Showing papers by "Vanderbilt University published in 1983"
TL;DR: In this article, alternative methods of cluster analysis are presented and evaluated in terms of recent empirical work on their performance in marketing problems, and they are compared to the traditional methods of clustering.
Abstract: Applications of cluster analysis to marketing problems are reviewed. Alternative methods of cluster analysis are presented and evaluated in terms of recent empirical work on their performance chara...
2,369 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that data regarding patient satisfaction and perceived change in difficulty can be assessed to more completely characterize patients' functional status in ADL.
Abstract: Patient satisfaction in performing activities of daily living (ADL) was assessed by using a self-administered questionnaire modified from the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). The HAQ includes questions to determine a patient's degree of difficulty and need for help and assistive devices in ADL. A modification of the HAQ (MHAQ) was developed to include questions concerning perceived patient satisfaction regarding the same ADL, along with perceived change in degree of difficulty. In order to add additional questions while maintaining the length of the questionnaire in a format suitable in routine care, the number of ADL included in the MHAQ was reduced from 20 to 8. Information regarding degree of difficulty derived from 8 questions in the MHAQ is comparable with that derived from 20 questions in the HAQ. The response of a patient that a specific activity is associated with difficulty in functional capacity was not inevitably associated with the absence of patient satisfaction; 43.7% of patients responding "with some difficulty" and 19.1% of patients responding "with much difficulty" expressed satisfaction with their functional capacity. A major determinant of expression of patient satisfaction was perceived change in difficulty: 81.4% of patients noting that their function was "less difficult now," in contrast to 16.9% of patients responding "more difficult now," expressed satisfaction. These studies suggest that data regarding patient satisfaction and perceived change in difficulty can be assessed to more completely characterize patients' functional status in ADL.
1,353 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that after the median nerve was transected and ligated in adult owl and squirrel monkeys, the cortical sectors representing it within skin surface representations in Areas 3b and 1 were completely occupied by 'new' and expanded representations of surrounding skin fields.
948 citations
TL;DR: The results of studies directed toward determining the time course and likely mechanisms underlying this remarkable plasticity of the cortex representing the skin of the median nerve within parietal somatosensory fields 3b and 1 are described.
725 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that in the present data, marital status is the most powerful predictor of the mental health variables considered, and data are then used to show that it is the quality of a marriage and not marriage per se that links marriage to positive mental health.
Abstract: Although a large number of studies show a correlation between marital status and mental health, the relative magnitude of the relationship, as compared to the strength of the relationship of other variables related to mental health, is not known. In this empirical evaluation, it is shown that in the present data, marital status is the most powerful predictor of the mental health variables considered. Data are then used to show that it is the quality of a marriage and not marriage per se that links marriage to positive mental health. The paper concludes with a discussion of some of the psychological functions of marriage.
687 citations
TL;DR: This article found that the total market value of common stock equity varies inversely with risk-adjusted returns, and price per share does also, and that transaction costs at least partially account for the abnormality.
626 citations
500 citations
TL;DR: The constructivist teaching experiment as mentioned in this paper is used in formulating explanations of children's mathematical behavior, but the models must be distinguished from what might go on in children's heads, and the emphasis on the researcher as teacher stems from the view that children's construction of mathematical knowledge is greatly influenced by the experience they gain through interaction with their teacher.
Abstract: The constructivist teaching experiment is used in formulating explanations of children’s mathematical behavior. Essentially, a teaching experiment consists of a series of teaching episodes and individual interviews that covers an extended period of time—anywhere from 6 weeks to 2 years. The explanations we formulate consist of models—constellations of theoretical constructs—that represent our understanding of children’s mathematical realities. However, the models must be distinguished from what might go on in children’s heads. They are formulated in the context of intensive interactions with children. Our emphasis on the researcher as teacher stems from our view that children’s construction of mathematical knowledge is greatly influenced by the experience they gain through interaction with their teacher. Although some of the researchers might not teach, all must act as model builders to ensure that the models reflect the teacher’s understanding of the children.
400 citations
TL;DR: A prospective study of 114 patients with DMD provided data for “power” calculations for future therapeutic trials and fifteen percent of the patients appear to have a milder variety of the disease and are termed “outliers.”
Abstract: A prospective study of 114 patients with DMD provided data for "power" calculations for future therapeutic trials. There was a decline in strength of 0.4 units per year (on a 0-10 scale). Contractures of the iliotibial bands, hip flexors, and heel cords developed before 6 years. Contractures of other joints accompanied the increased use of wheelchairs. All children walked until 8 years with functional "improvement" between 3-6 years. Children of the same age varied widely in their strength, degree of contracture, and functional abilities. Fifteen percent of the patients appear to have a milder variety of the disease and are termed "outliers." To test a drug which might slow the disease to 25% of its original rate of progression, two groups (placebo and treatment) of 40 patients each would have to be followed for one year.
358 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss methodological and theoretical issues that arise from a review of the studies and to suggest implications for future research and suggest that one way to improve children's reading performance is to increase their vocabulary.
Abstract: A strong psychometric relationship has consistently been reported between measures of vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension. This finding could imply that one way to improve children’s reading performance is to increase their vocabulary. Eight studies are reviewed that attempted to do this. Although all eight studies reported increases in students’ word knowledge, many failed to facilitate reading comprehension. Methodological and instructional differences across studies are examined in an attempt to account for the different results. The major goal of this paper is to discuss methodological and theoretical issues that arise from a review of the studies and to suggest implications for future research.
313 citations
TL;DR: Corpus callosum connections of parietal and motor cortex were studied in New World owl monkeys and Old World macaque monkeys after multiple injections of 3H‐proline and horseradish peroxidase, HRP, into one cerebral hemisphere and extensive microelectrode mapping of architectonic Areas 3b, 1, and 2 of the other hemisphere.
Abstract: Corpus callosum connections of parietal and motor cortex were studied in New World owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) and Old World macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) after multiple injections of 3H-proline and horseradish peroxidase, HRP, into one cerebral hemisphere, and extensive microelectrode mapping of architectonic Areas 3b, 1, and 2 of the other hemisphere. Results were obtained both from parasagittal brain sections cut orthogonal to the brain surface and from sections from flattened brains cut parallel to the brain surface. Cortical fields varied in density of callosal connections, and the density of connections varied according to body part within sensory representations. Thus, Area 3b had few, Area 1 had more, and Area 2 had relatively dense callosal connections. Within each of these fields, connections were much less dense for the representations of the glabrous hand and foot and much more dense for the representations of the face and trunk. For the representation of the hand, retrogradely labeled cells were extremely sparse in Area 3b, moderately sparse in Area 1, and moderate in Area 2. There were less dense callosal connections in the hand representations of Areas 3b, 1, and 2 in macaque as compared to owl monkeys. Label in posterior parietal cortex was uneven with zones of extremely dense connections. A large region of very dense callosal connections was noted in motor cortex just medial to the probable location of the hand representation. In all regions, callosally projecting cells appeared to be more broadly distributed than callosal terminations. In no region was the discontinuous arrangement of callosal connections obviously organized into an extensive pattern of mediolateral or rostrocaudal bands or strips.
TL;DR: The vasculitides are a group of disorders that include the polyarteritis nodosa group of systemic necrotizing vasculitic disorders, which may affect the central and peripheral nervous systems, whereas isolated angiitis of the central nervous system and Behçet's disease affect thecentral nervous system alone.
Abstract: The vasculitides are a group of disorders that include the polyarteritis nodosa group of systemic necrotizing vasculitides, hypersensitivity vasculitis, Wegener's granulomatosis, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, giant cell arteritis, Behcet's disease, and isolated angiitis of the central nervous system. Classification is based on clinical, angiographic, and histological features. The frequency and distribution of neurological involvement vary with the underlying disorder and may provide the initial symptoms. Polyarteritis nodosa and Wegener's granulomatosis may affect both the central and peripheral nervous systems, whereas isolated angiitis of the central nervous system and Behcet's disease affect the central nervous system alone. Neurological dysfunction occurs in 80% of patients with polyarteritis nodosa and fewer than 10% of patients with hypersensitivity vasculitis. The mechanism of neurological dysfunction in the vasculitides is tissue ischemia. The clinical effects of ischemia vary, and symptoms may be transient or prolonged. Mononeuritis multiplex, polyneuropathy, and stroke are frequent complications, but encephalopathies, cranial neuropathies, and brachial plexopathies are seen as well. The occurrence of symptoms late in the course of a disease suggests ischemia resulting from healed, scarred vessels as well as from those that are acutely inflamed; this is the case in Takayasu's arteritis and possibly also in polyarteritis nodosa. Treatment is based on identifying and removing the sensitizing agent when possible. Wegener's granulomatosis requires therapy with cyclophosphamide; temporal arteritis, with corticosteroids. In other vasculitides a balance must be reached between the progression of the disease and the side effects of immunosuppression.
TL;DR: Data indicate that synthetic ovine CRF is a very potent and specific ACTH secretagogue in man and Administered with caution until its vasomotor effects are more fully defined, CRF promises to be a safe and very useful investigative, diagnostic, and, possibly, therapeutic agent in man.
Abstract: Synthetic ovine corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) was administered to normal male volunteer subjects as an intravenous bolus or 30-s infusion. Doses of CRF ranging from 0.001 to 30 micrograms/kg body wt were administered, and plasma immunoreactive (IR)-ACTH and IR-cortisol concentrations were measured. The threshold dose appeared to be 0.01-0.03 micrograms/kg, the half-maximal dose 0.3-1 micrograms/kg, and the maximally effective dose 3-10 micrograms/kg. Basal concentrations of IR-ACTH and IR-cortisol were 14 +/- 7.6 pg/ml (mean +/- SD) and 5.6 +/- 2.2 micrograms/dl, respectively. IR-ACTH rose as early as 2 min after CRF injection, reached peak levels in 10-15 min, and declined slowly thereafter. IR-cortisol rose at 10 min or later and reached peak levels in 30-60 min. At a dose of 30 micrograms/kg, neither IR-ACTH nor IR-cortisol fell from peak levels of 82 +/- 21 pg/ml (mean +/- SE) and 23 +/- 1.4 micrograms/dl, respectively, during the 2-h course of the experiment, indicating that CRF has a sustained effect on ACTH release and/or a prolonged circulating plasma half-life. There was little or no increase in the levels of other anterior pituitary hormones. At doses of 1 microgram/kg and higher, facial flushing, tachycardia, and, in some subjects, a 15-29-mmHg decline in systemic arterial blood pressure were observed, even though blood volume was replaced and the subjects remained supine. These data indicate that synthetic ovine CRF is a very potent and specific ACTH secretagogue in man. Administered with caution until its vasomotor effects are more fully defined, CRF promises to be a safe and very useful investigative, diagnostic, and, possibly, therapeutic agent in man.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a method for estimating the marginal value of forage needed by competing species in a range management problem, which can be used to improve the wisdom of range management decisions.
Abstract: Deciding how to allocate forage among animals is a fundamentally important process in range management. The wisdom of these decisions can be enhanced by estimating the marginal value of forage needed by competing species. We present a method for ...
TL;DR: Three obese children with steatohepatitis that presented with nonspecific abdominal pain and abnormal liver-function tests should have a thorough investigation of their liver function even in the absence of symptoms or signs.
TL;DR: This article examined conditions conducive to federation formation, three general types of federations focusing on differences in their network structure, and the implications of federation affiliation for strategic level decision-making autonomy are discussed.
Abstract: Although federations sometimes have been the focus of organizational research, a comprehensive discussion of the subject has yet to emerge. This paper is an in-depth examination of the federation as a type of interorganizational linkage network. Conditions conducive to federation formation are examined, three general types of federations focusing on differences in their network structure are identified, and the implications of federation affiliation for strategic level decision making autonomy are discussed.
Book•
01 Jan 1983TL;DR: Vasquez as mentioned in this paper examines the power of the power politics perspective to dominate inquiry, and evaluates its ability to provide accurate explanations of the fundamental forces underlying world politics, and analyzes the extent to which the realist paradigm has been progressive (or degenerating), empirically accurate, and remains a relevant and explanatorily powerful theoretical approach for our current era.
Abstract: In this much-expanded edition of his classic study, John Vasquez examines the power of the power politics perspective to dominate inquiry, and evaluates its ability to provide accurate explanations of the fundamental forces underlying world politics. Part I of the book reprints the original 1983 text of The Power of Power Politics. It examines classical realism and quantitative international politics, providing an intellectual history of the discipline and an evaluation of statistical research guided by the realist paradigm. The second part provides six new chapters covering neorealism, post-modernism, the neotraditional research program on balancing, Mearsheimer's analysis of multipolarity and institutionalism, the debate on the end of the Cold War, and neoliberalism. Through the use of comparative case studies these chapters analyse the extent to which the realist paradigm has been progressive (or degenerating), empirically accurate, and remains a relevant and explanatorily powerful theoretical approach for our current era.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the light rare-earth elements (LREE) in major mineral species predict that these elements should behave incompatibly during crystallization and increase with fractionation.
TL;DR: This review summarizes briefly some of the historical aspects of the discovery, isolation, and mode of action of epidermal growth factor (EGF).
Abstract: This review summarizes briefly some of the historical aspects of the discovery, isolation, and mode of action of epidermal growth factor (EGF). Also considered are some of the key experiments which relate the biochemical mechanisms of EGF action to the mechanism involved in oncogenic transformation by the retroviruses.
TL;DR: In this paper, a three-dimensional finite element model was developed for the purpose of analyzing the stress distribution in a human mandibular right first molar, taking into account the non-symmetric geometry and loading, and the material inhomogeneities of the tooth.
Abstract: A three-dimensional finite element model has been developed for the purpose of analyzing the stress distribution in a human mandibular right first molar. The model takes into account the non-symmetric geometry and loading, and the material inhomogeneities of the tooth. Comparisons with existing two-dimensional analyses are given.
TL;DR: The results indicate that problem solving failure on a later informed trial is a problem-specific phenomenon that does not generalize to new problems.
Abstract: The effects of previously acquired information on a later problem solving task were explored. Prior research has shown that the acquisition of potentially relevant information is not effective for cuing solutions in a later problem solving task unless subjects are informed of the connection. The present research extends these results and demonstrates that the problem solving failure is not due to subjects’ rejecting the potentially relevant information following retrieval. Rather, the apparent failure to appropriately use previous information is a result of uninformed subjects’ inability to spontaneously access such information. Furthermore, the observed access failure is not reversible by simply informing the subjects of the task connection prior to a second trial. Finally, the results indicate that problem solving failure on a later informed trial is a problem-specific phenomenon that does not generalize to new problems. The implications for contemporary episodic memory paradigms and the role of access in learning theory are discussed.
TL;DR: The role of olfactory cues in maternal recognition of neonates was investigated and odor may be an especially salient modality for recognition of infants.
TL;DR: For example, this paper found that older children were more accurate than younger children when given multiple cues, while older children preferred contextual cues, whereas younger children relied more on expressive cues, and their misjudgments involved fewer judgments of happiness and more judgments of anger.
Abstract: REICHENBACH, LISA, and MASTERS, JOHN C. Children's Use of Expressive and Contextual Cues in Judgments ofEmotion. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1983, 54, 993-1004. In 2 experiments, preschool and third-grade children judged the happy, sad, angry, or neutral emotional states of other children on the basis of expressive cues alone (slides of children's facial expressions), contextual cues alone (vignettes describing the stimulus children's emotion-inducing experiences), or both expressive and contextual cues. Older children were more accurate than younger only when given multiple cues. For children of both ages, contextual cues led to greater accuracy in the recognition of emotional states than did expressive cues. When multiple cues were inconsistent with one another, younger children relied more on expressive cues, while older children preferred contextual ones. Children from disrupted families were less accurate in judging emotion in peers, and their misjudgments involved fewer judgments of happiness and more judgments of anger. Results are discussed in terms of cognitive-developmental and social learning processes influencing children's judgment of emotion in others.
TL;DR: The structure of an alkaloid isolated from Rhizoctonia leguminicola, which was previously assigned as 3,4.5-trihydroxy octahydro-1-pyrindine, has now been revised to (1S,2R,8R, 8aR)-1,2,8-trihedroxyoctahydronindolizine as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: An examination of nursing home patients receiving the most frequently prescribed antipsychotic and tricyclic antidepressant drugs concurrently revealed that physicians did not choose drugs selectively within the two classes in order to minimize the potential for anticholinergic toxicity.
Abstract: The potential for anticholinergic toxicity due to concurrent use of medications was assessed among 5,902 continuous nursing home residents and a comparable group of ambulatory patients. During the study year nearly 60% of the nursing home residents and 23% of the ambulatory patients received drugs with anticholinergic properties. Based on recommended doses of the drugs, 565 of the nursing home patients and 413 of the ambulatory patients could have received three or more anticholinergic medications concurrently. An examination of nursing home patients receiving the most frequently prescribed antipsychotic and tricyclic antidepressant drugs concurrently revealed that physicians did not choose drugs selectively within the two classes in order to minimize the potential for anticholinergic toxicity. The findings of this study suggest that the risk of anticholinergic toxicity may be underestimated by physicians.
TL;DR: The three major immunocompetent cells in human peripheral blood were shown to be effector cells for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against influenza virus-infected baby hamster kidney cells in vitro.
Abstract: The three major immunocompetent cells in human peripheral blood (lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes) were shown to be effector cells for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against influenza virus-infected baby hamster kidney cells in vitro. Lymphocyte cytotoxicity was mediated by FcIgG receptor-bearing null cells and T gamma cells. These effector populations were best defined by HNK-1, a monoclonal antibody to human natural killer and ADCC-mediator cells. Antibody responsible for ADCC against influenza virus-infected cells was detectable in sera of young children after natural infection and after vaccination with inactivated and live attenuated viruses. ADCC antibody appeared before hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody and persisted for at least one year after vaccination with live attenuated vaccine. ADCC antibody was subtype-specific but quite broadly reactive within a subtype. Both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase were antigenic determinants for ADCC antibody. An anamnestic response to the original strain was observed after challenge with influenza virus of a heterologous subtype.
TL;DR: The vasorelaxant activity of rat atrium has been purified and found to co-chromatograph with the natriuretic activity in all chromatographic systems employed, implying a higher level of complexity for cardiovascular control of blood volume and pressure.
TL;DR: The results support previous conclusions that V‐II is a split representation of the visual hemifield with most of the outer border formed by the zero horizontal meridian, and that MT is a topological representation ofThe visual hem ifield.
Abstract: Patterns of connections of Area 17 with extrastriate visual areas V-II and MT were studied in macaque monkeys by using 3H-proline and HRP as anatomical tracers The results support previous conclusions that V-II is a split representation of the visual hemifield with most of the outer border formed by the zero horizontal meridian, and that MT is a topological representation of the visual hemifield V-II was estimated to be about 10-12 mm wide, 110 mm long along its shared border with V-I, and 920 mm2 in surface area, thereby almost equaling Area 17 in size MT was judged to be 7 mm wide and 12 mm long, with a surface area of 68 mm2, or roughly 7% of the area of Area 17 In some cases, there was evidence for projections from Area 17 to a third area (or areas) of cortex of about 2 mm wide and of uncertain length on the outer boundary of V-II Terminations in V-II and MT were concentrated in layer IV and extended into inner layer III Cells projecting back to Area 17 were largely in layers III and V in V-II and in layers III and VI in MT