrations of possession had no additional effect in these experiments. 6. The stabilizing functions of the inhibition in the hamadryas society are discussed. 7. The inhibited rivals performed a number of redirected and conflict activities. An analysis shows that the inhibition suppresses friendly as well as aggressive approaches in the rival, thus keeping him away from the pair. 8. The owner's interactions with the rival were also inhibited, but much less than the rival's interactions with the pair. In contrast, interactions between the pair were increased and intensified by the rival's presence. 9. In one exceptional test, the female appeared in the role of the excluded rival. The formation of triads thus seems to reduce two of the component dyadic relationships while furthering the third. The possible mechanisms of such "triadic differentiation" are mentioned and its probable function in the formation of groups and subgroups is outlined.
196 citations
TL;DR: A miniaturized method for the assay of serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine in extracts from l.5 to 5 mg of brain tissue (rat and mouse) was developed and permitted quantification and spectral analysis of pmole amounts of the amines.
178 citations
TL;DR: A television microscopy technique allowing sequential measurements of RBC-velocity in human nailfold capillaries is described and may in the future be used to study changes of the microcirculatory pattern in patients with cardiovascular and hematologic disorders and to evaluate drug or operative therapy.
157 citations
TL;DR: Amphetamine induced hyperthermia, hyperactivity and stereotyped behaviors, and was found to facilitate primarily the performance of the previously conditioned behavior.
157 citations
TL;DR: A second family with transcobalamin II (TC II) deficiency was detected, and analogous findings of blocked cellular maturation in the intestine and in the lymphoid system suggest that TC II is of vital importance for rapidly proliferating cells.
152 citations
123 citations
TL;DR: The junctional folds are characterized by “specific sites” in which intramembranous particle aggregations occur at relatively high packing density (7500/μm2) and are located opposite the active zones at the juxtaneural lips, a location where one would expect ACh-sensitive receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
Abstract: The frog motor endplate in its simplest form consists of an elongated, slender nerve ending embedded in a gutter-like depression of the sarcolemma. This nerve terminal contains the usual synaptic organelles. It is covered by a thin coating of Schwann cell cytoplasm which embraces the terminal with thin finger-like processes from both sides, thereby sub-dividing it into 300–1000 regularly spaced compartments. The individual synaptic compartments correspond to the strings of varicosities or grape-like configurations of motor nerve terminals in endplates of other species and in the cerebral neuropil of vertebrates.
TL;DR: A new purification procedure for the Qβ particle proteins A1, A2 and coat is described, which shows that infectious reconstituted particles are far more sensitive to inactivation by RNAase A than native virus.
TL;DR: In the central nervous system, besides the neurotransmitters, the occurrence of substances which modify neuronal excitability has been proposed and some of these, as well as hormones and polypeptides, are considered to act as neuromodulators.
Abstract: In the central nervous system, besides the neurotransmitters, the occurrence of substances which modify neuronal excitability has been proposed. Since their effect is a matter of modulating neuronal responsiveness, these substances may be called neuromodulators. Examples of neurotransmitters or putative neurotransmitters in the central nervous system are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine, and aminoacids such as GABA, glycine, and L-glutamic acid. Under certain conditions, some of these (acetylcholine, L-glutamic acid, and GABA), as well as hormones and polypeptides (e.g., releasing factors) are considered to act as neuromodulators.
TL;DR: It appears that, in liver, insulin and NSILA-s bind to two types of receptors with markedly different affinities.
TL;DR: Natural transfer of in vivo labelled paragonial substances showed that one third of the gland content is delivered in a single mating and transferred substances were detectable in all body parts of the mated females.
TL;DR: It is postulated that in the inflammatory myopathies the change is indicative of repeated cycles of capillary degeneration and regeneration and is a primary event rather than being the consequence of muscle fiber necrosis.
TL;DR: The danger of over- or undertreating patients appears to be minimized by giving the larger part of the dose in the morning, and the present experience leads us to recommend oral hydrocortisone in a dose of 25 mg.
TL;DR: The author's philosophy concerning the correction of the various forms and degrees of the skeletal deformities of o-m.D. is described and illustrated and his principles for the Correction of the three-dimensional skeletal hypoplasia of the affected side are emphasized.
TL;DR: It is concluded that cyproterone acetate in the dosage used is without effect on growth and would therefore be expected not to prevent short adult stature in patients with precocious puberty and with other respects it is effective through its antiandrogenic and gonadotropin-inhibiting properties.
Abstract: Extract: Cyproterone acetate, an antiandrogenic steroid with inhibitory effects on gonadotropin secretion, was given to 13 girls and 6 boys with precocious puberty for periods of 1–3 years in a daily dose of 70 mg/m2 body surface area. Treatment was started at a mean chronologic age of 6.65 years in girls and 6.21 years in boys. No side effects were noted and the compound had a beneficial effect on the clinical signs of precocious puberty with the exception of increased growth velocity. Testicular size remained unchanged during treatment. In one boy high testosterone concentration in plasma was reduced to prepubertal levels. For analysis of the effect of treatment on growth the standard deviation score method was used. The data for height, bone age, height for bone age, and height prediction were compared with those obtained from 21 girls and 11 boys with precocious puberty who did not receive cyproterone acetate. No significant differences between treatment and control groups were found. It is concluded that cyproterone acetate in the dosage used is without effect on growth and would therefore be expected not to prevent short adult stature in patients with precocious puberty. Speculation: From the present study it is evident that cyproterone acetate at the dosage used does not diminish the rate of skeletal maturation, but that with other respects it is effective through its antiandrogenic and gonadotropin-inhibiting properties. This may indicate that in precocious puberty, bone maturation is more sensitive to the action of androgens and less suppressible than the secondary sex characteristics or behavioral changes. Whether earlier treatment and/or higher doses would also inhibit bone maturation remains uncertain.
TL;DR: The techniques of facial nerve grafting have undergone several adjustments and refinements within the last 20 years, and those techniques that have stood the test of time are discussed, and new approaches to facial nerve transplantation in the temporal bone are explored.
TL;DR: DLLv was confirmed as relay in the contralateral retino-thalamo-hyperstriatal pathway in a combined series of experiments, where the autoradiographic and the retrograde degeneration techniques were applied in the same animal.
Abstract: 1. The distribution of labeled macromolecules was studied within the dorsolateral thalamic nuclei of the pigeon after unilateral intraocular injection of either 3H-proline, 3H-leucine or 3H-fucose. The highest densities of grains were found in nucleus dorsolateralis anterior, pars lateralis at its dorsolateral aspect (DLLd) and in nucleus lateralis anterior (LA) whereas moderate labeling was observed in the ventral aspect of DLL (DLLv) and in nucleus dorsolateralis anterior, pars magnocellularis (DLAmc). No significant label was found on the ipsilateral side. 2. After circumscribed unilateral ablation of the visual wulst, the cells in DLLv were most severely affected by retrograde degeneration, whereas DLLd, DLAmc and LA remained intact. Bilateral ablation of the wulst or combination of wulst damage with section of the supraoptic decussation gave rise to additional degeneration in DLLd, thus suggesting a contralateral retinotelencephalic pathway via DLLv and an ipsilateral retino-telencephalic pathway via DLLd and recrossing via DSO. LA and DLAmc represent relays in retinothalamo-telencephalic pathways of unknown destination. 3. DLLv was confirmed as relay in the contralateral retino-thalamo-hyperstriatal pathway in a combined series of experiments, where the autoradiographic and the retrograde degeneration techniques were applied in the same animal.
TL;DR: The general approach to directed mutagenesis outlined above should allow the introduction of mutations into the 5′ and 3′-terminal regions of Qβ RNA as well as into the intercistronic sequences.
TL;DR: The degree of bone loss observed in all treatments was unrelated to the destructive capacity of the infiltrates, suggesting the presence of distinct mechanisms responsible for the activation of osteoclasts and factors interfering with fibroblast activity.
Abstract: The purpose of our experiment was to evaluate the destructive potential of a strain of Actinomyces viscosus on the periodontium of sensitized rodents, describing the induced lesions on the basis of quantitative cytology. The experimental design comprised in principle the following procedures. Young germfree rats were immunized either by intravenous or intradermal injections with heat-killed cells of A. viscosus Ny 1 or sham immunized intradermally with physiological saline. After a period suitable for activation of the humoral and cell-mediated immune systems, Ny 1 was monoassociated in all animals by oral implantation. During the ensuing 42 days the animals were allowed to react against the continuous peripheral oral antigen challenge. Since A. viscosus is known as a heavy dental plaque-forming organism, the animals could be expected to develop local immunopathological lesions in the periodontal tissues. These lesions were then studied by quantitative cytology after sampling procedures allowing optimal tissue preservation. The degree of bone loss observed in all treatments was unrelated to the destructive capacity of the infiltrates, suggesting the presence of distinct mechanisms responsible for the activation of osteoclasts and factors interfering with fibroblast activity. Although the cellular composition of the infiltrated tissues was analyzed at the end of the experiment only, distinct stages of the lesions in the different treatments allowed reconstruction of the sequence of events. After an acute inflammatory phase, a classic delayed hypersensitivity reaction developed which was transformed after some time by a large superimposed plasma cell accumulation. The particular but undefined immune status was the significant factor determining the final type of peripheral infiltrative reaction.
TL;DR: In this paper, the RNA-containing coliphage f2 was discovered in Manhattan sewage by Loeb and Zinder in 1960 and the discovery of f2 led to rapid advances in the field and great interest among virologists.
TL;DR: The data show that pyramidotomy induced a long-lasting slowing in the performance of the fingergrip, and a short-lasting significant delay of the onset of the EMG activity preceding the movement shows that not only the execution but also the initiation contributes to the increase of the mean response latency.
Abstract: Two monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were trained to perform fast conditioned fingergrip on a small transducer. When performance was stabilized to the shortest possible reaction time, the pyramidal tract was transected on one side in one monkey, bilaterally in another. Retraining was resumed 1–3 weeks after surgery. Response latency as well as electromyographic latency and summation time were measured before and up to several months after pyramidotomy. The data show that pyramidotomy induced a long-lasting slowing in the performance of the fingergrip. This slowing was due mainly to a delay in the execution of the movement. However, a short-lasting significant delay of the onset of the EMG activity preceding the movement shows that not only the execution but also the initiation contributes to the increase of the mean response latency. The deficits were more severe and of longer duration in the monkey with bilateral pyramidotomy, especially the delay in the onset of the EMG activity. The mechanisms underlying these deficits and the role of the pyramidal tract in rapid movements are discussed, specifically in consideration of the possible function of the ipsilateral pyramidal tract.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors bewiesen, dass (+)-Xanthophyll (3R:3′R:6′R)-Chiralitat hat.
Abstract: Aufgrund von Abbauresultaten an naturlichem (+)-Xanthophyll (Lutein) und Xanthophyllathern und eingehender NMR.-Analyse (insbesondere am Abbau-Ionon V), Synthesen und chiroptischen Korrelationen wird bewiesen, dass (+)-Xanthophyll (3R:3′R:6′R)-Chiralitat hat. Fruher gemachte Vorschlage anderer Autoren sind zu korrigieren.
Reduktion von Xanthophyll mit LiAlH4/AlCl3 gibt 3-(R)-Hydroxy-3′,4′-dehydro-6(ξ)-β,γ-carotin. Mit 1-Phenyl-5-chlortetrazol(Base) tritt Wasserabspaltung im β-Ring zu 3,4-Dehydro-6′-(R)-3′-(R)-hydroxy-β-carotin ein.
Die nun bekannte Chiralitat von (+)-Zeaxanthin ((3R:3′R)-Dihydroxy-β,β-carotin) und von (+)-Xanthophyll ((3R:3′R)-Dihydroxy-β,ϵ-carotin) schliesst eine biologische Interconversion aus: sie wurde meso-Zeaxanthin ((3R:3′S)-Dihydroxy-β,β-carotin) ergeben.
Es wird eine Hypothese fur die Hydroxylierung von - bzw. α-Carotin aufgestellt.
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: Three innervation components of the cochlea are known: the afferent bipolar cochlear sensory neurons, an efferent nerve supply mainly from the crossed and uncrossed olivo-cochlear tract and an autonomic nerve supply which originates in the superior cervical ganglion and most probably does not enter the organ of Cortio.
Abstract: Three innervation components of the cochlea are known:
The first, numerically by far the most important component consists of the afferent bipolar cochlear sensory neurons.
The second is an efferent nerve supply mainly from the crossed and uncrossed olivo-cochlear tract coming with the vestibular nerve to the periphery and reaching to the cochlear nerve through the anastomosis of Oort.
The third component consists of an autonomic nerve supply which originates in the superior cervical ganglion and most probably does not enter the organ of Cortio.
TL;DR: In this paper, a unified systematic description of the different quantum mechanical realization of the unitary representations of the inhomogeneous space-time groups of the Poincare group is given.
Abstract: The aim of these two papers (I and II) is to try to give a unified systematic description of the different quantum mechanical realization of the unitary representations of the inhomogeneous space-time groups.
Paper I, which is more general, deals with the interrelationships between the Mackey, the Wigner and the covariant realizations of induced representations, first for general groups, and then for semi-direct products. The Euclidean, Galilean and Poincare groups are treated in some detail as examples.
Paper II gives a systematic treatment of the various covariant wavefunctions (Dirac, Bargmann-Wigner, etc.) that can be used to describe a single irreducible representation of the Poincare group. It is self-contained and deals first with momentum space, and then with first and second quantized fields. In both papers the treatment is index-free.
TL;DR: Viruses which seem suitable for the purpose of “virus-assisted immunotherapy” in man have been adapted to human malignant tissues, and a research strategy towards human applications is proposed.