Showing papers by "Vanderbilt University published in 1979"
Book•
04 Dec 1979TL;DR: Hollon and Shaw as discussed by the authors discuss the role of emotions in Cognitive Therapy and discuss the integration of homework into Cognitive Therapy, and discuss problems related to Termination and Relapse.
Abstract: 1. An Overview 2. The Role of Emotions in Cognitive Therapy 3. The Therapeutic Relationship: Application to Cognitive Therapy 4. Structure of the Therapeutic Interview 5. The Initial Interview 6. Session by Session Treatment: A Typical Course of Therapy 7. Application of Behavioral Techniques 8. Cognitive Techniques 9. Focus on Target Symptoms 10. Specific Techniques for the Suicidal Patient 11. Interview with a Depressed Suicidal Patient 12. Depressogenic Assumptions 13. Integration of Homework into Therapy 14. Technical Problems 15. Problems Related to Termination and Relapse 16. Group Cognitive Therapy for Depressed Patients Steven D. Hollon and Brian F. Shaw 17. Cognitive Therapy and Antidepressant Medications 18. Outcome Studies of Cognitive Therapy Appendix: Materials *The Beck Inventory *Scale for Suicide Ideation *Daily Record of Dysfunctional Thoughts *Competency Checklist for Cognitive Therapists *Possible Reasons for Not Doing Self-Help Assignments *Research Protocol for Outcome Study at Center for Cognitive Therapy *Further Materials and Technical Aids
9,970 citations
TL;DR: The test-retest reliability of alcohol abusers' self-reports of their daily drinking and daily drinking, alcohol-related incarcerations and their drinking problem history were highly reliable, and limits on the generalizability of these finclings are discussed.
717 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the classical primary somatosensory cortex of monkeys consists of as many as four separate body representations rather than just one, and two complete body surface representations occupy cortical fields 3b and 1.
Abstract: Microelectrode mapping experiments indicate that the classical primary somatosensory cortex of monkeys consists of as many as four separate body representations rather than just one. Two complete body surface representations occupy cortical fields 3b and 1. In addition, area 2 contains an orderly representation of predominantly "deep" body tissues. Area 3a may constitute a fourth representation.
679 citations
TL;DR: It was found that the effectiveness of any given free concentration diminished progressively with age, consistent with a diminished responsiveness of the β‐adrenoceptor to both agonist and antagonist drugs with advancing years.
Abstract: The effect of age on sensitivity to both isoproterenol and propranolol has been investigated in 27 male volunteers aged 21 to 73 yr. The dose of isoproterenol (given as a rapid intravenous injection) required to increase the resting heart rate by 25 bpm (I25) increased with age. The I25 was repeated during an intravenous infusion of propranolol and the dose ratio (I25 after propranolol divided by the control I25) determined. This was related to the concentration of free propranolol in plasma. It was found that the effectiveness of any given free concentration diminished progressively with age. These data are consistent with a diminished responsiveness of the beta-adrenoceptor to both agonist and antagonist drugs with advancing years.
566 citations
TL;DR: The α-32P-labeled ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates prepared by this method should be very useful in studies on nucleic acid structure and metabolism and the [γ- 32P]nucleosid triph phosphates should be useful in the study of phosphate transfer systems.
530 citations
TL;DR: The relative contribution of the therapist's technical skills and the qualities inherent in any good human relationship to outcome in time-limited individual psychotherapy are explored in this study.
Abstract: This study explored the relative contribution of the therapist's technical skills and the qualities inherent in any good human relationship to outcome in time-limited individual psychotherapy. Highly experienced psychotherapists treated 15 patients drawn from a relatively homogeneous patient population (male college students, selected primarily on the basis of elevations on the depression, anxiety, and social introversion scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory). By traditional diagnostic categories, they would be classified as neurotic depression or anxiety reactions. Obsessional trends and borderline personalities were common. A comparable patient group was treated by college professors chosen for their ability to form understanding relationships. Patients treated by professors showed, on the average, as much improvement as patients treated by professional therapists. Treated groups slightly exceeded the controls. Group means, however, obscured considerable individual variability.
464 citations
TL;DR: 1-isoamyl-3-isobutylxanthine might prove useful as an inhibitor of this enzyme because of its very low activity as an adenosine-antagonist.
306 citations
TL;DR: The tendency toward metastasis for each tumor was expressed in indices that correlated well with diagnoses made by conventional histologic means, but were more accurate in predicting subsequent clinical behavior than nonquantitative methods of evaluation.
Abstract: Forty-one patients with adrenal cortical tumors were evaluated retrospectively for the presence of histologic and non-histologic features associated with malignant behavior. The patients who survived operation were followed at least five years. The association of these features with subsequent metastasis was examined by both parametric and nonparametric statistical methods. Twelve criteria were statistically significant in predicting subsequent metastasis. The most significant of these were: clinical evidence of weight loss, broad fibrous bands traversing the tumor, a diffuse growth pattern, vascular invasion, tumor cell necrosis, and tumor mass. The tendency toward metastasis for each tumor was expressed in indices that correlated well with diagnoses made by conventional histologic means, but were more accurate in predicting subsequent clinical behavior than nonquantitative methods of evaluation.
302 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of semantic priming on picture and word processing were assessed under conditions in which subjects were required simply to identify stimuli (label pictures or read words) as rapidly as possible.
Abstract: The effects of semantic priming on picture and word processing were assessed under conditions in which subjects were required simply to identify stimuli (label pictures or read words) as rapidly as possible. Stimuli were presented in pairs (a prime followed by a target), with half of the pairs containing members of the same semantic category and half containing unrelated concepts. Semantic relatedness was found to facilitate the identification of both pictures (Experiment 1) and words (Experiment 2), and obtained interactions of semantic relatedness and stimulus quality in both experiments suggested that semantic priming affects the initial encoding of both types of stimuli. In Experiment 3, subjects received pairs of pictures, pairs of words, and mixed pairs composed of a picture and a word or of a word and a picture. Significant priming effects were obtained on mixed as well as unmixed pairs, supporting the assumption that pictures and words access semantic information from a common semantic store. Of primary interest was the significantly greater priming obtained in picture-picture pairs than in word-word or mixed pairs. This suggests that, in addition to priming that is mediated by the semantic system, priming may occur in picture-picture pairs that results from the overlap in visual features common to the pictorial representations of objects from the same semantic category.
227 citations
204 citations
TL;DR: Injection of epidermal growth factor into 24-day rabbit fetuses (5 μg, im or ip) induced accelerated maturation of the lung and may be an important hormone in the maturation and capable of protecting the prematurely delivered fetus against the development of hyaline membrane disease.
Abstract: Summary: Injection of epidermal growth factor (EGF) into 24-day rabbit fetuses (5 μg, im or ip) induced accelerated maturation of the lung. On sacrifice at day 27, there was greater distensibility and stability on deflation associated with the appearance of a complement of type II cells approaching that of the rabbit at term. EGF treatment had no demonstrable effect on body weight or lung weight in this group of animals. Saline-injected control fetuses were not affected significantly.
TL;DR: Cigarette smoking habits are important in the altered steady‐state kinetics of propranolol that develops with aging, and systemic‐clearance correlated negatively with age in the smokers and in the group as a whole.
Abstract: The effects of age and cigarette smoking on the disposition of propranolol have been investigated in 27 normal men, aged 21 to 73 yr. The drug was administered orally (80 mg) every 8 hr and 40 µCi intravenous 3H‐propranolol were administered simultaneously with the seventh dose. Labeled and unlabeled propranolol concentrations were determined in serial blood samples obtained over the next 8 hr. Subgrouping the oral blood concentration/time data according to age (younger or older than 35 yr) showed that the mean levels in the older group were as much as twofold those in the younger group, and that the terminal half‐life (t½β) was prolonged with age (4.19 ± 1.38 vs. 5.05 ± l.36 hr, mean ± SD; p = 0.03). Substratification of cigarette smokers (>10 cigarettes daily) from nonsmokers indicated that the mean levels in the nonsmokers were 200% higher but there was no t½β difference. Despite the considerable interindividual variability, there was a trend for the weight‐normalized, average steady‐state levels to be lower in smokers than in nonsmokers, with the difference becoming smaller with increasing age. Analysis of the data indicated that the intrinsic total clearance of propranolol decreased with age only in the smokers, and toward the constant value of the nonsmokers, while apparent liver blood flow declined equally with age in both groups. Consequently, systemic‐clearance correlated negatively with age in the smokers and in the group as a whole. No age relationships were found in the volume of distribution and, thus, correlations of age and t½β were of the same order as those of systemic clearance. No changes were observed in systemic availability or plasma binding with aging in either group. It, therefore, appears that cigarette smoking habits are important in the altered steady‐state kinetics of propranolol that develops with aging. The results are consistent with a decreased induction of drug‐metabolizing enzyme with aging.
TL;DR: The authors examine constraints that determine the effectiveness of subject-generated and experimenter-provided elaborations and conclude that elaborations facilitate performance only when they clarify the precise significance of target concepts in the acquisition sentences.
TL;DR: Human epidermal growth factor (hEGF), which stimulates the growth of a variety of tissues, was first isolated from mouse submandibular glands, but is also excreted in large amounts in human urine and is probably identical to human beta-urogastrone (hUG), a potent inhibitor of stimulated gastric acid secretion.
Abstract: Human epidermal growth factor (hEGF), which stimulates the growth of a variety of tissues, was first isolated from mouse submandibular glands, but is also excreted in large amounts (about 50 micrograms/day) in human urine and is probably identical to human beta-urogastrone (hUG), a potent inhibitor of stimulated gastric acid secretion. However, the primary tissue source of hEGF/hUG is as yet unknown. The hEGF/hUG in homogenates of human salivary glands and a wide variety of other endocrine and nonendocrine tissues was extracted by Amberlite CG-50 cation exchange chromatography and immune affinity chromatography using the immunoglobulin fraction of rabbit anti-hEGF serum covalently bound to agarose. The extracts were subjected to homologous hEGF RIA. Immunoreactive hEGF was found in extracts of adult submandibular gland, thyroid gland, duodenum, jejunum, and kidney, but not in several fetal tissues. The tissue immunoreactive hEGF was similar to standard hEGF in terms of immunoreactivity and elution from Sephadex G-50 Fine resin, but its concentrations were very low (1.3-5.5 ng/g wet tissue). Thus, it is not certain that these tissues represent the only source of the large amounts of hEGF/hUG that appear to be filtered by the kidneys each day.
TL;DR: Using hEGF RIA and EGF radioreceptor assay, the molecular sizes of immunoreactive and receptorreactive hEGf have been studied in human biological fluids and appeared to be mostly in the same molecular weight range as standard small molecular weight (SMW).
Abstract: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a polypeptide hormone that has been isolated from both mouse and man and stimulates the growth of a variety of tissues. Human EGF (hEGF) is probably identical to β-urogastrone, a potent inhibitor of stimulated gastric acid secretion. EGF/urogastrone has a molecular weight of -6000. However, mouse EGF is isolated in extracts of submandibular glands as a high molecular weight (HMW) complex (mol wt, 74,000) containing 2 mol mouse EGF and 2 mol of an arginine esterase which is fully biologically active and is readily and reversibly dissociated by high salt concentration or low pH. Using hEGF RIA and EGF radioreceptor assay, the molecular sizes of immunoreactive and receptorreactive hEGF have been studied in human biological fluids. In unextracted saliva and milk, immunoreactive hEGF appeared to be mostly in the same molecular weight range as standard small molecular weight (SMW) hEGF (-6000). In urine, in addition to immunoreactive and receptor-reactive hEGF the size ...
TL;DR: Of the metabolites quantified, prostaglandin D2 and prostacyclin were the major products derived from arachidonic acid in ionophore-stimulated rat mast cells.
TL;DR: The tissue distribution of 14C-labeled 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in adult male guines pigs was studied up to 15 days following its ip injection and Statistically significant increases in plasma albumin, total protein, iron, urea nitrogen, cholesterol, and triglycerides were observed in TCDD-treated pigs.
TL;DR: The results substantiate the validity of previous studies in the owl monkey that suggest that the visual cortex is subdivided into several functionally distinct areas and illustrate the complexity of corticofugal influence on visual processing.
Abstract: Subcortical projections of six visual cortical areas (Areas 17 and 18, the Middle Temporal, Dorsomedial and Medial Areas, and the Posterior Parietal Region) in the owl monkey, Aotus trivigatus, were investigated with autoradiographic methods following injections of tritiated proline. No contralateral projections were demonstrated. While some brainstem structures received input from all six subdivisions of cortex, each cortical area appeared to exhibit its own unique pattern of subcortical projections. All six cortical areas were found to project to the superior and inferior divisions of the pulvinar, reticular nucleus of the thalamus, pretectum and superior colliculus. Other subcortical targets of one or more visual cortical areas were the basal ganglia, claustrum, zona incerta, one or more of the intralaminar nuclei, lateral posterior nucleus, pregeniculate nucleus, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, and pontine nuclei. Furthermore, details of corticofugal projections to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, pretectum and superior colliculus varied with the cortical area studied. The projections to the reticular nucleus, pregeniculate nucleus, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, the inferior and a portion of the superior division of the pulvinar and the superior colliculus were found to be topographically organized. The targets of the subcortical projections were compared with those of the retina, as revealed by autoradiographic methods following tritiated proline injections of the eye and were found to overlap to varying extents in the superior colliculus, pretectum and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and to be segregated in the pregeniculate nucleus. The results substantiate the validity of previous studies in the owl monkey that suggest that the visual cortex is subdivided into several functionally distinct areas; and illustrate the complexity of corticofugal influence on visual processing.
TL;DR: Siegfried as discussed by the authors summarizes many studies that have included student gender as a variable and deals with questions of the adequacy of research designs and other factors that must be taken into account.
Abstract: Many researchers have found that males and females perform differently on economics tests, with the females often achieving lower scores. This phenomenon has puzzled and troubled economic education specialists for well over a decade. In this article Siegfried summarizes many studies that have included student gender as a variable. This in itself would be a valuable contribution to the literature, but Siegfired goes further and deals with questions of the adequacy of research designs and other factors that must be taken into account. Thus, this piece should provide useful guidance to researchers who wish to include the gender variable in their designs.
TL;DR: In this article, the potential curves for the ground state and the first excited state of NaAr were determined by using the reflection structure of the bound-free spectra of the van der Waals molecule.
Abstract: Potential curves for the ground state and the first excited state of NaAr were determined. The van der Waals molecule NaAr was prepared by supersonic free jet expansion of a mixture of sodium, argon, and helium. The electronic transition from the ground state to the first excited state A2pi was excited by a tunable dye laser and the resulting fluorescence was studied. The dispersed fluorescence spectra show discrete and diffuse features, corresponding to transitions from excited vibrational levels of the A state to bound and unbound levels of the x state. The characteristic reflection structure in the bound-free spectra permits an unambiguous assignment of the vibrational numbering in the A state, and this assignment together with previously measured spectroscopic constants are used to calculate the potential curve of the A state. The discrete structure in the fluorescence spectra is used to determine the potential curve of the x state in the well region, and the repulsive part of the X curve is then deduced through trial-and-error simulation of the bound-free spectra.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The microsomal P-450s of extrahepatic tissues are, in general, immunologically similar to the major hepatic microsome P- 450s in the rat.
Abstract: Antibodies were raised to two apparently homogeneous cytochromes P-450 prepared from liver microsomes of phenobarbital- and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats; microsomal fractions were prepared from the livers, lungs, kidneys, testes, spleens, hearts, small intestines, colons, stomachs, and brains of untreated and phenobarbital- and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats. Cross reactivity was observed in each tissue with at least one of the two antibodies as judged by immunodiffusion analysis. Inhibition of benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase or 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity was observed with microsomes prepared from each tissue with the exception of spleen and colon; inhibition curves were dependent upon the substrate and antibody used as well as the pretreatment of the animals from which the microsomes were prepared. As a general rule, microsomes prepared from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats were inhibited most readily by antibody raised to cytochrome P-450 isolated from liver microsomes prepared from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats, and the same general rule held for phenobarbital induction; however, several exceptions were noted. On the basis of these results, the microsomal P-450s of extrahepatic tissues are, in general, immunologically similar to the major hepatic microsomal P-450s in the rat.
TL;DR: Neurobehavioral measures that are relevant to uremic symptomatology provide quantitative estimates of the clinically significant, whole-organism biologic effects of renal failure and its several treatments.
TL;DR: The findings suggest that while hepatic drug clearance may be impaired in elderly people, the outcome depends not only on the effects of the aging process on the physiologic determinants of hepatic clearance (liver blood flow and the activity of the drug‐metabolizing enzymes) but also on the effect of environmental factors, such as smoking.
Abstract: The plasma clearances of antipyrine (AP) and indocyanine green (ICG) have been measured after intravenous administration in each of 20 normal male subjects aged 22 to 72 yr. An additional 4 subjects aged 65 to 73 yr received only ICG. AP clearance fell with age in the group as a whole (r = 0.56; p less than 0.01), but when cigarette smoking habits were considered the relationship was apparent only in smokers (r = 0.68; p less than 0.02). In the under 40 yr group. AP clearance was higher in smokers than nonsmokers (p less than 0.02). There was no such difference in men over 40 yr of age. These observations suggest that the enzyme-inducing effect of smoking diminishes with advancing years. In contrast, and consistent with a reduction in liver blood flow, the clearance of the highly extracted ICG fell with age, irrespective of smoking habits (r = 0.57; p less than 0.004). These findings suggest that while hepatic drug clearance may be impaired in elderly people, the outcome depends not only on the effects of the aging process on the physiologic determinants of hepatic clearance (liver blood flow and the activity of the drug-metabolizing enzymes) but also on the effects of environmental factors, such as smoking.
TL;DR: Data in normal man indicate that hyperglycemia per se with insulin and glucagon acutely withdrawn can suppress splanchnic glucose production but does not induce net splan Schnic glucose storage.
Abstract: We examined the effect of hyperglycemia per se on net splanchnic glucose balance. In 2 groups of normal postabsorptive men who had undergone hepatic vein catheterization, somatostatin was administered to block endogenous insulin and glucagon secretion. Exogenous glucose was infused in both groups to maintain euglycemia for 2 h in one group (n = 7) and to induce hyperglycemia of 220–240 mg/dl after 30 minutes of euglycemia in the second group (n = 4). In both groups the induction of insulinopenia and glucagonopenia with euglycemia maintained resulted in an initial 75% fall in net splanchnic glucose production (NSGP). In the group in which euglycemia was maintained NSGP returned to basal rates (157 ± 31 mg/min) within 2 h. However, in the group in which hyperglycemia was induced, NSGP did not return to basal rates but remained suppressed (28 ± 4 mg/min) for the duration of the study. These data in normal man indicate that hyperglycemia per se with insulin and glucagon acutely withdrawn can suppress splanchn...
TL;DR: The elimination of propranolol by perfused livers of rats made cirrhotic by chronic carbon tetrachloride inhalation during phenobarbital treatment has been compared with control animals receiving only phenobarBital.
TL;DR: The effect of the use of the so-called heparin lock for blood sampling on the binding of propranolol has been studied and a cumulative dose-response curve to Heparin constructed and showed excellent correlation with the increase in free fatty acid levels.
Abstract: The effect of the use of the so-called heparin lock for blood sampling on the binding of propranolol has been studied and a cumulative dose-response curve to heparin constructed. The use of this method of blood sampling introduced considerable artifactual changes into the measurement of propranolol's plasma binding. The free fraction rose from 9.9% to 13.4% after only 50 U of heparin was used to flush the cannula. The increase in the free fraction of propranolol showed excellent correlation with the increase in free fatty acid levels (p less than 0.001, r = 0.996). The importance of ensuring that sampling techniques do not introduce artifactual changes in pharmacokinetic studies is emphasized.
TL;DR: The submandibular gland of the mouse contains a variety of hormone-like substances and enzymes, such as EGF, NGF, and SGR, and the molar concentrations of these proteins appeared to be similar to one another in submandIBular gland tissue and in saliva.
Abstract: The submandibular gland of the mouse contains a variety of hormone-like substances and enzymes, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and submandibular gland renin (SGR). Using specific RIAs for each of these proteins and a radioreceptor assay (RRA) for EGF, the present study was performed to examine the concentrations of these three proteins and the molecular size of EGF in the submandibular glands and biological fluids of normal male and female mice. Submandibular glands of male mice contained far more radioimmunoassayable EGF, NGF, and SGR than those of female mice (66-, 92-, and 30-fold, respectively). Male saliva also contained far higher concentrations of radioimmunoassayable EGF, NGF, and SGR than that of the female (38-, 56-, and 49- fold, respectively). Furthermore, the molar concentrations of these proteins appeared to be similar to one another in submandibular gland tissue and in saliva. In contrast, although high concentrations of radioimmunoassayable and radiorecep...
TL;DR: Patterns of connections with other visual structures and architectonic characteristics were used to subdivide the inferior pulvinar complex of owl monkeys into three distinct nuclei termed the central inferior Pulvinar, IPc, the medial inferior pulvine, IPm, and the posterior inferior pulvars, IPp.
Abstract: Patterns of connections with other visual structures and architectonic characteristics were used to subdivide the inferior pulvinar complex of owl monkeys into three distinct nuclei termed the central inferior pulvinar, IPc, the medial inferior pulvinar, IPm, and the posterior inferior pulvinar, IPp. IPc occupies about 70%; IPm about 20%, and IPp about 10% of the inferior pulvinar complex. Encapsulating fiber bands distinguish the boundaries of the three nuceli. IPm is also identified by a much greater packing density of neurons than IPc and IPp. Both IPp and IPc receive input from the superior colliculus, but the terminations in IPp are denser. Visual cortical Areas 17, 18, MT, DM, M and PP (Allman and Kaas, '76) project to IPc and IPm in patterns that indicate that central vision is represented dorsorostrally and peripheral vision ventrocaudally in both nuclei. Terminations in IPm from Area MT are particularly dense. None of these visual areas projects to IPp. Rather, input to IPp appears to originate in cortex rostral to Area MT in the temporal lobe.