Institution
Wageningen University and Research Centre
Education•Wageningen, Netherlands•
About: Wageningen University and Research Centre is a education organization based out in Wageningen, Netherlands. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Sustainability. The organization has 23474 authors who have published 54833 publications receiving 2608897 citations.
Topics: Population, Sustainability, European union, Agriculture, Climate change
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the balance between trees and grasses is, to a large extent, determined by the indirect interactive effects of herbivory and fire, and that the interaction between fire and grass provides a mechanistic explanation for observed discontinuous changes in woody and grass biomass.
Abstract: Savanna ecosystems are characterized by the co-occurrence of trees and grass- es. In this paper, we argue that the balance between trees and grasses is, to a large extent, determined by the indirect interactive effects of herbivory and fire. These effects are based on the positive feedback between fuel load (grass biomass) and fire intensity. An increase in the level of grazing leads to reduced fuel load, which makes fire less intense and, thus, less damaging to trees and, consequently, results in an increase in woody vegetation. The system then switches from a state with trees and grasses to a state with solely trees. Similarly, browsers may enhance the effect of fire on trees because they reduce woody biomass, thus indirectly stimulating grass growth. This consequent increase in fuel load results in more intense fire and increased decline of biomass. The system then switches from a state with solely trees to a state with trees and grasses. We maintain that the interaction between fire and herbivory provides a mechanistic explanation for observed discontinuous changes in woody and grass biomass. This is an alternative for the soil degradation mechanism, in which there is a positive feedback between the amount of grass biomass and the amount of water that infiltrates into the soil. The soil degradation mechanism predicts no discontinuous chang- es, such as bush encroachment, on sandy soils. Such changes, however, are frequently ob- served. Therefore, the interactive effects of fire and herbivory provide a more plausible explanation for the occurrence of discontinuous changes in savanna ecosystems.
640 citations
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University of East Anglia1, University of Oslo2, Centre national de la recherche scientifique3, University of Exeter4, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration5, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology6, Oak Ridge National Laboratory7, University of Paris8, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation9, University of Maryland, College Park10, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research11, Woods Hole Research Center12, University of Bristol13, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign14, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen15, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research16, National Institute for Environmental Studies17, University of California, San Diego18, Plymouth Marine Laboratory19, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency20, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory21, ETH Zurich22, Hobart Corporation23, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution24, Appalachian State University25, Wageningen University and Research Centre26, Montana State University27, Australian National University28, Université libre de Bruxelles29, Max Planck Society30, Japan Meteorological Agency31, University of New Hampshire32, Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences33, Imperial College London34, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research35, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean36, Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory37, VU University Amsterdam38, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory39, Met Office40
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community.
Abstract: Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates, consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production (E FF ) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from land-use change (E LUC ), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover-change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO 2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (G ATM ) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO 2 sink (S OCEAN ) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in S OCEAN is evaluated with data products based on surveys of ocean CO 2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO 2 sink (S LAND ) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO 2 , and land-cover-change (some including nitrogen–carbon interactions). We compare the mean land and ocean fluxes and their variability to estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broad latitude bands. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2004–2013), E FF was 8.9 ± 0.4 GtC yr −1 , E LUC 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1 , G ATM 4.3 ± 0.1 GtC yr −1 , S OCEAN 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1 , and S LAND 2.9 ± 0.8 GtC yr −1 . For year 2013 alone, E FF grew to 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1 , 2.3% above 2012, continuing the growth trend in these emissions, E LUC was 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1 , G ATM was 5.4 ± 0.2 GtC yr −1 , S OCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1 and S LAND was 2.5 ± 0.9 GtC yr −1 . G ATM was high in 2013, reflecting a steady increase in E FF and smaller and opposite changes between S OCEAN and S LAND compared to the past decade (2004–2013). The global atmospheric CO 2 concentration reached 395.31 ± 0.10 ppm averaged over 2013. We estimate that E FF will increase by 2.5% (1.3–3.5%) to 10.1 ± 0.6 GtC in 2014 (37.0 ± 2.2 GtCO 2 yr −1 ), 65% above emissions in 1990, based on projections of world gross domestic product and recent changes in the carbon intensity of the global economy. From this projection of E FF and assumed constant E LUC for 2014, cumulative emissions of CO 2 will reach about 545 ± 55 GtC (2000 ± 200 GtCO 2 ) for 1870–2014, about 75% from EF FF and 25% from E LUC . This paper documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget compared with previous publications of this living data set (Le Quere et al., 2013, 2014). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2014).
639 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the design of UASB-reactors is discussed for different types of wastewater, viz. industrial soluble non-complex wastewaters, SS-rich complex wastewwaters and domestic sewage.
635 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the use of optical and microwave remote sensing data for soil and terrain mapping with emphasis on applications at regional and coarser scales is reviewed. But, most studies so far have been performed on a local scale and only few on regional or smaller map scale.
635 citations
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TL;DR: The aims of this review are to summarize the existing data on the intestinal distribution of A. muciniphila, to provide insight into its ecology and its role in founding microbial networks at the mucosal interface, as well as to discuss recent research on itsrole in regulating host functions that are disturbed in various diseases.
635 citations
Authors
Showing all 23851 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Walter C. Willett | 334 | 2399 | 413322 |
Albert Hofman | 267 | 2530 | 321405 |
Frank B. Hu | 250 | 1675 | 253464 |
Willem M. de Vos | 148 | 670 | 88146 |
Willy Verstraete | 139 | 920 | 76659 |
Jonathan D. G. Jones | 129 | 417 | 80908 |
Bert Brunekreef | 124 | 806 | 81938 |
Pedro W. Crous | 115 | 809 | 51925 |
Marten Scheffer | 111 | 350 | 73789 |
Wim E. Hennink | 110 | 600 | 49940 |
Daan Kromhout | 108 | 453 | 55551 |
Peter H. Verburg | 107 | 464 | 34254 |
Marcel Dicke | 107 | 613 | 42959 |
Vincent W. V. Jaddoe | 106 | 1008 | 44269 |
Hao Wu | 105 | 669 | 42607 |