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Showing papers by "Urban Institute published in 2019"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed some of the evidence and analyses the ways in which this neo-liberalisation of customary tenure has been transforming relations of production and how land is governed in sub-Saharan Africa.

108 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that adolescent boys who are stopped by police report more frequent engagement in delinquent behavior 6, 12, and 18 months later, independent of prior delinquency, a finding that is consistent with labeling and life course theories.
Abstract: Proactive policing, the strategic targeting of people or places to prevent crimes, is a well-studied tactic that is ubiquitous in modern law enforcement. A 2017 National Academies of Sciences report reviewed existing literature, entrenched in deterrence theory, and found evidence that proactive policing strategies can reduce crime. The existing literature, however, does not explore what the short and long-term effects of police contact are for young people who are subjected to high rates of contact with law enforcement as a result of proactive policing. Using four waves of longitudinal survey data from a sample of predominantly black and Latino boys in ninth and tenth grades, we find that adolescent boys who are stopped by police report more frequent engagement in delinquent behavior 6, 12, and 18 months later, independent of prior delinquency, a finding that is consistent with labeling and life course theories. We also find that psychological distress partially mediates this relationship, consistent with the often stated, but rarely measured, mechanism for adolescent criminality hypothesized by general strain theory. These findings advance the scientific understanding of crime and adolescent development while also raising policy questions about the efficacy of routine police stops of black and Latino youth. Police stops predict decrements in adolescents' psychological well-being and may unintentionally increase their engagement in criminal behavior.

105 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The role of data within international development is rapidly expanding as mentioned in this paper, however, the recency of this phenomenon means analysis has been lagging; particularly, analysis of broader impacts of real-world events.
Abstract: The role of data within international development is rapidly expanding. However, the recency of this phenomenon means analysis has been lagging; particularly, analysis of broader impacts of real-wo...

57 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that this broader unit of analysis calls for greater attention to the architecture of the system in terms of how constituent elements are linked to one another, and a reconfiguration approach is developed, based on conceptual extensions to the multi-level perspective, analysing both techno-economic developments and socio-institutional developments.

52 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using census and Vital Statistics data, life-table methods are applied to calculate cause-specific years of life lost between ages 25 and 84 by sex and educational rank for non-Hispanic blacks and whites in 1990 and 2015, which underline the speculative nature of attempts to attribute trends in life-expectancy inequity to an epidemic of despair.
Abstract: Discussion of growing inequity in U.S. life expectancy increasingly focuses on the popularized narrative that it is driven by a surge of "deaths of despair." Does this narrative fit the empirical evidence? Using census and Vital Statistics data, we apply life-table methods to calculate cause-specific years of life lost between ages 25 and 84 by sex and educational rank for non-Hispanic blacks and whites in 1990 and 2015. Drug overdoses do contribute importantly to widening inequity for whites, especially men, but trivially for blacks. The contribution of suicide to growing inequity is unremarkable. Cardiovascular disease, non-lung cancers, and other internal causes are key to explaining growing life expectancy inequity. Results underline the speculative nature of attempts to attribute trends in life-expectancy inequity to an epidemic of despair. They call for continued investigation of the possible weathering effects of tenacious high-effort coping with chronic stressors on the health of marginalized populations.

45 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
30 Jun 2019
TL;DR: The resource nexus has emerged over the past decade as an important new paradigm of environmental governance, which emphasises the interconnections, tensions and synergies between sectors that ha....
Abstract: The ‘resource nexus’ has emerged over the past decade as an important new paradigm of environmental governance, which emphasises the interconnections, tensions and synergies between sectors that ha...

43 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using a novel data set from a major credit bureau, the early effects of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansions on personal finance are examined, demonstrating financial improvements in states that expanded their Medicaid programs as measured by improved credit scores.
Abstract: Using a novel data set from a major credit bureau, we examine the early effects of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansions on personal finance. We analyze less common events such as personal bankruptcy, and more common occurrences such as medical collection balances, and change in credit scores. We estimate triple-difference models that compare individual outcomes across counties that expanded Medicaid versus counties that did not, and across expansion counties that had more uninsured residents versus those with fewer. Results demonstrate financial improvements in states that expanded their Medicaid programs as measured by improved credit scores, reduced balances past due as a percent of total debt, reduced probability of a medical collection balance of $1,000 or more, reduced probability of having one or more recent medical bills go to collections, reduction in the probability of experiencing a new derogatory balance of any type, reduced probability of incurring a new derogatory balance equal to $1,000 or more, and a reduction in the probability of a new bankruptcy filing.

41 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Depending on the criteria used, the sites varied in their suitability as urban quiet areas, although all provided perceived health benefits, and a future experimental approach based on the study sites is planned to manipulate the multiple variables involved.
Abstract: To help mitigate the adverse health impacts of environmental noise, European cities are recommended to identify urban quiet areas for preservation. Procedures for identifying urban quiet areas vary across cities and between countries, and little is known of the strength of the salutogenic (health-promoting) benefits they may provide. Taking a multi-site approach, this study examines the potential of three sites as urban quiet areas and their associated health benefits, particularly in relation to perceived restorative benefits. Across three cities in the United Kingdom, an urban garden, urban park, and an urban square had sound pressure levels measured. Responses from 151 visitors to these sites evaluated the place as quiet, calm, and tranquil, and assessed their experience of the place in terms of perceived sounds, its benefits, how it made them feel, and perceived restoration. Depending on the criteria used, the sites varied in their suitability as urban quiet areas, although all provided perceived health benefits. Relationships between sound levels (subjective and objective) and perceived restoration were not linear, with the type of sounds heard and other aspects of the place experience believed to affect the relationship. Building on this work, a future experimental approach based on the study sites is planned to manipulate the multiple variables involved. This will provide a clearer understanding of the relationship between urban quiet areas and perceived restorative benefits.

38 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There is an urgent need for comprehensive, evidence-based OUD treatment integrated with maternity care and to fill critical gaps in care, workforce and infrastructure innovations can facilitate delivery of preventive and treatment services coordinated across settings.

37 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Strong Start for Mothers and Newborns II Initiative, an enhanced prenatal care program, intended to improve birth outcomes among Medicaid beneficiaries, enrolled 45,599 women, and included a variety of approaches to increasing engagement in postpartum care.
Abstract: Background: Postpartum care is important for promoting maternal and infant health and well-being. Nationally, less than 60% of Medicaid-enrolled women attend their postpartum visit. The Strong Start for Mothers and Newborns II Initiative, an enhanced prenatal care program, intended to improve birth outcomes among Medicaid beneficiaries, enrolled 45,599 women, and included a variety of approaches to increasing engagement in postpartum care. Methods: This study analyzes qualitative case studies that include coded notes from 739 interviews with 1,074 key informants and 133 focus groups with 951 women; 4 years of annual memos capturing activities by each of 27 awardees and 24 Birth Center sites; and a review of interview and survey data from Medicaid officials in 20 states. Results: Strong Start prenatal care included education and support regarding postpartum care and concerns. Key informants identified Strong Start services and other strategies they perceived as increasing access to postpartum care, including provider and/or care coordinator continuity across prenatal, delivery, and postpartum visits; efforts to address information gaps and link women to appropriate resources; enhancing services to meet needs such as treatment for depression; addressing barriers related to transportation and childcare; and aligning incentives to encourage prioritization of postpartum care among patients and providers. They also identified ongoing barriers to postpartum visit attendance. Conclusions: Postpartum care is essential to maternal and infant health. Medicaid enrolls many high-risk women and is the largest payer for postpartum care. Using lessons from Strong Start, providers who serve Medicaid-enrolled women can advance strategies to improve postpartum visit access and attendance.

36 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
18 Sep 2019-Daedalus
TL;DR: The idea that online learning might revolutionize higher education, lowering the cost of high-quality learning opportunities for students with limited access to traditional higher education was first proposed by as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The idea that online learning might revolutionize higher education, lowering the cost of high-quality learning opportunities for students with limited access to traditional higher education, follow...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Future policy action could benefit from accounting fully for the economic costs in addition to the benefits of unpaid caregiving, which would help better define the scope and size of programs needed to support caregivers.
Abstract: Older Americans living in the community who need help with functional limitations overwhelmingly rely on unpaid care, which is often provided by working-age family members. This study assessed the ...


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors assessed the early deployment of the Anaheim Police Department's body-worn camera (BWC) program in 2015 by examining camera activations across officers, trends in activations over time.
Abstract: This study assessed the early deployment of the Anaheim Police Department’s body-worn camera (BWC) program in 2015 by examining camera activations across officers, trends in activations over time, ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss how huge advances have been made in deepening and expanding our knowledge of gendered migration over the last decades in both theoretical and methodological terms, but empirically it is still the...
Abstract: Huge advances have been made in deepening and expanding our knowledge of gendered migration over the last decades in both theoretical and methodological terms. Empirically it is, however, still the...

Ian Hill1
09 Nov 2019
TL;DR: Using lessons from Strong Start, providers who serve Medicaid-enrolled women can advance strategies to improve postpartum visit access and attendance.
Abstract: Background: Postpartum care is important for promoting maternal and infant health and well-being. Nationally, less than 60% of Medicaid-enrolled women attend their postpartum visit. The Strong Start for Mothers and Newborns II Initiative, an enhanced prenatal care program, intended to improve birth outcomes among Medicaid beneficiaries, enrolled 45,599 women, and included a variety of approaches to increasing engagement in postpartum care. Methods: This study analyzes qualitative case studies that include coded notes from 739 interviews with 1,074 key informants and 133 focus groups with 951 women; 4 years of annual memos capturing activities by each of 27 awardees and 24 Birth Center sites; and a review of interview and survey data from Medicaid officials in 20 states. Results: Strong Start prenatal care included education and support regarding postpartum care and concerns. Key informants identified Strong Start services and other strategies they perceived as increasing access to postpartum care, including provider and/or care coordinator continuity across prenatal, delivery, and postpartum visits; efforts to address information gaps and link women to appropriate resources; enhancing services to meet needs such as treatment for depression; addressing barriers related to transportation and childcare; and aligning incentives to encourage prioritization of postpartum care among patients and providers. They also identified ongoing barriers to postpartum visit attendance. Conclusions: Postpartum care is essential to maternal and infant health. Medicaid enrolls many high-risk women and is the largest payer for postpartum care. Using lessons from Strong Start, providers who serve Medicaid-enrolled women can advance strategies to improve postpartum visit access and attendance.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The financial burden of paid home care for a nationally representative sample of non-Medicaid community-dwelling adults ages sixty-five and older is simulated and it is found that most older adults with significant disabilities could fund at least two years of a moderate amount ofpaid home care if they liquidated all of their assets.
Abstract: Paid home care can significantly improve the lives of older adults with disabilities and their families, but recipients often incur substantial out-of-pocket spending. We simulated the financial bu...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The definition, ecosystem and system architecture for eMaaS, a concept that aligns with both current and future mobility demands of users, namely intermodal, personalized, on-demand and seamless, is proposed.
Abstract: Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is a concept that aligns with both current and future mobility demands of users, namely intermodal, personalized, on-demand and seamless. Although the number of shared mobility, electric mobility and multimodal passenger transport users is rapidly growing, until now, the list of MaaS and electric Mobility as Service (eMaaS) providers is quite short. This could partly be explained by the lack of a common architecture that facilitates the complex integration of all actors involved in the (e)MaaS ecosystem. The goal of this publication is to give an overview of the state of the art regarding (e)MaaS’ ecosystems and architectures. Moreover, it aims to support the further development of eMaaS by proposing a definition and a novel system architecture for eMaaS. Firstly, the state of the art of the MaaS ecosystem is reviewed. Secondly, the eMaaS ecosystem that builds upon our definition of eMaaS is described and the MaaS system- and technical- architectures found in literature are reviewed. Finally, an eMaaS architecture that focuses on the integration of MaaS and electric mobility systems is presented. With the definition, ecosystem and system architecture presented in this work, the aim is to support the further development of the eMaaS concept.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The digital divide persists; a quarter of the U.S. population is unconnected, left without Internet access at home as discussed by the authors. Yet volunteer recruitment is increasingly moving online to reach a broader audien...
Abstract: The digital divide persists; a quarter of the U.S. population is unconnected, left without Internet access at home. Yet volunteer recruitment is increasingly moving online to reach a broader audien...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the U.S. population has undergone a "big sort" that has resulted in increased community homogeneity, and the values of those that create, manage, and support them.
Abstract: Nonprofit missions reflect the values of those that create, manage, and support them. We know that the U.S. population has undergone a “big sort” that has resulted in increased community homogeneit...

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an in-depth evaluation of several differentially private synthetic data algorithms using actual differentially privacy synthetic data sets created by contestants in the 2018-2019 National Institute of Standards and Technology Public Safety Communications Research (NIST PSCR) Division's ''Differential Privacy Synthetic Data Challenge''.
Abstract: Differentially private synthetic data generation offers a recent solution to release analytically useful data while preserving the privacy of individuals in the data. In order to utilize these algorithms for public policy decisions, policymakers need an accurate understanding of these algorithms' comparative performance. Correspondingly, data practitioners require standard metrics for evaluating the analytic qualities of the synthetic data. In this paper, we present an in-depth evaluation of several differentially private synthetic data algorithms using actual differentially private synthetic data sets created by contestants in the 2018-2019 National Institute of Standards and Technology Public Safety Communications Research (NIST PSCR) Division's ``Differential Privacy Synthetic Data Challenge.'' We offer analyses of these algorithms based on both the accuracy of the data they created and their usability by potential data providers. We frame the methods used in the NIST PSCR data challenge within the broader differentially private synthetic data literature. We implement additional utility metrics, including two of our own, on the differentially private synthetic data and compare mechanism utility on three categories. Our comparative assessment of the differentially private data synthesis methods and the quality metrics shows the relative usefulness, the general strengths and weaknesses, and offers preferred choices of algorithms and metrics. Finally we describe the implications of our evaluation for policymakers seeking to implement differentially private synthetic data algorithms on future data products.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For instance, this article found that effective mentoring does seem to beget effective mentorship because the interaction with mentors seems to leave a lasting impression and the perceived obligation to pay it forward.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Many parents in both groups have concurrent mental health issues, including suicidal thoughts and behavior, and primary care practices can play a critical role in screening and facilitating treatment initiation.
Abstract: PURPOSE Little is known about the prevalence of opioid use disorder (OUD) among parents who are living with children and their receipt of treatment, which could reduce the harmful effects of OUD on families. METHODS We used 2015-2017 cross-sectional national survey data to estimate prevalence and treatment of opioid use disorder and other substance use disorders (SUD) among parents living with children. RESULTS An estimated 623,000 parents with opioid use disorder are living with children, and less than one-third of these parents received treatment for illicit drug or alcohol use at a specialty facility or doctor’s office. Treatment rates were even lower among the more than 4,000,000 parents estimated to have other SUDs. CONCLUSION Many parents in both groups have concurrent mental health issues, including suicidal thoughts and behavior. Primary care practices can play a critical role in screening and facilitating treatment initiation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present data and summarizes the literature on the causes and consequences of youth disconnection, and discuss evidenced-based policies and programs that show promise for engaging or reengaging young people and meeting the needs of particular groups of disconnected youth.
Abstract: Even in a strong job market with low overall unemployment, a substantial number of youth are disconnected from work and schooling. Being disconnected during early ages (between sixteen and twenty-four) can have negative impacts on future labor-market success and other outcomes. This article presents data and summarizes the literature on the causes and consequences of youth disconnection. It discusses evidenced-based policies and programs that show promise for engaging or reengaging young people and meeting the needs of particular groups of disconnected youth, including effective education and training programs (both in secondary and postsecondary contexts), targeted reforms to community college systems, strategies for addressing barriers to work and school including provision of comprehensive services, and demand-oriented solutions that improve job opportunities for youth.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: If more Medicaid practitioners could adopt aspects of the prenatal care approaches that women praised most, it is likely that women's risk factors could be more effectively addressed and their overall care experiences could be improved.
Abstract: Background Medicaid pays for approximately half of United States births, yet little research has explored Medicaid beneficiaries' perspectives on their maternity care. Typical maternity care in the United States has been criticized as too medically focused while insufficiently addressing psychosocial risks and patient education. Enhanced care strives for a more holistic approach. Methods The perspectives of participants in the Strong Start for Mothers and Newborns II initiative, which provided enhanced prenatal care to women covered by Medicaid or the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) during pregnancy through Birth Centers, Group Prenatal Care, and Maternity Care Homes, are evaluated. Strong Start intended to improve care quality and birth outcomes while lowering costs. We analyzed data from 133 focus groups with 951 pregnant or postpartum women who participated in Strong Start from 2013 to 2017. Results The majority of focus group participants said that Strong Start's enhanced care offered numerous important benefits over typical maternity care, including considerably more focus on women's psychosocial risk factors and need for education. They praised increased support; nutrition, breastfeeding, and family planning education; community referrals; longer time with practitioners; and involvement of partners in their care. Maternity Care Home participants, however, occasionally voiced concerns over lack of practitioner continuity and short clinical appointments, whereas Group Prenatal Care participants sometimes said they could not attend visits because of lack of childcare. Conclusions Medicaid and CHIP beneficiaries reported positive experiences with Strong Start care. If more Medicaid practitioners could adopt aspects of the prenatal care approaches that women praised most, it is likely that women's risk factors could be more effectively addressed and their overall care experiences could be improved.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The tightening of mortgage credit in the aftermath of the global financial crisis has been identified as a factor in the decline of homeownership in the United States to 50-year lows.
Abstract: The tightening of mortgage credit in the aftermath of the global financial crisis has been identified as a factor in the decline of homeownership in the United States to 50-year lows. In this artic...


01 May 2019
TL;DR: The homelessness monitor as mentioned in this paper is a longitudinal study providing an independent analysis of the homelessness impacts of recent economic and policy developments in England, and it considers both the consequences of the post-2007 economic and housing market recession, and the subsequent recovery, and also the impact of policy changes.
Abstract: The homelessness monitor is a longitudinal study providing an independent analysis of the homelessness impacts of recent economic and policy developments in England. It considers both the consequences of the post-2007 economic and housing market recession, and the subsequent recovery, and also the impact of policy changes. This fifth annual report updates our account of how homelessness stands in England in 2016, or as close to 2016 as data availability allows. It also highlights emerging trends and forecasts some of the likely future changes, identifying the developments likely to have the most significant impacts on homelessness. While this report focuses on England, parallel homelessness monitors are being published for other parts of the UK. Crisis is the national charity for single homeless people. We are dedicated to ending homelessness by delivering life-changing services and campaigning for change. Our innovative education, employment, housing and well-being services address individual needs and help homeless people to transform their lives. We are determined campaigners, working to prevent people from becoming homeless and advocating solutions informed by research and our direct experience. Stone at JRF, for all of their support with this work. We would also like to record our thanks to DCLG and St Mungo's Broadway for assisting us to secure relevant data, and to the National Practitioner Support Service for their generous help in circulating the online survey to relevant local authority contacts and for encouraging authorities to respond. We are further indebted to Andy Gale for his insightful comments on a draft version of the online questionnaire, and to the three local authorities who kindly piloted it for us. In addition, we are extremely grateful to all of the key informants from homelessness service providers and other organisations across England who found time in their busy schedules to help us with this study. Our thanks also to our Heriot-Watt colleagues, David Watkins and Janice Blenkinsopp, for their invaluable assistance with the online survey. Disclaimer: All views and any errors contained in this report are the responsibility of the authors. The views expressed should not be assumed to be those of Crisis, the Joseph Rowntree Foundation or of any of the key informants who assisted with this work.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results suggest that help-seeking behavior is very uncommon among victim populations, particularly if they are not part of specific dating violence prevention programs, and female victims were nearly 2 times more likely to seek help than male victims.
Abstract: Background Despite the extensive research on rates of teen dating violence and abuse and its' consequences, less is known about help-seeking behaviors among victims. The goals of this study were to document patterns of help-seeking behaviors among teen victims of dating violence and abuse and examine sex differences related to such patterns. Methods The study involved cross-sectional surveys of 3745 dating youth from 10 middle and high schools in the northeastern United States, 59% of whom reported some kind of dating abuse victimization. We examined the characteristics of youth who reported any type of dating abuse victimization comparing youth who reported seeking help to youth who did not report seeking help following their victimization. Results Only 9% of victims reported seeking help after their victimization experience. Help-seeking differed significantly by sex; female victims were more likely to seek help than male victims, and the types of dating abuse that help-seekers experienced also varied by sex. Overall, 17% of youth sought help from school counselors and 13% sought help from teachers. Conclusions Results suggest that help-seeking behavior is very uncommon among victim populations, particularly if they are not part of specific dating violence prevention programs. In addition, we found female victims were nearly 2 times more likely to seek help than male victims. Given that few youth seek help on their own, schools might create more formalized reporting mechanisms to ensure such violence is addressed effectively and efficiently, and create peer and parental support networks to build awareness and create comfort for victims.