Urban Institute

About: Urban Institute is a nonprofit organization based out in Washington D.C., District of Columbia, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Medicaid & Population. The organization has 927 authors who have published 2330 publications receiving 86426 citations.

Are Sex Offenders Moving into Social Disorganization? Analyzing the Residential Mobility of California Parolees

Abstract: This study focuses on the relationship between returning offender residential mobility and neighborhood structural factors characteristic of socially disorganized neighborhoods. It uses a unique data set that combines information on parolees released in the state of California during the 2005-2006 time period with their geocoded addresses to view the types of neighborhoods they are moving to. The authors find that sex offenders are entering neighborhoods with more concentrated disadvantage and residential instability upon reentry from prison and upon subsequent moves. This effect for sex offender status is particularly strong for whites and Latinos, leading them into more socially disorganized neighborhoods. The authors also find that sex offenders are more likely to enter neighborhoods with more minorities as measured by Latinos and African Americans and less likely to enter neighborhoods with more whites.

Explaining Racial Differences: A Study of City-to-Suburb Residential Mobility

Abstract: Although black city-to-suburb residential mobility increased markedly during the 1970s, the rate of outmovement by whites was still much higher. In this article we examine empirically three explanations for this continuing racial difference in suburbanization: (1) socioeconomic differences between the white and black central city populations, (2) racially motivated outmovement by whites (white flight), and (3) abnormally low outmovement by blacks (black retention). Using 1974-1976 Annual Housing Survey data from 35 large SMSAs, we begin by replicating Frey's (1979) analysis of white outmovement during the late 1960s. We then modify the model and apply it to black outmovement. We conclude from our analysis that black retention, attributable to actual or anticipated racial discrimination against blacks, is responsible for most of the white-black gap in rates of city-to-suburb movement. The other two explanations play only secondary roles.

An analysis of hospital productivity and product change.

Abstract: We developed a model to measure the contribution of changes in length-of-stay, service intensity, and productivity to the unusually low rate of growth in hospital costs per discharge in recent years. From 1992 through 1996 declining length-of-stay explained 97 percent of the decrease in real costs per discharge. Much of the drop was probably caused by care shifted from inpatient to postacute settings. Although complete data for our model are unavailable beyond that point, we cite several “leading indicators” that suggest that length-of-stay declines have played a smaller role in the continued low cost growth of 1997 and 1998 and that productivity may have risen sharply.

Transformations in public health systems

Abstract: Public health systems are undergoing major changes. Historically, population-oriented services framed the responsibilities of the public health system. Yet over time, clinical services, particularly maternal and child health care, became an important component. More recently, many public health agencies have begun to refocus on traditional services, largely in response to Medicaid managed care and an associated decline in clients. This paper examines such transformations in thirteen states.

It's all relative: Understanding the retirement prospects of baby-boomers

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to compare baby boomer retirees with previous generations on their overall level, distribution, and composition of family income and on the adequacy of this income in maintaining their economic well-being in retirement. To do this analysis we use projections of retirement income from the Social Security Administration's Modeling of Income in the Near Term (MINT) data system.In absolute terms, measured by real per capita income and poverty rates, we find that baby boomers will be better off than current retirees. In relative terms, however, many baby boomers will be worse off than current retirees. First, MINT predicts changes over time in the relative ranking of important subgroups within specific cohorts, with some subgroups experiencing substantial gains in real per capita income and other subgroups experiencing little gain over time. Second, while both pre- and post-retirement incomes are rising, post-retirement incomes do not rise as much as pre-retirement incomes. Consequently, baby boomers are less likely than current retirees to have enough post-retirement income to maintain their preretirement living standards. These findings hold up to various definitions of family income and replacement rates.