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Urban Institute

NonprofitWashington D.C., District of Columbia, United States
About: Urban Institute is a nonprofit organization based out in Washington D.C., District of Columbia, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Medicaid & Population. The organization has 927 authors who have published 2330 publications receiving 86426 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A major lesson for national health reform is derived: that outreach, enrollment simplifications, and coverage expansions to parents and children can lead to substantial reductions in the number of uninsured children, particularly among children in the lowest-income families.
Abstract: Massachusetts’ 2006 health reform cut the uninsurance rate for children approximately in half in the first two years following implementation. The state now has the lowest rate of uninsurance among children in the nation. More children became enrolled in MassHealth, the state’s Medicaid program, and in employer-sponsored insurance. Most of the coverage increases occurred among lower-income children, many of whom were eligible for but not enrolled in MassHealth prior to reform. We derive a major lesson for national health reform: that outreach, enrollment simplifications, and coverage expansions to parents and children can lead to substantial reductions in the number of uninsured children, particularly among children in the lowest-income families.

30 citations

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a new credit risk transfer vehicle, the collateralized debt obligation (CDO), and discuss the issues for regulators and supervisors of capital markets with respect to CDOs, as well as credit derivatives.
Abstract: Several studies have reported how new credit risk transfer vehicles have made it easier to reallocate large amounts of credit risk from the financial sector to the non-financial sector of the capital markets. In this article, we describe one of these new credit risk transfer vehicles, the collateralized debt obligation. Synthetic credit debt obligations utilize credit default swaps, another relatively new credit risk transfer vehicle. Financial institutions face five major risks: credit, interest rate, price, currency, and liquidity. The development of the derivatives markets prior to 1990 provided financial institutions with efficient vehicles for the transfer of interest rate, price, and currency risks, as well as enhancing the liquidity of the underlying assets. However, it is only in recent years that the market for the efficient transfer of credit risk has developed. Credit risk is the risk that a debt instrument will decline in value as a result of the borrower's inability (real or perceived) to satisfy the contractual terms of its borrowing arrangement. In the case of corporate debt obligations, credit risk encompasses default, credit spread, and rating downgrade risks. The most obvious way for a financial institution to transfer the credit risk of a loan it has originated is to sell it to another party. Loan covenants typically require that the obligor be informed of the sale. The drawback of a sale in the case of corporate loans is the potential impairment of the originating financial institution's relationship with the obligor of the loan sold. Syndicated loans overcome the drawback of an outright sale because banks in the syndicate may sell their loan shares in the secondary market. The sale may be through an assignment or through participation. While the former mechanism for a syndicated loan requires the approval of the obligor, the latter does not since the payments are merely passed through to the purchaser and therefore the obligor need not know about the sale. Another form of credit risk transfer (CRT) vehicle developed in the 1980s is securitization [Fabozzi and Kothari (2007)]. In a securitization, a financial institution that originates loans pools them and sells them to a special purpose entity (SPE). The SPE obtains funds to acquire the pool of loans by issuing securities. Payment of interest and principal on the securities issued by the SPE is obtained from the cash flow of the pool of loans. While the financial institution employing securitization retains some of the credit risk associated with the pool of loans, the majority of the credit risk is transferred to the holders of the securities issued by the SPE. Two recent developments for transferring credit risk are credit derivatives and collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). For financial institutions, credit derivatives allow the transfer of credit risk to another party without the sale of the loan. A CDO is an application of the securitization technology. With the development of the credit derivatives market, CDOs can be created without the actual sale of a pool of loans to an SPE using credit derivatives. CDOs created using credit derivatives are referred to as synthetic CDOs. In this article, we discuss CDOs. We begin with the basics of CDOs and then discuss synthetic CDOs. The issues for regulators and supervisors of capital markets with respect to CDOs, as well as credit derivatives, are also discussed.

30 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined 25 four-year-old pre-school classrooms from a random sample of 15 schools within a large urban city in southern Spain and found that on average, classroom quality was low in regards to space and materials, developmentally appropriate activities and instruction; however, classrooms were relatively high on positive climate and productivity, and teachers demonstrated positive relationships with families.
Abstract: We examined 25 four-year-old pre-school classrooms from a random sample of 15 schools within a large urban city in southern Spain. Observational measures of classroom quality included the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale-Revised, the Classroom Assessment Scoring System and the Observation of Activities in Pre-school. Findings revealed that, on average, classroom quality was low in regards to space and materials, developmentally appropriate activities and instruction; however, classrooms were relatively high on positive climate and productivity, and teachers demonstrated positive relationships with families. The observed ratio of children to teachers was high across classrooms. Results from regression analyses indicate that a higher ratio was associated with lower quality language modelling, teacher feedback and personal care routines available in these settings. Qualitative data from teacher interviews highlighted the importance of a pre-school education for children's development and sch...

30 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Data from the 1997 and 1999 NSAF indicate that health insurance coverage remained fairly stable during this period, with significant declines in uninsurance rates for all children and adults as well as those in low-income families.
Abstract: Data from the 1997 and 1999 NSAF indicate that health insurance coverage remained fairly stable during this period. Thirty-six million nonelderly Americans lacked health insurance in 1999. Low-income adults and children remained about 4 times more likely to lack insurance coverage than those with higher incomes. The percentage of low-income adults with coverage through their jobs increased significantly from 39 to 42 percent. Among the group of children targeted by SHCIP, public coverage increased from 18 to 22 percent. Of the 13 states studied, only AL, CO, and MA experienced significant declines in uninsurance rates for all children and adults as well as those in low-income families. (Health Affairs 2001 January/February; 20(1):169-177)

30 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: One in six newborns were born poor over the past 40 years, and nearly half remained poor half their childhoods as mentioned in this paper, and persistently poor children are nearly 90 percent more likely than never-poor children to enter their 20s without completing high school and are four times more likely to give birth outside of marriage during their teenage years.
Abstract: One in six newborns were born poor over the past 40 years, and nearly half remained poor half their childhoods. These persistently poor children are nearly 90 percent more likely than never-poor children to enter their 20s without completing high school and are four times more likely to give birth outside of marriage during their teenage years. Children whose parents did not complete high school are less likely to complete high school themselves. This paper examines the magnitude of child poverty, family characteristics related to childhood poverty persistence, and childhood poverty’s lasting consequences.

29 citations


Authors

Showing all 937 results

NameH-indexPapersCitations
Jun Yang107209055257
Jesse A. Berlin10333164187
Joseph P. Newhouse10148447711
Ted R. Miller97384116530
Peng Gong9552532283
James Evans6965923585
Mark Baker6538220285
Erik Swyngedouw6434423494
Richard V. Burkhauser6334713059
Philip J. Held6211321596
George Galster6022613037
Laurence C. Baker5721111985
Richard Heeks5628115660
Sandra L. Hofferth5416312382
Kristin A. Moore542659270
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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Institution in previous years
YearPapers
20232
202214
202177
202080
2019100
2018113