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Showing papers by "Virginia Commonwealth University published in 1994"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that this simple model is capable of producing a graded brain injury in the rodent without a massive hypertensive surge or excessive brain-stem damage.
Abstract: This report describes the development of an experimental head injury model capable of producing diffuse brain injury in the rodent. A total of 161 anesthetized adult rats were injured utilizing a simple weight-drop device consisting of a segmented brass weight free-falling through a Plexiglas guide tube. Skull fracture was prevented by cementing a small stainless-steel disc on the calvaria. Two groups of rats were tested: Group 1, consisting of 54 rats, to establish fracture threshold; and Group 2, consisting of 107 animals, to determine the primary cause of death at severe injury levels. Data from Group 1 animals showed that a 450-gm weight falling from a 2-m height (0.9 kg-m) resulted in a mortality rate of 44% with a low incidence (12.5%) of skull fracture. Impact was followed by apnea, convulsions, and moderate hypertension. The surviving rats developed decortication flexion deformity of the forelimbs, with behavioral depression and loss of muscle tone. Data from Group 2 animals suggested that the cause of death was due to central respiratory depression; the mortality rate decreased markedly in animals mechanically ventilated during the impact. Analysis of mathematical models showed that this mass-height combination resulted in a brain acceleration of 900 G and a brain compression gradient of 0.28 mm. It is concluded that this simple model is capable of producing a graded brain injury in the rodent without a massive hypertensive surge or excessive brain-stem damage.

1,193 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings suggest that compared to the beam-balance and beam-walking tasks, the rotarod task is a more sensitive and efficient index for assessing motor impairment produced by brain injury.
Abstract: The purpose of the present experiment was to examine the effectiveness of a modified rotarod test in detecting motor deficits following mild and moderate central fluid percussion brain injury. In addition, this investigation compared the performance of the rotarod task with two other commonly used measures of motor function after brain injury (beam-balance and beam-walking latencies). Rats were either injured with a mild (n = 14) or moderate (n = 8) level of fluid percussion injury or were surgically prepared but not injured (n = 8). All rats were assessed on all tasks for 5 days following their respective treatments. Results revealed that both the mild and moderate injury levels produced significant deficits in the ability of the animals to perform the rotarod task. Performance on the beam-balance and beam-walking tasks were not significantly impaired at the mild injury level. It was only at the moderate injury level that the beam-balance and beam-walking tasks detected deficits in motor perform...

594 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: Several morphological and immunohistochemical differences exist between hypertrophic scar and keloid that are useful for the biological and pathological characterization of the two lesions.
Abstract: There are two types of excessive scarring, keloid and hypertrophic scar. Contrary to hypertrophic scars, keloids do not regress with time, are difficult to revise surgically, and do not provoke scar contractures. These two lesions require different therapeutic approaches but are often confused because of an apparent lack of morphological differences. We have investigated the collagen organization and the possible presence of alpha-smooth muscle (SM) actin-expressing myofibroblasts in these conditions. Keloids contain large, thick collagen fibers composed of numerous fibrils closely packed together. In contrast hypertrophic scars exhibit modular structures in which fibroblastic cells, small vessels, and fine, randomly organized collagen fibers are present. We confirm that such nodular structures are always present in hypertrophic scar and rarely in keloid. Furthermore, only nodules of hypertrophic scars contain alpha-SM actin-expressing myofibroblasts. Electron microscopic examination supports the above-mentioned differences in collagen organization and in fibroblastic features and shows the presence of an amorphous extracellular material surrounding fibroblastic cells in keloid. The presence in hypertrophic scar myofibroblasts of alpha-SM actin, the actin isoform typical of vascular SM cells, may represent an important element in the pathogenesis of contraction. Interestingly, when placed in culture fibroblasts from hypertrophic scars and keloid express similar amounts of alpha-SM actin, suggesting that local microenvironmental factors influence in vivo the expression of this protein. Thus several morphological and immunohistochemical differences exist between hypertrophic scar and keloid that are useful for the biological and pathological characterization of the two lesions.

524 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Demographic, lifestyle, and mental health information about 1,925 lesbians from all 50 states who participated as respondents in the National Lesbian Health Care Survey (1984-1985), the most comprehensive study on U.S. lesbians to date is presented.
Abstract: This article presents demographic, lifestyle, and mental health information about 1,925 lesbians from all 50 states who participated as respondents in the National Lesbian Health Care Survey (1984-1985), the most comprehensive study on U.S. lesbians to date. Over half the sample had had thoughts about suicide at some time, and 18% had attempted suicide. Thirty-seven percent had been physically abused as a child or adult, 32% had been raped or sexually attacked, and 19% had been involved in incestuous relationships while growing up. Almost one third used tobacco on a daily basis, and about 30% drank alcohol more than once a week, 6% daily. About three fourths had received counseling at some time, and half had done so for reasons of sadness and depression. Lesbians in the survey also were socially connected and had a variety of social supports, mostly within the lesbian community. However, few had come out to all family members and coworkers. Level of openness about lesbianism was associated with less fear of exposure and with more choices about mental health counseling.

476 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is clear that the increased incidence of coagulase-negative staphylococcal infections is the result of medical progress and is due to the use of invasive and indwelling medical devices.
Abstract: Coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia and infections of prosthetic medical devices have become major clinical problems. Efforts to differentiate contaminating from infecting isolates consume the time of microbiology laboratory personnel; decisions over when and with what to institute therapy for multiresistant isolates consume the energy of clinicians; and the need to institute expensive parenteral antimicrobial therapy consumes the hospital pharmacy budget. It is clear that the increased incidence of coagulase-negative staphylococcal infections is the result of medical progress and is due to the use of invasive and indwelling medical devices. Multiresistant organisms have evolved that will survive in the presence of antimicrobial agents designed to eradicate more traditional pathogens. They have an ecological niche on human skin from which they are difficult to eradicate, and they have adapted themselves to survive on inert devices designed to persist indefinitely in the human body. Since it is likely that the use of prosthetic medical devices will continue to increase, we need to device innovative strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infections of these indwelling foreign bodies. Studies that will address these issues should be a major goal of future research on hospital-acquired infections.

467 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results of this investigation suggest that traumatically induced axonal injury involves complex subsets of pathobiology, one evoking rapid primary neurofilamentous change and misalignment, the other eliciting altered membrane permeability concomitant with rapid neurofilaments compaction, leading to a delayed progression of reactive axonal change.
Abstract: Recent studies have suggested that severe forms of traumatic brain injury (TBI) can be associated with direct alterations of the axolemma. The present study evaluated whether injuries of mild to moderate severity are associated with comparable change. To this end, we used extracellular horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to determine if altered axolemmal permeability occurred following the traumatic event. Adult cats received intrathecal infusions of peroxidase and then were prepared for mild to moderate fluid percussion injury. At intervals ranging from 5 min to 3 h, animals were perfused with aldehydes and prepared for the histochemical visualization of the peroxidase, in addition to the immunocytochemical visualization of the neurofilament 68 kD subunit, a long recognized marker of reactive axonal change. The histochemically and immunocytochemically prepared tissue was examined at both the light and electron microscopic level. With mild TBI, the injured animals displayed a repertoire of neurofilament...

324 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that rhinovirus upper respiratory infection significantly augments immediate and late allergic responses in the airways of allergic individuals after local antigen challenge, suggesting that one mechanism of increased asthma during a cold is an accentuation of allergic responses to the airway which may then contribute to bronchial inflammation.
Abstract: Many patients with asthma have increased wheezing with colds We hypothesized that rhinovirus colds might increase asthma by augmenting airway allergic responses (histamine release and eosinophil influx) after antigen challenge Seven allergic rhinitis patients and five normal volunteers were infected with rhinovirus type 16 (RV16) and evaluated by segmental bronchoprovocation and bronchoalveolar lavage Segmental challenge with saline and antigen was performed 1 mo before infection, during the acute infection, and 1 mo after infection Lavage was performed immediately and 48 h after antigen challenge Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance, and a P value of < or = 005 was considered to be significant All volunteers inoculated with RV16 developed an acute respiratory infection BAL fluid obtained from allergic rhinitis subjects during the acute viral infection, and 1 mo after infection, showed the following significant RV16-associated changes after antigen challenge: (a) an enhanced release of histamine immediately after local antigen challenge; (b) persistent histamine leak 48 h afterwards; and (c) a greater recruitment of eosinophils to the airway 48 h after challenge These changes were not seen in non-allergic volunteers infected with RV16 and challenged with antigen, nor in allergic volunteers repetitively challenged with antigen but not infected with RV16, nor in RV16 infected allergic volunteers sham challenged with saline We conclude that rhinovirus upper respiratory infection significantly augments immediate and late allergic responses in the airways of allergic individuals after local antigen challenge These data suggest that one mechanism of increased asthma during a cold is an accentuation of allergic responses in the airway which may then contribute to bronchial inflammation

303 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
02 Mar 1994-JAMA
TL;DR: The IR niacin is preferred for the management of hypercholesterolemia but can also cause significant adverse effects and should be given only to patients who can be carefully monitored by experienced health professionals.
Abstract: Objective. —To compare escalating doses of immediate-release (IR) and sustained-release (SR) niacin for effectiveness in reducing levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides and increasing levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and for the occurrence of adverse reactions, especially hepatotoxicity. Design. —Randomized, double-blind, parallel comparison of IR and SR niacin administered sequentially at 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 3000 mg/d, each for 6 weeks. Setting. —Cholesterol research center. Patients. —Forty-six adults, 23 in each group, with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels greater than 4.14 mmol/L (160 mg/dL) after 1 month of a step 1 National Cholesterol Education Program diet. Outcome Measures. —Fourteen-hour fasting lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol levels, results of clinical laboratory tests, a symptom questionnaire, and withdrawal rates. Results. —The SR niacin lowered low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly more than IR niacin did at the dosage of 1500 mg/d and above, while IR niacin increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly more than SR niacin did at all dosage levels. The reduction in triglyceride levels was similar with IR and SR niacin. Nine (39%) of the 23 patients assigned to the IR dosage form withdrew before completing the 3000-mg daily dose; the most common reasons for withdrawal were vasodilatory symptoms, fatigue, and acanthosis nigricans. Eighteen (78%) of the 23 patients assigned to the SR dosage form withdrew before completing the 3000-mg daily dose; the most common reasons for withdrawal were gastrointestinal tract symptoms, fatigue, and increases in levels of liver aminotransferases, often with symptoms of hepatic dysfunction. None of the patients taking IR niacin developed hepatoxic effects, while 12 (52%) of the 23 patients taking SR niacin did. Conclusion. —The SR form of niacin is hepatotoxic and should be restricted from use. The IR niacin is preferred for the management of hypercholesterolemia but can also cause significant adverse effects and should be given only to patients who can be carefully monitored by experienced health professionals. ( JAMA . 1994;271:672-677)

292 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that delayed transfer to the OR remains a problem with significant BP deterioration during delay, particularly following interfacility transfer, and staged injury isolation and repair to allow better resuscitation and warming may lead to improved results.
Abstract: To characterize causes of death in the operating room (OR) following major trauma, a retrospective review of admissions to eight academic trauma centers was conducted to define the etiology of death and challenges for improvement in outcome. Five hundred thirty seven OR deaths of 72,151 admissions were reviewed for mechanism of injury, physiologic findings, resuscitation, patterns of injury, surgical procedures, cause of death, and preventability. Blunt injuries accounted for 61% of all injuries, gunshot wounds (GSW) accounted for 74% of penetrating injuries. Sixty two percent of all patients arrived in shock. Average blood pressure (BP) was 52 mm Hg at the scene and 60 mm Hg on admission, with the period of shock > 10 minutes in 74%. Only 56% were resuscitated to a BP > 90 mm Hg before surgery. Average time to the OR was 30.1 minutes and mean best postresuscitation pH was 7.18. Mean best OR temperature was 32.2 degrees C. Recurrent injury patterns judged as the primary cause of patient death included head/neck injury (16.4%), chest injury (27.4%), and abdominal injury (53.4%). Actual cause of death was bleeding (82%), cerebral herniation (14.5%), and air emboli (2.2%). A different strategy for improved outcome was identified in 54 patients with the following conclusions: (1) delayed transfer to the OR remains a problem with significant BP deterioration during delay, particularly following interfacility transfer; (2) staged injury isolation and repair to allow better resuscitation and warming may lead to improved results; (3) combined thoraco-abdominal injuries, particularly with thoracic aortic disruption, often require a different sequence of management; (4) aggressive evaluation of retroperitoneal hematomas is essential; (5) OR management of severe liver injuries remains a technical challenge with better endpoints for packing needed; and (6) resuscitative thoracotomy applied to OR patients in extremis from exsanguination offers little.

262 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, at-risk students and resilience are identified as factors contributing to academic success, and the authors present a survey of the factors that contribute to student success at risk.
Abstract: (1994). At-Risk Students and Resiliency: Factors Contributing to Academic Success. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 67, No. 3, pp. 137-140.

259 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Polymerization inhibition of the resin bonding agent is the likely mechanism for the effects of the bleaching on bond strength.

Patent
23 Jun 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed methods for the treatment of central nervous system disorders, neurological disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, drug abuse, angina, migraine, hypertension and depression by administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of certain sigma receptor ligands to a patient in need of such treatment.
Abstract: The invention relates to methods for the treatment of central nervous system disorders, neurological disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, drug abuse, angina, migraine, hypertension and depression by administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of certain sigma receptor ligands to a patient in need of such treatment. The invention further relates to novel sigma receptor ligands having high binding to the sigma receptor and pharmaceutical compositions thereof.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Human mast cells, like those in rodents, are now known to produce cytokines that modulate IgE production and inflammation, and these cytokines can initiate and modulate immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions.

Journal Article
TL;DR: This work has succeeded in increasing the immunogenicity of GD3 in the mouse by conjugating the ganglioside with immunogenic carriers, and this method may be useful in the construction of immunogenic gangliosiside vaccines for the immunotherapy of human cancers expressinggangliosides on their cell surface.
Abstract: Cell surface gangliosides show altered patterns of expression as a consequence of malignant transformation and have therefore been of interest as potential targets for immunotherapy, including vaccine construction. One obstacle has been that some of the gangliosides that are overexpressed in human cancers are poorly immunogenic in humans. A case in point is GD3, a prominent ganglioside of human malignant melanoma. Using an approach that has been effective in the construction of bacterial carbohydrate vaccines, we have succeeded in increasing the immunogenicity of GD3 in the mouse by conjugating the ganglioside with immunogenic carriers. Several conjugation methods were used. The optimal procedure involved ozone cleavage of the double bond of GD3 in the ceramide backbone, introducing an aldehyde group, and coupling to aminolysyl groups of proteins by reductive amination. Conjugates were constructed with a synthetic multiple antigenic peptide expressing repeats of a malarial T-cell epitope, outer membrane proteins of Neisseria meningitidis, cationized bovine serum albumin, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and polylysine. Mice immunized with these conjugates showed a stronger antibody response to GD3 than mice immunized with unconjugated GD3. The strongest response was observed in mice immunized with the keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate of the GD3 aldehyde derivative and the adjuvant QS-21. These mice showed not only a long-lasting high-titer IgM response but also a consistent high-titer IgG response (predominantly IgG1), indicating recruitment of T-cell help, although the titers of IgM and IgG antibodies following booster immunizations were not as high as they are in the response to classical T-cell-dependent antigens. This method is applicable to other gangliosides, and it may be useful in the construction of immunogenic ganglioside vaccines for the immunotherapy of human cancers expressing gangliosides on their cell surface.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article describes the use of structural equation modeling with latent variables to examine group differences and test competing models about cause-effect relationships in passive longitudinal designs and compared with several other statistical methods including analysis of cross-lagged panel correlations, regression analysis, and path analysis.
Abstract: This article describes the use of structural equation modeling with latent variables to examine group differences and test competing models about cause-effect relationships in passive longitudinal designs. This approach is compared with several other statistical methods including analysis of cross-lagged panel correlations, regression analysis, and path analysis. The mechanics and advantages of structural equation modeling are illustrated using an example based on a 3-wave longitudinal study of adolescents' alcohol use. Within this example, the generalizability of the measurement model and structural model are assessed across gender and time, and competing models about the causes and consequences of adolescents' alcohol use are tested. The article concludes with a discussion of some of the strengths and limitations of using structural equation modeling with longitudinal data.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the views of 280 full-time social work educators from 25 schools of social work on including such content in social work programs and found that the majority (82.5%) supported inclusion of a specialized course, primarily as an elective.
Abstract: Recently, there have been calls to re-examine the need for instruction on religion and spirituality in the social work curriculum. This study investigated the views of 280 full-time social work educators from 25 schools of social work on including such content in social work programs. Results showed that the majority (82.5%) supported inclusion of a specialized course, primarily as an elective. A positive attitude toward religion and spirituality in social work practice was the most important predictor of support for the inclusion of such content in the curriculum. Findings also revealed concerns about how the topic of religion and spirituality might be handled in practice and in the classroom. Issues related to appropriate course focus and teaching approaches in this content area are presented.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A concerted effort to overcome the built-in inertia and insulation of organization science is needed as discussed by the authors, such efforts include investment in new learning-by gatekeepers and a strengthening of ties to the natural sciences.
Abstract: Chaos and complexity theory, as developed in mathematics and the natural sciences, has led to major new advances in the understanding of natural phenomena that previously were considered too complex or unpatterned to comprehend. These advances have been slow to filter into organization science. A concerted effort to overcome the built-in inertia and insulation of organization science is needed. Such efforts include investment in new learning-by gatekeepers and a strengthening of ties to the natural sciences. If these efforts are not pursued, organization science will remain scientifically backward and largely irrelevant to the real organizational world.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used historical (1958) and recent (1990) data to evaluate the hypothesis that long-term, low-intensity urbanization affects a warmwater stream fish assemblage in ways usually attributed to acute, high-intensity perturbations.
Abstract: During recent decades, the Tuckahoe Creek (Virginia) watershed has been altered by human activities, including road and bridge construction, commercial and residential development, and riparian losses. We used historical (1958) and recent (1990) data to evaluate the hypothesis that long-term, low-intensity urbanization affects a warmwater stream fish assemblage in ways usually attributed to acute, high-intensity perturbations. In 1990, fish species diversity of Tuckahoe Creek was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than it had been in 1958, and abundance was substantially lower for all species and trophic guilds. Four cyprinids, one ictalurid, and one percid present in 1958 were not collected in 1990. Jaccard's community similarity coefficient (species composition by site between 1958 and 1990) was negatively correlated with near-stream development of the watershed at six study sites (r = –0.84; P < 0.05). Some characteristics of the feeding ecology of selected fish species, including consumption of t...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that if this region confers susceptibility to schizophrenia, it must be in only a small proportion of families, and collaborative efforts to obtain large samples must continue to play an important role in the genetic search for clues to complex psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia.
Abstract: A collaboration involving four groups of investigators (Johns Hopkins University/Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Medical College of Virginia/The Health Research Board, Dublin; Institute of Psychiatry, London/University of Wales, Cardiff; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris) was organized to confirm results suggestive of a schizophrenia susceptibility locus on chromosome 22 identified by the JHU/MIT group after a random search of the genome. Diagnostic, laboratory, and analytical reliability exercises were conducted among the groups to ensure uniformity of procedures. Data from genotyping of 3 dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms (at the loci D22S268, IL2RB, D22S307) for a combined replication sample of 256 families, each having 2 or more affected individuals with DNA, were analysed using a complex autosomal dominant model. This study provided no evidence for linkage or heterogeneity for the region 22q12-q13 under this model. We conclude that if this region confers susceptibility to schizophrenia, it must be in only a small proportion of families. Collaborative efforts to obtain large samples must continue to play an important role in the genetic search for clues to complex psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 1994-Voluntas
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present several disciplinary perspectives regarding the financing of non-profits, what determines their ability to diversify, and the consequent effects on their behaviour, concluding that diversified revenue sources are more likely to be associated with a strong financial position than are concentrated revenue sources.
Abstract: Although the non-profit literature has grown substantially, the issue of how revenue diversification affects non-profits has not been fully explored. This paper presents several disciplinary perspectives regarding the financing of non-profits, what determines their ability to diversify, and the consequent effects on their behaviour. It first develops an index for measuring revenue diversification and applies it to a national sample of charitable non-profits. The results indicate that, while the perception that most non-profits rely on a single revenue source is exaggerated, the institutions in our sample have somewhat concentrated revenue. Our findings also suggest that the activity of a non-profit and the proportion of its expenditures that it devotes to fund-raising affect its ability to diversify its revenues concentration. While a number of anomalies exist, the weight of our evidence suggests that diversified revenue sources are more likely to be associated with a strong financial position than are concentrated revenue sources. Researchers interested in studying the life-cycle of non-profits, the factors that give rise to stability and growth, and the constraints on non-profit behaviour would do well to consider the diversification index presented in this paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Mast cell neutral proteases are the most precise markers of heterogeneity among human mast cells and may represent a "default pathway," occurring optimally in a permissive microenvironment such as skin, bowel, and lung.
Abstract: Mast cell neutral proteases are the most precise markers of heterogeneity among human mast cells. Two types of human mast cells have been recognized. MCTC cells contain tryptase together with chymase, cathepsin-G like protease, and mast cell carboxypeptidase; MCT cells contain tryptase, but lack the other neutral proteases present in MCTC cells. All mast cells develop from hemopoietic stem cells. In vitro procedures for studying mast cell growth have been developed, using the major human mast cell growth factor, stem cell factor (SCF, also called Kit-ligand). Cultures of hemopoietic progenitor cells in the presence of SCF alone result in selective differentiation to mast cells. The same progenitor cells can be induced to differentiate into other lineages when SCF is used with various lineage-specific colony-stimulating factors such as erythropoietin for erythrocytes. Mast cell development from hematopoietic progenitors may represent a "default pathway," occurring optimally in a permissive microenvironment such as skin, bowel, and lung. The presence or absence of certain cytokines in blood and bone marrow may create a non-permissive environment, thus the absence of granulated mast cells in such locations.

Patent
14 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this article, non-nontoxic substances that block the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, e.g., ganglioside such as GM 1 or GT 1b, and phenothiazine such as trifluoperazine or naphthalenesulfonamide such as N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthaleneulfonamides, inhibit the development of tolerance to and/or dependence on addictive drugs.
Abstract: Nontoxic substances that block the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, e.g., a morphinan such as dextromethorphan or dextrorphan, or that block a major intracellular consequence of NMDA-receptor activation, e.g., a ganglioside such as GM 1 or GT 1b , a phenothiazine such as trifluoperazine or a naphthalenesulfonamide such as N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide, inhibit the development of tolerance to and/or dependence on addictive drugs, e.g., narcotic analgesics such as morphine, codeine, etc.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Forgiving is hypothesized to yield cognitive, emotional, and interpersonal benefits to individuals who forgive others of significant interpersonal offenses, though little evidence supports these claims as discussed by the authors, and the literature addressing forgiving and its use as a counseling technique is reviewed.
Abstract: The literature addressing forgiving and its use as a counseling technique is reviewed. Forgiving is hypothesized to yield cognitive, emotional, and interpersonal benefits to individuals who forgive others of significant interpersonal offenses, though little evidence supports these claims. Religious counselors and clients value forgiveness and its implementation in counseling, and forgiveness is frequently encouraged in religious counseling. However, forgiveness receives little attention from many non-religious professionals and remains to be investigated critically. In light of the potential benefits associated with forgiving, researchers and practitioners are encouraged to consider forgiveness as a therapeutic technique and to investigate its effects scientifically.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A synthesis of the literature on knowledge dissemination and use in education, notably in science and mathematics, is presented in this article, where the most influential approach is a "constructivist" one, whereby research and other kinds of specialized knowledge is exchanged between researchers and professionals in a mutually constructed social context.
Abstract: A synthesis of the literature on knowledge dissemination and use in education, notably in science and mathematics, is presented. Perspectives have changed in the ways in which knowledge and products are seen to reach potential users. From the top-down, linear models, we have come closer to bottom-up approaches and to the crucial role of linking agents. At present, the most influential approach is a "constructivist" one, whereby research and other kinds of specialized knowledge is exchanged between researchers and professionals in a mutually constructed social context. While there is still debate over the best predictors of successful knowledge use, the scope of the field has been considerably enlarged by including users' perspectives. To some extent then, specialists in this field are now working in a new paradigm.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The first application of a fairly general model for family resemblance to data from the Virginia 30,000 is described, showing that the contributions of genes, vertical cultural inheritance, and genotype-environment covariance are all important, but their contributions are significantly heterogeneous over sexes.
Abstract: Received 1 May 1992--Final 28 May 1993 The "Virginia 30,000" comprise 29,698 subjects from the extended kinships of 5670 twin pairs. Over 80 unique correlations between relatives can be derived from these kinships, comprised of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins and their spouses, parents, siblings, and children. This paper describes the first application of a faMy general model for family resemblance to data from the Virginia 30,000. The model assesses the contributions of additive and dominant genetic effects in the presence of vertical cuItural inheritance, phenotypic assortative mating, shared twin and sibling environments, and within-family environment. The genetic and environmental effects can be dependent on sex. Assortment and cultural inheritance may be based either on the phenotype as measured or on a latent trait of which the measured phenotype is an unreliable index. The model was applied to church attendance data from this study. The results show that the contributions of genes, vertical cultural inheritance, and genotype-environment covariance are all important, but their contributions are significantly heterogeneous over sexes. Phenotypic assortative mating has a major impact on family resemblance in church attendance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that oxidant stress directly increases HSP 70 mRNA in the rat heart through schemia/reperfusion and preconditioning of the heart by coronary artery occlusions.
Abstract: Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and preconditioning of the heart by coronary artery occlusions increase expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70). Because free radicals are generated during I/R, we hypothesized that the oxidant stress might contribute to an increased expression of HSP 70. Isolated rat hearts were perfused with free radical-generating systems such as xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO), irradiated rose bengal (RB) generating singlet oxygen, and H2O2 for 15 min followed by 30 min of recovery period. Significant decrease in developed pressure and coronary flow occurred after perfusion with X/XO, H2O2, and RB. During I/R, the developed pressure and coronary flow were 60 +/- 8 and 80 +/- 5%, respectively, of control, which improved significantly with superoxide dismutase. The expression of HSP 70 mRNA increased over 13-fold in hearts perfused with X/XO, 6- to 7-fold with RB, and over 5-fold with H2O2. With I/R, an over 10-fold increase in HSP 70 mRNA was observed, which decreased significantly in the presence of superoxide dismutase. These results demonstrate that oxidant stress directly increases HSP 70 mRNA in the rat heart. It is concluded that one of the potential mechanisms of expression of HSP 70 by I/R may be oxygen radicals.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Insulin-like growth factor-1 therapy has a beneficial effect in preserving lean body mass during severe stress conditions by minimizing the flux of amino acids toward oxidation.
Abstract: ObjectiveThe effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) on energy expenditure and protein and glucose metabolism in a group of patients with thermal injury was determined.Summary Background DataAccelerated protein catabolism is a constant feature of the hypermetabolic response to thermal injury.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Simulation studies were conducted to assess the relative merits of different nonrandom sampling strategies for the selection of sibling pairs for genotyping in the attempt to locate individual loci (QTLs) contributing to variation in human quantitative traits.
Abstract: Simulation studies were conducted to assess the relative merits of different nonrandom sampling strategies for the selection of sibling pairs for genotyping in the attempt to locate individual loci (QTLs) contributing to variation in human quantitative traits. For a constant amount of variation contributed by a QTL (25% of the total) the frequencies and dominance relationships of a trait increasing allele were varied. Three strategies for selection of pairs for genotyping were based on the phenotypic values of the siblings: “Concordant sib pairs” (CSP) are pairs in which both individuals exceed a given threshold value; “discordant sib pairs” (DSP) are pairs in which one member exceeds a given upper threshold and the other is below a specified lower threshold; and “most similar pairs” (MSP) are pairs selected for falling below a specified percentile ranking of the within-pair mean square for the quantitative trait. Tests for linkage with markers at 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 cM from each of the QTLs were conducted for each of the selected samples and compared with tests based on the regression, in the entire sample, of within pair variation on the proportion of alleles identical by descent (IBD) at each marker locus. Tests for the effect of the increasing allele at the QTL (“candidate gene”) were also conducted for the DSP pairs. No single nonrandom selection procedure yields as much as half the information realized in the total sample. However, a combined strategy which involves genotyping the 5% of MSP and DSP for the upper and lower quintiles of values of the quantitative trait (a further 3% of the sample approximately) yields lod scores which are usually more than 65% of the values realized for the entire sample. Tests comparing the proportion of increasing alleles in high- and low-scoring siblings from DSP samples are uniformly very powerful for detecting candidate loci. Even when it is not possible to measure the entire range of the phenotype with uniform precision, some attempt to differentiate among individuals in a common “unaffected” class of individuals can lead to considerable increase in power.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Examines empirical manufacturing strategy studies which have been published in the refereed journal literature, and the extent to which several conceptual premisses have been empirically tested.
Abstract: Examines empirical manufacturing strategy studies which have been published in the refereed journal literature, and the extent to which several conceptual premisses have been empirically tested. Presents a methodology for the classification of empirical manufacturing strategy which actively involves the authors of each empirical study in the classification process. Presents and discusses classifications for 27 empirical manufacturing strategy articles. Ends with suggestions for further research on the topic of empirical manufacturing strategy, along with a discussion of the most current studies on the topic.