Urban Institute

About: Urban Institute is a nonprofit organization based out in Washington D.C., District of Columbia, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Medicaid & Population. The organization has 927 authors who have published 2330 publications receiving 86426 citations.

Incorporated but Not IRS-Registered: Exploring the (Dark) Grey Fringes of the Nonprofit Universe:

Abstract: Listings of Internal Revenue Service (IRS)-registered and state-incorporated nonprofits for the same region may differ for a variety of reasons. Using Indiana as a case study, we first describe the distribution of nonprofits across these two listings. We then present findings from a small telephone survey of incorporated nonprofits that are not registered with the IRS for Indiana to explore whether they are excluded from the IRS-listing for statutory, technical, or compliance reasons. We consider several aspects of state incorporation status: date of incorporation and whether active status has been maintained or not. We conclude that researchers need to pay careful attention to the limitations of the IRS registration system when wishing to examine the dimensions of the nonprofit sector at local, state, or regional levels. Our finding, that some nonprofits fail to maintain active incorporation status, points to significant problems of nonprofit capacity.

Systematic Review of Non-Custodial Employment Programs: Impact on Recidivism Rates of Ex-Offenders

Abstract: The objective of this Campbell systematic review was to assess the effects of programs designed to increase employment through job training and/or job placement among formerly incarcerated persons (i.e., those recently released), aimed at improving employment and reducing recidivism. Searches of literature reviews by the first author were augmented by structured searches of nine electronic data bases, including the Campbell SPECTR database of trials to identify random assignment studies conducted after 1970. Experts in the field were consulted and relevant citations were followed up. We report narratively on the eight eligible studies. More than 6,000 older youth (aged 16‐17) and adults with prior contact with the criminal justice system participated in these studies. The analyses show that employment‐focused interventions for ex‐offenders in these studies did not reduce recidivism, although this group of random assignment studies is highly heterogeneous both in the type of employment program delivered and the individuals enrolled in the program. Thus, the results should not be generalized to former prisoners who are enrolled in employment programs after release. The studies are also mostly out of date and the average subject was not typical of persons released from prison in the US in the early 2000s. Employment‐focused interventions for former prisoners have not been adequately evaluated for their effectiveness using random assignment designs. A new generation of rigorous evaluations is needed to provide direction to policymakers as to the most effective combination of employment‐related services for specific types of ex‐offenders. ABSTRACT Background Over the last 25 years, many programs that were designed to increase employment for persons with a criminal history have been implemented and evaluated. The implicit, and often explicit, intent of these programs has been to reduce recidivism. Wilson et al. (1999, 2000) conducted a quantitative synthesis of 33 evaluations of educational, vocational, and work programs for persons in correctional facilities. To date, however, the evaluation literature on employment services programs for those with a recent criminal record who are not in custody has not been systematically reviewed. Objectives To assess the effects of programs designed to increase employment through job training and/or job placement among formerly incarcerated persons (i.e., those recently released), aimed at improving employment and reducing recidivism. Search Strategy Searches of literature reviews by the first author were augmented by structured searches of nine electronic data bases, including the Campbell SPECTR database of trials to identify random assignment studies conducted after 1970. Experts in the field were consulted and relevant citations were followed up. Selection Criteria Selecting studies based on the original objective – to examine employment services interventions for recently released prisoners – did not produce a sufficient number of studies for analysis. Thus, the selection criteria were expanded to include studies that tested the effects of job training or job placement programs or both for persons who had been arrested, convicted or incarcerated in connection with a criminal charge. Only random assignment studies of adults or studies that combined older youth (ages 16‐17) and adults were included. If the treatment or comparison groups included subjects who were not ex‐offenders, the results must have been reported separately for the ex‐offenders. Data Collection and Analysis We report narratively on the eight eligible studies. More than 6,000 older youth (aged 16‐17) and adults with prior contact with the criminal justice system participated in these studies. Two studies contributed two independent effect sizes for a total of ten effect sizes for the eight studies. We used arrests during the follow‐up period (typically, 12 months) as the outcome measure. We ran three analyses: one with a mixture of dichotomized and continuous arrest measures, a second with logged odds ratio effect sizes, and a third splitting the sample into those with a conviction and those without a conviction. Main Results The analyses show that employment‐focused interventions for ex‐offenders in these studies did not reduce recidivism, although this group of random assignment studies is highly heterogeneous both in the type of employment program delivered and the individuals enrolled in the program. Thus, the results should not be generalized to former prisoners who are enrolled in employment programs after release. The studies are also mostly out of date and the average subject was not typical of persons released from prison in the U.S. in the early 2000s. Reviewers' Conclusions We conclude that employment‐focused interventions for former prisoners have not been adequately evaluated for their effectiveness using random assignment designs. After broadening the selection criteria to include individuals with criminal records, only eight studies, the majority of which are more than 10 years old, could be identified. Nonetheless, overall, the eight interventions had no significant effect on the likelihood that participants would be rearrested. Many employment‐focused interventions for ex‐offenders are being implemented. A new generation of rigorous evaluations is needed to provide direction to policymakers as to the most effective combination of employment‐related services for specific types of ex‐offenders.

Explaining the association between rates of in‐migration and out‐migration

Abstract: A positive association between rates of in-migration and out-migration across locations has long been observed. This apparent paradox has usually been attributed to the impact of in-migration on population composition. We argue here that the intrinsic structure of population dynamics may also induce this effect, and we develop a formal model of this process. Empirical analyses using migration data for states in the U.S. over 1955–1960, 1965–1970, and 1975–1980 show that the intrinsic mechanism may swamp the compositional effect.

The Road Not Taken? Changes in Welfare Entry During the 1990s*

Abstract: This paper uses data from the 1990 and 1996 Survey of Income and Program Participation to assess whether changes in welfare policy affected welfare entry rates. It also assesses whether changes in entry rates are accompanied by improvements in the circumstances of families that choose not to receive welfare. The authors conclude that policy shifts and changes in attitudes toward work and welfare are the most likely explanations for the drop in welfare entry rates. The bulk of the change came after the implementation of welfare reform. Declining entry rates are not accompanied by substantial improvements in the well-being of low-income single mothers who are not on welfare.