Showing papers by "Vienna University of Technology published in 2016"
TL;DR: The Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) as discussed by the authors is a set of algorithms dedicated to the estimation of terrestrial evaporation and root-zone soil moisture from satellite data.
Abstract: . The Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) is a set of algorithms dedicated to the estimation of terrestrial evaporation and root-zone soil moisture from satellite data. Ever since its development in 2011, the model has been regularly revised, aiming at the optimal incorporation of new satellite-observed geophysical variables, and improving the representation of physical processes. In this study, the next version of this model (v3) is presented. Key changes relative to the previous version include (1) a revised formulation of the evaporative stress, (2) an optimized drainage algorithm, and (3) a new soil moisture data assimilation system. GLEAM v3 is used to produce three new data sets of terrestrial evaporation and root-zone soil moisture, including a 36-year data set spanning 1980–2015, referred to as v3a (based on satellite-observed soil moisture, vegetation optical depth and snow-water equivalent, reanalysis air temperature and radiation, and a multi-source precipitation product), and two satellite-based data sets. The latter share most of their forcing, except for the vegetation optical depth and soil moisture, which are based on observations from different passive and active C- and L-band microwave sensors (European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative, ESA CCI) for the v3b data set (spanning 2003–2015) and observations from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite in the v3c data set (spanning 2011–2015). Here, these three data sets are described in detail, compared against analogous data sets generated using the previous version of GLEAM (v2), and validated against measurements from 91 eddy-covariance towers and 2325 soil moisture sensors across a broad range of ecosystems. Results indicate that the quality of the v3 soil moisture is consistently better than the one from v2: average correlations against in situ surface soil moisture measurements increase from 0.61 to 0.64 in the case of the v3a data set and the representation of soil moisture in the second layer improves as well, with correlations increasing from 0.47 to 0.53. Similar improvements are observed for the v3b and c data sets. Despite regional differences, the quality of the evaporation fluxes remains overall similar to the one obtained using the previous version of GLEAM, with average correlations against eddy-covariance measurements ranging between 0.78 and 0.81 for the different data sets. These global data sets of terrestrial evaporation and root-zone soil moisture are now openly available at www.GLEAM.eu and may be used for large-scale hydrological applications, climate studies, or research on land–atmosphere feedbacks.
1,282 citations
Ghent University1, Forschungszentrum Jülich2, Åbo Akademi University3, Aalto University4, Vienna University of Technology5, Duke University6, University of Grenoble7, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne8, Durham University9, International School for Advanced Studies10, Max Planck Society11, Uppsala University12, Humboldt University of Berlin13, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society14, Technical University of Denmark15, National Institute of Standards and Technology16, University of Udine17, Université catholique de Louvain18, University of Basel19, Harvard University20, University of California, Davis21, Rutgers University22, University of York23, Wake Forest University24, Science and Technology Facilities Council25, University of Oxford26, University of Vienna27, Dresden University of Technology28, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology29, Radboud University Nijmegen30, University of Tokyo31, Centre national de la recherche scientifique32, University of Cambridge33, Royal Holloway, University of London34, University of California, Santa Barbara35, University of Luxembourg36, Los Alamos National Laboratory37, Harbin Institute of Technology38
TL;DR: A procedure to assess the precision of DFT methods was devised and used to demonstrate reproducibility among many of the most widely used DFT codes, demonstrating that the precisionof DFT implementations can be determined, even in the absence of one absolute reference code.
Abstract: The widespread popularity of density functional theory has given rise to an extensive range of dedicated codes for predicting molecular and crystalline properties. However, each code implements the formalism in a different way, raising questions about the reproducibility of such predictions. We report the results of a community-wide effort that compared 15 solid-state codes, using 40 different potentials or basis set types, to assess the quality of the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof equations of state for 71 elemental crystals. We conclude that predictions from recent codes and pseudopotentials agree very well, with pairwise differences that are comparable to those between different high-precision experiments. Older methods, however, have less precise agreement. Our benchmark provides a framework for users and developers to document the precision of new applications and methodological improvements.
1,141 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose an empirically grounded model and its implementation to assess the Industry 4.0 maturity of industrial enterprises in the domain of discrete manufacturing by including organizational aspects.
966 citations
TL;DR: The success of the Internet of Things and rich cloud services have helped create the need for edge computing, in which data processing occurs in part at the network edge, rather than completely in the cloud.
Abstract: The success of the Internet of Things and rich cloud services have helped create the need for edge computing, in which data processing occurs in part at the network edge, rather than completely in the cloud. Edge computing could address concerns such as latency, mobile devices' limited battery life, bandwidth costs, security, and privacy.
938 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that a dynamical encircling of an exceptional point is analogous to the scattering through a two-mode waveguide with suitably designed boundaries and losses, and mode transitions are induced that transform this device into a robust and asymmetric switch between different waveguide modes.
Abstract: Physical systems with loss or gain have resonant modes that decay or grow exponentially with time. Whenever two such modes coalesce both in their resonant frequency and their rate of decay or growth, an 'exceptional point' occurs, giving rise to fascinating phenomena that defy our physical intuition. Particularly intriguing behaviour is predicted to appear when an exceptional point is encircled sufficiently slowly, such as a state-flip or the accumulation of a geometric phase. The topological structure of exceptional points has been experimentally explored, but a full dynamical encircling of such a point and the associated breakdown of adiabaticity have remained out of reach of measurement. Here we demonstrate that a dynamical encircling of an exceptional point is analogous to the scattering through a two-mode waveguide with suitably designed boundaries and losses. We present experimental results from a corresponding waveguide structure that steers incoming waves around an exceptional point during the transmission process. In this way, mode transitions are induced that transform this device into a robust and asymmetric switch between different waveguide modes. This work will enable the exploration of exceptional point physics in system control and state transfer schemes at the crossroads between fundamental research and practical applications.
776 citations
TL;DR: Numerical approaches were reviewed and implemented for depicting the cellular mechanics within the hydrogel as well as for prediction of mechanical properties to achieve the desired hydrogels construct considering cell density, distribution and material-cell interaction.
Abstract: Bioprinting is a process based on additive manufacturing from materials containing living cells. These materials, often referred to as bioink, are based on cytocompatible hydrogel precursor formulations, which gel in a manner compatible with different bioprinting approaches. The bioink properties before, during and after gelation are essential for its printability, comprising such features as achievable structural resolution, shape fidelity and cell survival. However, it is the final properties of the matured bioprinted tissue construct that are crucial for the end application. During tissue formation these properties are influenced by the amount of cells present in the construct, their proliferation, migration and interaction with the material. A calibrated computational framework is able to predict the tissue development and maturation and to optimize the bioprinting input parameters such as the starting material, the initial cell loading and the construct geometry. In this contribution relevant bioink properties are reviewed and discussed on the example of most popular bioprinting approaches. The effect of cells on hydrogel processing and vice versa is highlighted. Furthermore, numerical approaches were reviewed and implemented for depicting the cellular mechanics within the hydrogel as well as for prediction of mechanical properties to achieve the desired hydrogel construct considering cell density, distribution and material-cell interaction.
737 citations
TL;DR: The resulting taxonomy incorporates all grasps found in the reviewed taxonomies that complied with the grasp definition and is shown that due to the nature of the classification, the 33 grasp types might be reduced to a set of 17 more generalgrasps if only the hand configuration is considered without the object shape/size.
Abstract: In this paper, we analyze and compare existing human grasp taxonomies and synthesize them into a single new taxonomy (dubbed “The GRASP Taxonomy” after the GRASP project funded by the European Commission). We consider only static and stable grasps performed by one hand. The goal is to extract the largest set of different grasps that were referenced in the literature and arrange them in a systematic way. The taxonomy provides a common terminology to define human hand configurations and is important in many domains such as human–computer interaction and tangible user interfaces where an understanding of the human is basis for a proper interface. Overall, 33 different grasp types are found and arranged into the GRASP taxonomy. Within the taxonomy, grasps are arranged according to 1) opposition type, 2) the virtual finger assignments, 3) type in terms of power, precision, or intermediate grasp, and 4) the position of the thumb. The resulting taxonomy incorporates all grasps found in the reviewed taxonomies that complied with the grasp definition. We also show that due to the nature of the classification, the 33 grasp types might be reduced to a set of 17 more general grasps if only the hand configuration is considered without the object shape/size.
636 citations
TL;DR: Noise measurements show that such BP photodetectors are capable of sensing mid-infrared light in the picowatt range, and the high photoresponse remains effective at kilohertz modulation frequencies, because of the fast carrier dynamics arising from BP's moderate bandgap.
Abstract: Recently, black phosphorus (BP) has joined the two-dimensional material family as a promising candidate for photonic applications due to its moderate bandgap, high carrier mobility, and compatibility with a diverse range of substrates. Photodetectors are probably the most explored BP photonic devices, however, their unique potential compared with other layered materials in the mid-infrared wavelength range has not been revealed. Here, we demonstrate BP mid-infrared detectors at 3.39 μm with high internal gain, resulting in an external responsivity of 82 A/W. Noise measurements show that such BP photodetectors are capable of sensing mid-infrared light in the picowatt range. Moreover, the high photoresponse remains effective at kilohertz modulation frequencies, because of the fast carrier dynamics arising from BP’s moderate bandgap. The high photoresponse at mid-infrared wavelengths and the large dynamic bandwidth, together with its unique polarization dependent response induced by low crystalline symmetry,...
598 citations
Ikerbasque1, University of California, Berkeley2, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory3, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory4, Nanjing University5, Tsinghua University6, California State University, Long Beach7, Monash University, Clayton campus8, Vienna University of Technology9, Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials10
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that superconductivity and charge density wave ordering can remain intact in just a single layer of niobium diselenide, even when the material is thinned.
Abstract: What happens to correlated electronic phases—superconductivity and charge density wave ordering—as a material is thinned? Experiments show that both can remain intact in just a single layer of niobium diselenide.
533 citations
TL;DR: The CRESST-II experiment uses cryogenic detectors to search for nuclear recoil events induced by the elastic scattering of dark matter particles in CaWO======$_4$$676 € 2 Â
Abstract: The CRESST-II experiment uses cryogenic detectors to search for nuclear recoil events induced by the elastic scattering of dark matter particles in CaWO
$$_4$$
crystals. Given the low energy threshold of our detectors in combination with light target nuclei, low mass dark matter particles can be probed with high sensitivity. In this letter we present the results from data of a single detector module corresponding to 52 kg live days. A blind analysis is carried out. With an energy threshold for nuclear recoils of 307 eV we substantially enhance the sensitivity for light dark matter. Thereby, we extend the reach of direct dark matter experiments to the sub- GeV/
$$c^2$$
region and demonstrate that the energy threshold is the key parameter in the search for low mass dark matter particles.
491 citations
TL;DR: It is shown how to impose a strong chirality and a switchable direction of light propagation in an optical system by steering it to an exceptional point (EP)—a degeneracy universally occurring in all open physical systems when two eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenstates coalesce.
Abstract: Controlling the emission and the flow of light in micro- and nanostructures is crucial for on-chip information processing. Here we show how to impose a strong chirality and a switchable direction of light propagation in an optical system by steering it to an exceptional point (EP)—a degeneracy universally occurring in all open physical systems when two eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenstates coalesce. In our experiments with a fiber-coupled whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) resonator, we dynamically control the chirality of resonator modes and the emission direction of a WGM microlaser in the vicinity of an EP: Away from the EPs, the resonator modes are nonchiral and laser emission is bidirectional. As the system approaches an EP, the modes become chiral and allow unidirectional emission such that by transiting from one EP to another one the direction of emission can be completely reversed. Our results exemplify a very counterintuitive feature of non-Hermitian physics that paves the way to chiral photonics on a chip.
TL;DR: A Scenario-based Industry 4.0 Learning Factory concept that is built upon a tentative competency model for Industry 5.0 and the use of scenarios for problem-oriented learning of future production engineering is suggested.
TL;DR: This review summarizes important milestones of the development of T. reesei as the leading production host for biorefinery enzymes, and discusses emerging trends in strain engineering of the filamentous ascomycete TrichodermaReesei.
Abstract: More than 70 years ago, the filamentous ascomycete Trichoderma reesei was isolated on the Solomon Islands due to its ability to degrade and thrive on cellulose containing fabrics. This trait that relies on its secreted cellulases is nowadays exploited by several industries. Most prominently in biorefineries which use T. reesei enzymes to saccharify lignocellulose from renewable plant biomass in order to produce biobased fuels and chemicals. In this review we summarize important milestones of the development of T. reesei as the leading production host for biorefinery enzymes, and discuss emerging trends in strain engineering. Trichoderma reesei has very recently also been proposed as a consolidated bioprocessing organism capable of direct conversion of biopolymeric substrates to desired products. We therefore cover this topic by reviewing novel approaches in metabolic engineering of T. reesei.
TL;DR: It is revealed that recovery from flows with dissolved P produces clean and plant-available materials, and these techniques may even be beneficial from economic and technical perspectives under specific circumstances.
TL;DR: This installment of "Blue Skies" discusses osmotic computing features, challenges, and future directions.
Abstract: Osmotic computing is a new paradigm to support the efficient execution of Internet of Things (IoT) services and applications at the network edge. This paradigm is founded on the need for a holistic distributed system abstraction enabling the deployment of lightweight microservices on resource-constrained IoT platforms at the network edge, coupled with more complex microservices running on large-scale datacenters. This paradigm is driven by the significant increase in resource capacity/capability at the network edge, along with support for data transfer protocols that enable such resources to interact more seamlessly with datacenter-based services. This installment of "Blue Skies" discusses osmotic computing features, challenges, and future directions.
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TL;DR: The main techniques and state-of-the-art research efforts in IoT from data-centric perspectives are reviewed, including data stream processing, data storage models, complex event processing, and searching in IoT.
TL;DR: In this article, a review of Schiff base-derived homogeneous and heterogeneous palladium catalysts for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions is presented, which provides insights into the state-of-the-art in applications of these Schiff base derived Pd catalysts.
TL;DR: Here, it is demonstrated how to manipulate magnetic and electronic anisotropic properties in manganite heterostructures by engineering the oxygen network on the unit-cell level by atomic-scale design of the oxygen octahedral rotation.
Abstract: Controlled in-plane rotation of the magnetic easy axis in manganite heterostructures by tailoring the interface oxygen network could allow the development of correlated oxide-based magnetic tunnelling junctions with non-collinear magnetization, with possible practical applications as miniaturized high-switching-speed magnetic random access memory (MRAM) devices. Here, we demonstrate how to manipulate magnetic and electronic anisotropic properties in manganite heterostructures by engineering the oxygen network on the unit-cell level. The strong oxygen octahedral coupling is found to transfer the octahedral rotation, present in the NdGaO3 (NGO) substrate, to the La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 (LSMO) film in the interface region. This causes an unexpected realignment of the magnetic easy axis along the short axis of the LSMO unit cell as well as the presence of a giant anisotropic transport in these ultrathin LSMO films. As a result we possess control of the lateral magnetic and electronic anisotropies by atomic-scale design of the oxygen octahedral rotation
TL;DR: In this paper, the magnetic anisotropy energy of tetragonally distorted disordered alloys is calculated by two different virtual crystal approximation methods and an averaged supercell method within the projected-augmented-wave (PAW) methodology and the magnetic force theorem.
Abstract: The magnetic anisotropy energy of tetragonally distorted disordered alloys Fe ${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Co}}_{x}$ is calculated by two different virtual crystal approximation methods and an averaged supercell method within the projected-augmented-wave (PAW) methodology and the magnetic force theorem. The details of the spin-orbit coupling implementation in the PAW methodology are given. We compare our results to the recent coherent potential approximation (CPA) studies, results of full potential calculations, and to the available experiments.
TL;DR: This study represents the first example an environmentally benign, sustainable, and practical synthesis of substituted quinolines and pyrimidines using combinations of 2-aminobenzyl alcohols and alcohols as well as benzamidine and two different alcohols, respectively.
Abstract: This study represents the first example an environmentally benign, sustainable, and practical synthesis of substituted quinolines and pyrimidines using combinations of 2-aminobenzyl alcohols and alcohols as well as benzamidine and two different alcohols, respectively. These reactions proceed with high atom efficiency via a sequence of dehydrogenation and condensation steps that give rise to selective C–C and C–N bond formations, thereby releasing 2 equiv of hydrogen and water. A hydride Mn(I) PNP pincer complex recently developed in our laboratory catalyzes this process in a very efficient way. A total of 15 different quinolines and 14 different pyrimidines were synthesized in isolated yields of up to 91 and 90%, respectively.
TL;DR: The principles and system components for navigation and manipulation in domestic environments, the interaction paradigm and its implementation in a multimodal user interface, the core robot tasks, as well as the results from the user studies are described.
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the development of crosslinked epoxy-based polymers and also photo-curable polymers based on multifunctional acrylates with improved toughness is presented.
TL;DR: This study reviews existing error presentations and proposes the combined investigation of the SNR (expressed in logarithmic units), the unscaled error variances, and the soil moisture sensitivities of the data sets as an optimal strategy for the evaluation of remotely-sensed soil moisture data sets.
TL;DR: In this article, ten questions concerning model predictive control for energy efficient buildings are posed and answered in detail, and the main benefits of MPC are the explicit consideration of building dynamics, available predictions of future disturbances, constraints, and conflicting optimization goals to provide the optimal control input.
TL;DR: This review focuses on microbe-mediated plant salt tolerance, in particular on the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying root-microbe symbiosis, and opens a new avenue for capitalizing on the cultivable microbiome to strengthen plant saltolerance and thus to refine agricultural practices and production under saline conditions.
University of Idaho1, Heidelberg University2, University of Lausanne3, Carnegie Institution for Science4, University of Colorado Boulder5, University of Houston6, University of Zurich7, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory8, California Institute of Technology9, Vienna University of Technology10, Goddard Space Flight Center11, Bavarian Forest National Park12, University of Würzburg13
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review recent advances based on repeat lidar collections and analysis of LRI data to highlight novel applications of lidar remote sensing beyond 3D, and outline the potential and current challenges of time and LRI information from lidar sensors to expand the scope of research applications.
TL;DR: The phase transition from garnet to “non-garnet” and the different sintering behavior of Ga and Al stabilized LLZO are identified as important factors in determining the electrochemical properties, illustrating that understanding the structure–properties relationships in this class of materials allows practical obstacles to its utilization to be readily overcome.
Abstract: Several “Beyond Li-Ion Battery” concepts such as all solid-state batteries and hybrid liquid/solid systems envision the use of a solid electrolyte to protect Li-metal anodes. These configurations are very attractive due to the possibility of exceptionally high energy densities and high (dis)charge rates, but they are far from being realized practically due to a number of issues including high interfacial resistance and difficulties associated with fabrication. One of the most promising solid electrolyte systems for these applications is Al or Ga stabilized Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) based on high ionic conductivities and apparent stability against reduction by Li metal. Nevertheless, the fabrication of dense LLZO membranes with high ionic conductivity and low interfacial resistances remains challenging; it definitely requires a better understanding of the structural and electrochemical properties. In this study, the phase transition from garnet (Ia3d, No. 230) to “non-garnet” (I43d, No. 220) space group as a f...
TL;DR: The progress made in fungal enzyme technology over the past few years is reviewed with major emphasis on the enzymes needed for the conversion of polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose) into soluble products.
TL;DR: In this paper, a new set of measurements of the top quark mass are presented, based on the proton-proton data recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV corresponding to a luminosity of 19.7 inverse femtobarns.
Abstract: A new set of measurements of the top quark mass are presented, based on the proton-proton data recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV corresponding to a luminosity of 19.7 inverse femtobarns. The top quark mass is measured using the lepton+jets, all-jets and dilepton decay channels, giving values of 172.35 +/- 0.16 (stat) +/- 0.48 (syst) GeV, 172.32 +/- 0.25 (stat) +/- 0.59 (syst) GeV, and 172.82 +/- 0.19 (stat) +/- 1.22 (syst) GeV, respectively. When combined with the published CMS results at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV, they provide a top quark mass measurement of 172.44+/- 0.13 (stat) +/- 0.47 (syst) GeV. The top quark mass is also studied as a function of the event kinematical properties in the lepton+jets decay channel. No indications of a kinematic bias are observed and the collision data are consistent with a range of predictions from current theoretical models of ttbar production.
TL;DR: In this article, a series of new data of hardness and elastic moduli (in some cases in dependence on composition, density and/or temperature), fracture resistance and thermal expansion, measured with various methods and equipments, as well as a comprehensive compilation of mechanical properties of p and n-type half-Heusler alloys is presented.