Showing papers by "Waseda University published in 1998"
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrochemical preparation of a CoNiFe film with a very high value of Bs (2.0 −2.1 T) was described, which can find applications in miniaturization of electromechanical devices and in high-density magnetic data storage.
Abstract: Magnetic materials are classed as ‘soft’ if they have a low coercivity (the critical field strength Hc required to flip the direction of magnetization). Soft magnetic materials are a central component of electromagnetic devices such as step motors, magnetic sensors, transformers and magnetic recording heads. Miniaturization of these devices requires materials that can develop higher saturation flux density, Bs, so that the necessary flux densities can be preserved on reducing device dimensions, while simultaneously achieving a low coercivity. Common high-Bs soft magnetic films currently in use are electroplated CoFe-based alloys1,2,3,4 electroplated CoNiFe alloys5,6,7 and sputtered Fe-based nanocrystalline8,9,10,11 and FeN films12,13,14. Sputtering is not suitable, however, for fabricating the thick films needed in some applications, for which electrochemical methods are preferred. Here we report the electrochemical preparation of a CoNiFe film with a very high value of Bs (2.0–2.1 T) and a low coercivity. The favourable properties are achieved by avoiding the need for organic additives in the deposition process, which are typically used to reduce internal stresses. Our films also undergo very small magnetostriction, which is essential to ensure that they are not stressed when an external magnetic field is applied (or conversely, that external stresses do not disrupt the magnetic properties). Our material should find applications in miniaturization of electromechanical devices and in high-density magnetic data storage.
343 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the deswelling response on raising the temperature of this gel above the gel phase transition temperature (TP) takes place within 10 min, whereas a conventionally cross-linked PIPAAm gel of the same dimensions requires 1 month.
Abstract: Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) chains are introduced as graft chains maintaining freely mobile ends in thermo-responsive cross-linked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm) hydrogels by copolymerization of IPAAm with α-acryloyl-ω-methoxy-PEO. The deswelling response on raising the temperature of this gel above the gel phase transition temperature (TP) takes place within 10 min, whereas a conventionally cross-linked PIPAAm gel of the same dimensions requires 1 month for deswelling. This difference is due to the formation of water release channels within the skin layer by the hydrophilic PEO graft chains. The rapid deswelling of the grafted gel is compared with the deswelling changes of random copolymer gels composed of IPAAm and hydrophilic acrylic acid (AAc), which also accelerates gel deswelling. Deswelling is fastest in copolymers containing 1.3 wt % AAc and in grafted gels containing 13 wt % PEO. These results were interpreted as reflecting the gel structure.
327 citations
Kobe Women's Junior College1, University of Washington2, Louisiana State University3, University of Alabama in Huntsville4, Marshall Space Flight Center5, Kobe University6, Kōchi University7, Waseda University8, Okayama University of Science9, KEK10, Hiroshima University11, Ohio State University12, Tezukayama University13
TL;DR: In this article, the cosmic-ray hydrogen and helium spectra at energies from 20 to 800 TeV were measured on a series of twelve balloon flights, including several long duration Australia to South America and Antarctic circumpolar flights.
Abstract: Measurements of the cosmic-ray hydrogen and helium spectra at energies from 20 to 800 TeV are presented. The experiments were performed on a series of twelve balloon flights, including several long duration Australia to South America and Antarctic circumpolar flights. No clear evidence is seen for a spectral break. Both the hydrogen and the helium spectra are consistent with power laws over the entire energy range, with integral spectral indices 1.80 ± 0.04 and 1.68 -->+ 0.04−0.06 for the protons and helium, respectively. The results are fully consistent with expectations based on supernova shock acceleration coupled with a leaky box model of propagation through the Galaxy.
322 citations
TL;DR: Gonadal growth defects appeared near the time of expression of the Y-chromosome-specific Sry gene, suggesting that M33 deficiency may cause sex reversal by interfering with steps upstream of Sry.
Abstract: Polycomb genes in Drosophila maintain the repressed state of homeotic and other developmentally regulated genes1,2,3,4 by mediating changes in higher-order chromatin structure5,6,7 M33, a mouse homologue of Polycomb, was isolated by means of the structural similarity of its chromodomain8 The fifth exon of M33 contains a region of homology shared by Drosophila and Xenopus8,9 In Drosophila, its deletion results in the loss of Polycomb function10 Here we have disrupted M33 in mice by inserting a poly(A) capture-type neor targeting vector into its fifth exon More than half of the resultant M33cterm/M33cterm mutant mice died before weaning, and survivors showed male-to-female sex reversal Formation of genital ridges was retarded in both XX and XY M33cterm/M33cterm embryos Gonadal growth defects appeared near the time of expression of the Y-chromosome-specific Sry gene11, suggesting that M33 deficiency may cause sex reversal by interfering with steps upstream of Sry M33cterm/M33cterm mice may be a valuable model in which to test opposing views regarding sex determination
299 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new anomalous thermal lattice expansion of LaCoO 3 near 500 K was revealed, which indicates the existence of a second spin state transition, in addition to the one previously established near 100 K. The model parameters indicate that the initially large energy difference between IS and HS states decreases towards zero as the second transition proceeds.
Abstract: Neutron-diffraction measurements have revealed a new anomalous thermal lattice expansion of LaCoO 3 near 500 K that indicates the existence of a second spin-state transition, in addition to the one previously established near 100 K. The anomalous expansion and the temperature dependence of the Co magnetic moments are successfully interpreted in a wide temperature range based on a simple model assuming low-spin (LS, S =0), intermediate-spin (IS, S =1), and high-spin (HS, S =2) states of Co atoms. The first spin transition, near 100 K, is from LS to IS, and the second, near 500 K, is from IS to a mixed state of IS and HS. The fitted model parameters indicate that the initially-large energy difference between IS and HS states decreases towards zero as the second transition proceeds. The large drop in resistivity associated with the latter transition appears to be correlated with the population of the HS state.
285 citations
TL;DR: The thermally sensitive block copolymer system synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of dl-lactide initiated from hydroxy-terminated poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm-PLA) is interesting from both applied and fundamental perspectives, particularly for active targeting as drug carriers.
269 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that CO evolved by HO-2 in the parenchymal cells, and, released to the extrasinusoidal space, served as the physiological relaxant for hepatic sinusoids.
Abstract: Carbon monoxide (CO) derived from heme oxygenase has recently been shown to play a role in controlling hepatobiliary function, but intrahepatic distribution of the enzyme is unknown. We examined distribution of two kinds of the heme oxygenase isoforms (HO-1 and HO-2) in rat liver immunohistochemically using monoclonal antibodies. The results showed that distribution of the two isoforms had distinct topographic patterns: HO-1, an inducible isoform, was observed only in Kupffer cells, while HO-2, a constitutive form, distributed to parenchymal cells, but not to Kupffer cells. Both isoforms were undetectable in hepatic stellate cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells. Of the two isoforms, HO-2 in the parenchymal cell rather than HO-1 in the Kupffer cell, appears to play a major role in regulation of microvascular tone. In the perfused liver, administration of HbO2, a CO-trapping reagent that can diffuse across the fenestrated endothelium into the space of Disse, elicited a marked sinusoidal constriction, while administration of a liposome-encapsulated Hb that cannot enter the space had no effect on the microvascular tone. These results suggest that CO evolved by HO-2 in the parenchymal cells, and, released to the extrasinusoidal space, served as the physiological relaxant for hepatic sinusoids.
263 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the decay mode B{sub c} mesons were observed in 1.8 TeV p{ovr p}collisions using the CDF detector at the Fermilab Tevatron.
Abstract: We have observed bottom-charm mesons via the decay mode B{sub c}{sup {+-}}{yields}J/{psi}{ell}{sup {+-}}v in 1.8 TeV p{ovr p}collisions using the CDF detector at the Fermilab Tevatron. A fit of background and signal contributions to the J/{psi}{ell} mass distribution yielded 20.4{sub -5.5}{sup +6.2} events from B{sub c} mesons. A fit to the same distribution with background alone was rejected at the level of 4.8 standard deviations. We measured the B{sub c}{sup +} mass to be 6.40{+-}0.39(stat){+-}0.13(syst) GeV/c{sup 2} and the B{sub c}{sup +} lifetime to be 0.46{sub -0.16}{sup +0.18}(stat){+-}0.03(syst) ps. Our measured yield (production cross section times branching ratio) for B{sub c}{sup +}{yields}J/{psi}{ell}{sup +}v relative to that for B{sup +}{yields}J/{psi} K{sup +} is 0.132{sub -0.037}{sup +0.041}(stat){+-}0.031(syst){sub -0.020}{sup +0.032}(lifetime).
254 citations
TL;DR: In this article, micro-calpain activation at the disrupted lysosomal membrane of postischaemic Cornu Ammonis (CA) neurons in the monkey undergoing a complete 20 min whole brain ischaemia was demonstrated.
Abstract: Although Cornu Ammonis (CA) 1 neurons of the hippocampus are known to be vulnerable to transient ischaemia, the mechanism of ischaemic neuronal death is still unknown, and there are very few strategies to prevent neuronal death at present. In a previous report we demonstrated micro-calpain activation at the disrupted lysosomal membrane of postischaemic CA1 neurons in the monkey undergoing a complete 20 min whole brain ischaemia. Using the same experimental paradigm, we observed that the enzyme activity of the lysosomal protease cathepsin B increased throughout the hippocampus on days 3-5 after the transient ischaemia. Furthermore, by immunocytochemistry cathepsin B showed presence of extralysosomal immunoreactivity with specific localization to the cytoplasm of CA1 neurons and the neuropil of the vulnerable CA1 sector. When a specific inhibitor of cathepsin B, the epoxysuccinyl peptide CA-074 (C18H29N3O6) was intravenously administered immediately after the ischaemic insult, approximately 67% of CA1 neurons were saved from delayed neuronal death on day 5 in eight monkeys undergoing 20 min brain ischaemia: the extent of inhibition was excellent in three of eight and good in five of eight monkeys. The surviving neurons rescued by blockade of lysosomal activity, showed mild central chromatolysis and were associated with the decreased immunoreactivity for cathepsin B. These observations indicate that calpain-induced cathepsin B release is crucial for the development of the ischaemic neuronal death, and that a specific inhibitor of cathepsin B is of potential therapeutic utility in ischaemic injuries to the human CNS.
244 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of surface height roughness on wettability using the sessile drop method with nonwetting paraffin/water systems was analyzed using two kinds of model, a hemispherical close-packed model and a hemiround-rods close packed model, and it was shown that the contact angles, measured from the direction parallel to the rods, resemble the advancing and receding angles of contact angle hysteresis.
216 citations
TL;DR: A remarkably high sensitivity was obtained, with a detection limit of 4.1 x 10(-3) pg/mL, which corresponds to an improvement of about 4-5 orders of magnitude, compared to those of all conventional immunoassays including fluoroimmunoassay, enzyme immunoASSay, and radioimmunOassay.
Abstract: A new chlorosulfonylated tetradentate β-diketone, 4,4‘-bis(1‘‘,1‘‘,1‘‘,2‘‘,2‘‘,3‘‘,3‘‘-heptafluoro-4‘‘,6‘‘-hexanedion-6‘‘-yl)chlorosulfo-o-terphenyl (BHHCT), was synthesized as a chelating label for Eu3+. BHHCT can be covalently bound to proteins under mild conditions and forms a strongly fluorescent chelate with Eu3+. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and streptavidin (SA) were labeled with BHHCH−Eu3+, and the latter was used for time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay of α-fetoprotein (AFP) in human sera. A remarkably high sensitivity was obtained, with a detection limit of 4.1 × 10-3 pg/mL, which corresponds to an improvement of about 4−5 orders of magnitude, compared to those of all conventional immunoassays including fluoroimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassay, and radioimmunoassay. The high sensitivity has been attained both by strong fluorescence of the present label and by the extremely suppressed background level brought about by the direct labeling of proteins with the β-diketone−Eu3+ complex. A general consideratio...
TL;DR: In this article, an extension of the quantum chemical molecular orbital (MO) method to describe the nuclear motion was proposed, by which exponents and centers of gaussian-type function (GTF) basis sets were optimized as well as the linear combination of GTF coefficients.
TL;DR: The thermal imaging technique introduced here should provide new insights into cellular functions by resolving the location, kinetics, and quantity of intracellular heat production.
TL;DR: The results suggest that plant mitochondria originate from the same ancestor as other mitochondria and that most genes were lost from the mitochondrial genome at a fairly early stage of the evolution of the plants.
Abstract: The complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of a very primitive unicellular red alga, Cyanidioschyzon merolae , has been determined The mitochondrial genome of Cmerolae contains 34 genes for proteins including unidentified open reading frames (ORFs) (three subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, apocytochrome b protein, three subunits of F1F0-ATPase, seven subunits of NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase, three subunits of succinate dehydrogenase, four proteins implicated in c-type cytochrome biogenesis, 11 ribosomal subunits and two unidentified open reading frames), three genes for rRNAs and 25 genes for tRNAs The G+C content of this mitochondrial genome is 272% The genes are encoded on both strands The genome size is comparatively small for a plant mitochondrial genome (32 211 bp) The mitochondrial genome resembles those of plants in its gene content because it contains several ribosomal protein genes and ORFs shared by other plant mitochondrial genomes In contrast, it resembles those of animals in the genome organization, because it has very short intergenic regions and no introns The gene set in this mitochondrial genome is a subset of that of Reclinomonas americana , an amoeboid protozoan The results suggest that plant mitochondria originate from the same ancestor as other mitochondria and that most genes were lost from the mitochondrial genome at a fairly early stage of the evolution of the plants
TL;DR: An elegant interplay between bending and binding has been proposed for kinesin and its cousin ncd, and a mechanism that ensures correct choice of a binding site, or proper directional biasing of diffusion is proposed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a review is presented of selected recent topics in electrolytic and electroless gold plating for electronics applications, including developments of non-cyanide electroplating baths for plating soft gold suitable for fabricating microbumps on silicon wafers.
Abstract: A review is presented of selected recent topics in electrolytic and electroless gold plating for electronics applications. The topics covered include developments of non-cyanide electroplating baths for plating soft gold suitable for fabricating microbumps on silicon wafers, electroplating of hard gold and alternative materials with thermally stable electrical contact resistance and wear resistance for use on connectors exposed to elevated temperatures, and neutral, non-cyanide electroless processes for plating pure, soft gold on isolated areas of circuit boards. The development of the new electroless processes has been a subject of great interest and activity, and therefore an extensive survey of the progress in this field is included.
TL;DR: In this paper, an ultradiscrete Burgers equation is derived from a discrete Burgers formulation under a discrete limit and reduced to a diffusion equation through the Cole-Hopf transformation.
Abstract: In this paper, we propose an ultradiscrete Burgers equation of which all the variables are discrete. The equation is derived from a discrete Burgers equation under an ultradiscrete limit and reduces to an ultradiscrete diffusion equation through the Cole-Hopf transformation. Moreover, it becomes a cellular automaton (CA) under appropriate conditions and is identical to rule-184 CA in a specific case. We show shock wave solutions and asymptotic behaviours of the CA exactly via the diffusion equation. Finally, we propose a particle model expressed by the CA and discuss a mean flux of particles.
TL;DR: Work functions of polycrystalline Ag, Au and Al films were measured by the photoelectric method, which were deposited on amorphous quartz as discussed by the authors, and a degree of orientation was determined precisely by X-ray diffraction.
TL;DR: In this paper, the intercalation of two amphiphilic cationic azobenzene derivatives into the interlayer space of montmorillonite has been conducted by the ion exchange reactions between the two derivatives.
Abstract: The intercalation of two amphiphilic cationic azobenzene derivatives into the interlayer space of montmorillonite has been conducted by the ion exchange reactions between sodium montmorillonite andp-(ω-trimethylammoniopentyloxy)-p′-(dodecyloxy)azobenzene bromide or p-(ω-trimethylammoniodecyloxy)-p′-(octyloxy)azobenzene bromide. X-Ray diffraction and elemental analysis results indicated that the dye cations were intercalated into the interlayer space of montmorillonite. The spectral properties as well as the X-ray diffraction results have revealed that the adsorbed azo dye cations form so-called J-like aggregates with mono- and bi-layers in the interlayer space of montmorillonite. The orientation of the chromophore was controlled by host–guest and guest–guest interactions. The intercalated azo dyes exhibit reversible trans–cis photoisomerization by UV and visible light irradiation.
TL;DR: In this paper, several techniques for miniaturization of simple chemical and medical analysis systems are described, including microfluidics applied flow devices, micro flow control devices of active and passive microvalves, mechanical and non-mechanical micropumps and micro flow sensors fabricated by micromachining.
Abstract: Several techniques for miniaturization of simple chemical and medical analysis systems are described. Miniaturization of total analysis systems realizes a small sample volume, a fast response and reduction of reagents. These features are useful in chemical and medical analysis. During the last decade many micro flow control devices, as well as the micro chemical sensors fabricated by three dimensional microfabrication technologies based on photofabrication, termed micromachining, have been developed. Miniaturized total analysis systems (μTAS) have been studied and some prototypes developed. In microfabricated systems, “microfluidics”, which represent the behavior of fluids in small sized channels, are considered and are very important in the design of micro elements used in μTAS. In this chapter microfluidics applied flow devices, micro flow control devices of active and passive microvalves, mechanical and non-mechanical micropumps and micro flow sensors fabricated by micromachining are reviewed.
13 Oct 1998
TL;DR: The authors developed the control algorithm and the simulation program that generates the trajectory of 3-DOF trunk for stable biped walking pattern even if the trajectories of upper and lower limbs are arbitrarily set for locomotion and manipulation respectively.
Abstract: The authors proposed the construction of a bipedal humanoid robot that has a head system with visual sensors, two hand-arm systems, 3-DOF trunk and antagonistic driven joints using the nonlinear spring mechanism, on the basis of WL-13. And we really designed and built it. In addition, as the first step to realize the dynamic cooperative motion of limbs and 3-DOF trunk, the authors developed the control algorithm and the simulation program that generates the trajectory of 3-DOF trunk for stable biped walking pattern even if the trajectories of upper and lower limbs are arbitrarily set for locomotion and manipulation respectively. Using this preset walking pattern with variable muscle tension references correspond to swing phase and stance phase, the authors performed walking experiment of dynamic walking forward and backward dynamic dance with 3-DOF trunk motion and carrying, on a flat level surface (1.28 s/step with a 0.15 m step length). As a result, the efficiency of our walking control algorithm and robot system was proved. In this paper, the mechanism of WABIAN and its control method are introduced.
TL;DR: In this article, a kaolinite-organic intercalation compound containing methanol was proved to be a versatile host for further displacement reaction with alkylamines, which was used as the intermediate.
Abstract: A kaolinite-organic intercalation compound containing methanol was proved to be a versatile host for further displacement reaction with alkylamines. Kaolinite-organic intercalation compounds with polar molecules, such as N-methylformamide (NMF) and formamide, were used as the starting materials. After stirring the kaolinite-NMF intercalation compound with methanol, the basal spacing increased to 1.11 nm. The 13C MAS NMR result of the product indicated that methanol was intercalated into kaolinite by partial displacement with NMF. By use of the methanol-treated kaolinite intercalation compound as the intermediate, alkylamines were intercalated into the interlayer space of kaolinite by displacing with methanol.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present results of a survey of the [C II] 158 μm line emission from the Galactic plane using the Balloon-borne Infrared Carbon Explorer (BICE).
Abstract: We present results of our survey observations of the [C II] 158 μm line emission from the Galactic plane using the Balloon-borne Infrared Carbon Explorer (BICE). Our survey covers a wide area (350° l 25°, |b| 3°) with a spatial resolution of 15'. We employed a new observing method called "fast spectral scanning" to make large-scale observations efficiently. Strong [C II] line emission was detected from almost all areas we observed. In the general Galactic plane, the spatial distribution of the [C II] line emission correlates very well with that of far-infrared continuum emission, but diffuse components are more prominent in the [C II] line emission; the I[C II]/IFIR ratio is ~0.6% for diffuse components but is ~0.2% for compact sources such as active star-forming regions. In the Galactic center region, on the other hand, the distribution of the [C II] line emission is quite different from that of the far-infrared continuum emission, and the I[C II]/IFIR ratio is systematically lower there. The FWHM velocity resolution of our instrument is 175 km s-1, but we determined the central velocity of the line at each observed point very precisely with statistical errors as small as ±6 km s-1. The longitudinal distribution of the central velocity clearly shows the differential rotation pattern of the Galactic disk and also violent velocity fields around the Galactic center.
TL;DR: In this article, a new crystallization method called "Dry Gel Conversion Technique" (DGCT) was used to synthesize Zeolite with BEA structure using tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) as a structure directing agent.
Abstract: Zeolite with BEA structure was prepared using a new crystallization method called ‘Dry Gel Conversion Technique’. This dry gel conversion technique is a convenient method to prepare zeolites and enables one to synthesize zeolite BEA with SiO2/Al2O3 ratios from 30 to infinity using tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) as a structure directing agent. Zeolite BEA with SiO2/Al2O3 ratios from 30 to 730 were rapidly crystallized in 3 and 12 h, respectively. The 27Al NMR spectrum for BEA with SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of 30 confirmed the absence of octahedrally coordinated aluminum. The crystallization rates were higher for BEA with low SiO2/Al2O3 ratios than for those with high SiO2/Al2O3 ratios. BEA crystallized by this method had uniform particles of about 60 nm. Higher Na+ ion concentrations in the gel promoted the formation of high silica BEA. Elimination of occluded TEA cations took place at lower temperatures (around 623 K) in high silica BEA than that in BEA with low SiO2/Al2O3 ratios (around 900 K). This method also allowed to synthesize BEA in the form of self-bonded pellets.
16 May 1998
TL;DR: The authors introduce a life-size biped walking robot having antagonistic driven joints using a nonlinear spring mechanism and a dynamic biped Walking control method using these joints, and proposed a walking control method for dynamic biping walking that uses antagonistic drive joints to vary joint stiffness.
Abstract: The authors introduce a life-size biped walking robot having antagonistic driven joints using a nonlinear spring mechanism and a dynamic biped walking control method using these joints. In the current research concerning a biped walking robot, there is no developed example of a life-size biped walking robot with antagonistically driven joints by which the human musculo-skeletal system is imitated in lower limbs. Humans are considered to walk efficiently using the inertial energy and the potential energy of the lower limbs effectively, walk smoothly with less impact force when a foot lands and cope flexibly with the outside environment. The human joint is driven by two or more muscle groups. Humans can vary the joint stiffness, using nonlinear spring characteristics possessed by the muscles themselves. These functions are indispensable for a humanoid. However, the biped walking robots developed previously have been unable to walk in this way. Therefore, the authors developed a biped walking robot having antagonistic driven joints, and proposed a walking control method for dynamic biped walking that uses antagonistic driven joints to vary joint stiffness. The authors performed walking experiments using the biped walking robot and the control method. As a result, dynamic biped walking varying the joint stiffness using antagonistic driven joints was realized.
TL;DR: The PEND protein is a novel type of DNA binding protein that binds to the membrane as an intrinsic membrane protein and could be a distant homolog of the trans-Golgi network integral membrane proteins.
Abstract: Plastid nucleoids are known to bind to the envelope membrane in developing chloroplasts. Here, plastid DNA is extensively replicated. We previously detected a DNA binding protein in the inner envelope membranes of developing plastids in pea and named it PEND (for plastid envelope DNA binding) protein. In this study, we report on the structure and molecular characterization of a cDNA for the PEND protein. As a result of screening cDNA libraries in λgt11 with one of the target sequences of the PEND protein as a probe, we obtained a clone (PD2) for a novel DNA binding protein consisting of 633 amino acid residues. Analysis of the N-terminal sequence of the purified PEND protein indicated that the transit peptide is just 16 residues long. The PEND protein was detected specifically in the plastid envelope membrane of young unopened leaf buds by immunoblot analysis. The PEND protein consists of a basic region plus zipper region, an unprecedented sextuple repeat region, and a putative membrane-spanning region. The basic region with a zipper region seems to have diverged from that of other plant transcription factors. In addition, the PEND protein could be a distant homolog of the trans -Golgi network integral membrane proteins. The PEND protein is therefore a novel type of DNA binding protein that binds to the membrane as an intrinsic membrane protein.
TL;DR: In this paper, the mechanisms of carbonylation reacceleration were investigated in benzylpalladium and (phenylacetyl) palladium complexes having two PMe3 or PPh3 ligands or a dppe ligand (P2-type complexes).
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01 Jun 1998TL;DR: A real-time beat tracking system that processes audio signals that contain sounds of various instruments, and correctly tracked beats in 40 out of 42 popular songs in which drums maintain the beat.
Abstract: This paper presents the main issues and our solutions to the problem of understanding musical audio signals at the beat level, issues which are common to more general auditory scene analysis. Previous beat tracking systems were not able to work in realistic acoustic environments. We built a real-time beat tracking system that processes audio signals that contain sounds of various instruments. The main features of our solutions are: (1) To handle ambiguous situations, our system manages multiple agents that maintain multiple hypotheses of beats. (2) Our system makes a context-dependent decision by leveraging musical knowledge represented as drum patterns. (3) All processes are performed based on how reliable detected events and hypotheses are, since it is impossible to handle realistic complex signals without mistakes. (4) Frequency-analysis parameters are dynamically adjusted by interaction between low-level and high-level processing. In our experiment using music on commercially distributed compact discs, our system correctly tracked beats in 40 out of 42 popular songs in which drums maintain the beat.