Showing papers by "Urban Institute published in 1982"
TL;DR: This paper explored three models of sexual harassment derived from previous research, court cases and legal defenses: the Natural/Biological Model, the Organizational Model, and the Sociocultural Model.
Abstract: This article explores three models of sexual harassment derived from previous research, court cases and legal defenses: the Natural/Biological Model, the Organizational Model, and the Sociocultural Model. Data from a large (N=20, 083) stratified random sample of the federal workforce are analyzed in relation to these models. No clear-cut support for any one model emerges, and the picture of sexual harassment painted by these data appears to be more complex and varied than earlier, self-selected samples initially suggested. The results are discussed in light of the difficulties of using large-scale survey techniques to investigate complex cultural phenomena, and suggestions are made for future research approaches that could complement survey techniques.
349 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that immigrants and their early descendants may have fertility well above replacement (as long as later generations adopt and maintain fertility below replacement), and the outcome will still be a long-run stationary population.
Abstract: This paper reports on work aimed at extending stable population theory to include immigration. Its central finding is that, as long as fertility is below replacement, a constant number and age distribution of immigrants (with fixed fertility and mortality schedules) lead to a stationary population. Neither the level of the net reproduction rate nor the size of the annual immigration affects this conclusion; a stationary population eventually emerges. How this stationary population is created is studied, as is the generational distribution of the constant annual stream of births and of the total population. It is also shown that immigrants and their early descendants may have fertility well above replacement (as long as later generations adopt and maintain fertility below replacement), and the outcome will still be a long-run stationary population.
125 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the impacts of parking price increases on commuting behavior at a sample of 15 worksites in metropolitan Washington, DC, and discusses their short term planning and policy implications.
Abstract: Recently, management of parking rates has been proposed as an effective policy option to ameliorate the adverse impacts of excessive commuter automobile use in urban areas. Parking price strategies have the potential for significantly altering travel behavior in favor of high occupancy vehicles, as well as reducing congestion, energy consumption and pollution. Unfortunately, however, a paucity of empirical evidence exists regarding the impacts of parking pricing policies on travel patterns. The recent attempt aimed at eliminating federal employee parking subsidies provided a unique opportunity to take a careful look at the impacts of commuter parking price increases. In November 1979, federal employees at many government facilities in Washington, DC, and other major cities began to pay one-half of nearby commercial parking rates for government-controlled parking spaces. This paper presents the impacts of the parking price increases on commuting behavior at a sample of 15 worksites in metropolitan Washington, DC, and discusses their short term planning and policy implications. A "before and after with control group" survey design monitored the effects on modal shifts, automobile occupancy, and parking behavior. The results showed that removing free parking and raising parking rates (from $10 to $32 per month) influenced some significant shifts to higher-occupancy modes, but that the shifts were not uniform in direction or magnitude across the sites. In addition, the study examined how locational, travel, and employee factors influenced the modal shifts.(a)
40 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined the long-run consequences for children of parental marital disruption, focusing upon the labor market performance of sons during their 23rd year, and found that such disruption may affect a child's subsequent economic circumstances by reducing the amount of income and parental time available to him and by confronting him with changed opportunities regarding schooling, work, and own-household decisions.
22 citations
TL;DR: This paper develops a methodology for constructing confidence intervals around postcensal state population estimates using regression equations, derived around the average age-specific death rates over the post censal estimation period.
Abstract: This paper develops a methodology for constructing confidence intervals around postcensal state population estimates. Using regression equations, forecast intervals are derived around the average age-specific death rates over the postcensal estimation period. These results, combined with the number of postcensal deaths and the most current census counts, are translated into confidence intervals for the age structure. Two approaches are offered for constructing total population confidence intervals. One examines a simulated distribution while the other focuses on the mathematical derivation of population means and variances. The methodology is illustrated by deriving statistically defensible confidence intervals around the July 1, 1975 population of Florida.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between wage changes negotiated in selected large collective bargaining agreements and industrywide changes in average hourly earnings was analyzed for two-digit manufacturing industries for the period 1958II to 1978.
Abstract: This paper analyzes the relationship between wage changes negotiated in selected large collective bargaining agreements and industry-wide changes in average hourly earnings. Multiple regressions are used to examine the relationship in two-digit manufacturing industries for the period 1958II to 1978IL Negotiated wage changes are found to have a major impact on overall movements in hourly earnings. The estimated equations have potential applications for short-run wage forecasting and for policy analyses.
11 citations
TL;DR: The enterprise zone concept inherently contains restrictive implicit assumptions about the spatial distributions of economic activities and the residences of their labor forces as mentioned in this paper, and both theory and economics can be classified into three broad categories:
Abstract: The enterprise zone concept inherently contains restrictive implicit assumptions about the spatial distributions of economic activities and the residences of their labor forces. Both theory and emp...
9 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an assessment of zero-base budgeting (ZBB) derived from a field study conducted by the Urban Institute and supported by the National Science Foundation has been presented, and several hundred public officials were interviewed.
Abstract: This article offers an assessment of zero-base budgeting (ZBB) derived from a field study conducted by the Urban Institute and supported by the National Science Foundation. Four cities and four states participated in the study, and several hundred public officials were interviewed.
6 citations
TL;DR: This paper showed that under certain conditions an alternative specification of the objective function coefficients and the dual variables in the linear program produces a model whose solutions satisfy Alonso's criteria for market equilibrium, and they showed that the NBER model is an application in which a linear programming problem computes market equilibria.
6 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that a unified-charge system for paying teaching hospitals would eliminate most of the issues currently associated with the financing of graduate medical education as matters of public policy.
6 citations
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: The female labor force has grown rapidly in this century, especially since World War II as discussed by the authors, and the number of women in the labor force reached a record high of 52 million in the United States by 1990.
Abstract: Projections of the female labor force to the 1990’s (Smith, 1979) present a picture not radically different from the labor force today. The female labor force has grown rapidly in this century, especially since World War II. In 1978, there were over 40 million women in the labor force; about half of all women age 16 and over. By 1990, 52 million are expected to be in the labor force; about 55% of the women over 16. Other estimates were made by another study (Flaim & Fullerton, 1978) which had three different scenarios depending on varying assumptions about future growth in the U.S. work force. Under their low growth assumption, their labor force estimates projected close to 51 million women (a 54% participation rate); their intermediate growth assumption projected about 54 million (a 57% participation rate), and their high growth assumption projected about 57 million women (a 60% participation rate) in 1990. Under any of these circumstances, therefore, more than half of the women would be in the labor force, and they would constitute close to half of the entire labor force.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the economic issues facing the American economy, including the extent to which centralization is needed, the kinds of trade-offs that will be required, and the various constraints that exist for policy making.
Abstract: This paper presents an overview of the economic issues facing the American economy. Crisis and transformation scenarios are presented and supply-side versus demand-side economic policies are considered as approaches to revitalizing the economy. Issues such as the extent to which centralization is needed, the kinds of trade-offs that will be required, and the various constraints that exist for policy making are discussed.