Showing papers by "Washington State University published in 1968"
TL;DR: A review of the ecology of fire in grasslands can be found in this paper, where the authors describe several generalizations such as environmental alterations, effects on species of plants, and effects on vegetation, and associated animals.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the ecology of fire in grasslands. It describes several generalizations such as environmental alterations, effects on species of plants, effects on vegetation, and associated animals. The grassland essentially includes any herb-dominated vegetation, herb dominated layers of savanna or open forests. Lightning is considered a universal natural cause of vegetation fires. A wide variety of other non-anthropeic causes of fire include volcanic eruptions, spontaneous combustion, and the occurrence of sparks when boulders roll down a slope. It is noted that these natural fires have been occurring from the earliest appearance of land vegetation. Their effect is to injure a plant community to a greater or lesser degree, after which the community escapes similar disturbance for sufficient time to allow a restoration of its former structure and composition. Grass fires are characterized by a rather narrow zone of flames advancing across a finely divided and homogeneously dispersed fuel. The fine texture of fuel makes it more sensitive to weather change than is true of woody aerial stems.
496 citations
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126 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an expression for the generating function B k (x ) = ∑ n = 0 ∞ b k ( n ) x n where bk(n) is the number of k-rowed partitions of n whose nonzero parts decrease strictly along each row.
67 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the luminescence lifetimes of a number of complexes of ruthenium(II) containing 2,2′-bipyridine, 1, 10-phenanthroline, and 2, 2′,2″-tripyridine ligands have been measured in an aleoholic glass at 77°K.
64 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, female Ss earned points on a counter for button pressing on a FI 20, 40, 60 and 80 sec. schedule of reinforcement and were uninformed of the reinforcement schedule.
Abstract: 80 female Ss earned points on a counter for button pressing on a FI 20, 40, 60 and 80 sec. schedule of reinforcement. The Ss were uninformed of the reinforcement schedule. The Ss’ final performance and verbalization of the reinforcement contingency were related to initial rate of responding and presence of a shift in rate during training, but unrelated to interval duration.
64 citations
62 citations
TL;DR: Thirty-two female undergraduate students served as subjects, selected on the basis of extreme scores on Sarason's Test Anxiety Scale and Geer's Fear Survey Schedule II, showing a significant decrease in reported test anxiety while the Control Group showed a smaller decrement.
59 citations
TL;DR: Evaluated luteal function during pregnancy in cows 11 to 284 days after estrus, breeding, or pregnancy and partial correlations between content and concentration of progesterone, 20 β -ol, and total progestin in the CL were 0.87.
51 citations
TL;DR: The overt effects of the constant photoperiods and of the stimulated natural photocycle appeared to be exerted principally on the frequency and phasing of the physiological periodicities.
50 citations
TL;DR: Some 20 species of Arthrobotrys Corda have been listed in the literature and 8 have been studied from fresh material and the remainder from literary discussions, resulting in one new species being concluded.
Abstract: Some 20 species of Arthrobotrys Corda have been listed in the literature. In this study, 8 have been studied from fresh material and the remainder from literary discussions. I have concluded that 1...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey of 517 andudiants of collAege, au Liban, au Bresil, en Inde, en Rhodesie and a Hong Kong, who on a demande quel credit ils attribuaient a des sources valorisees, peu valorizees ou majoritaires.
Abstract: Maintien des changements d'opinion en fonction du credit de la source. Etude interculturelle. L'etude a porte sur 517 etudiants de collAege, au Liban, au Bresil, en Inde, en Rhodesie et a Hong Kong, a qui on a demande quel credit ils attribuaient a des sources valorisees, peu valorisees ou majoritaires. Les sources a haut credit produisent des changements d'opinion plus marques que les sources a faible credit ou majoritaires. Apres quatre semaines, cependant, cette difference dispara[icaron]t: le changeraent d'opinion s'affaiblit pour tous les groupes, quelle que soit la source, mais le changement d'opinion attribuable aux sources a fort credit est celui qui s'affaiblit le plus. Aucun effet d'assoupissement (sleeper effect) n'est observe chez les sujets qui ont ete confrontes a l'opinion de sources a faible credit. Le credit accorde a une source semble comporter a la fois des aspects generaux et des aspects specifiques. Dans une certaine mesure, le credit semble ětre un attribut “generalise”: les...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors showed that there is a very critical region in which a small change in water content greatly alters the oxygen-dependent damage, i.e., the response to oxygen dropped by a factor of more than 2·5.
TL;DR: A discussion of surface irrigation has appeared in the literature for many years as mentioned in this paper, and the names of Parker (15), 4 Israelsen (9), and Lewis and Milne (12) are familiar among the early works.
Abstract: Discussions of surface irrigation have appeared in the literature for many years. Familiar among the early works are the names of Parker (15), 4 Israelsen (9), and Lewis and Milne (12). In the last...
TL;DR: The eye enlargement was not related to an increase release rate of thyroidal131I or oxygen consumption, and some lenticular contribution to the myopia was inferred by reason of an increase in size of the lens.
Abstract: Week-old White Leghorn chicks were randomly divided into two light control chambers. One chamber was equipped with clear incandescent light with a maximum intensity of 0.66µW cm−2 mµ−1 and the remaining chamber was equipped with blue light with a maximum intensity of 0.015µW cm−2 mµ−1. Both groups received a daily photoperiod of 14 hours' light and 10 hours' dark. Low intensity blue light caused a definite eye enlargement after 7 weeks of exposure.The eye enlargement was not related to an increase release rate of thyroidal131I or oxygen consumption. Intraocular pressure was no greater in the enlarged eyes than in control eyes.Length of exposure to light and dark cycles caused a daily rhythm in intraocular pressure which was not different in the two light treatments. Associated with the eye enlargement was an exophthalmic condition during the developmental stages, a slight flattening of the cornea, and definite alterations in visual parameters resulting in an axial length myopia. Some lenticular contribution to the myopia was inferred by reason of an increase in size of the lens.
TL;DR: Studies of the growth characteristics for L forms derived from strain 10403 gave the following results: an optimal temperature of 30 C, high electrolyte or sucrose concentration necessary for induction and maintenance, and no requirement for serum.
Abstract: L forms were induced from 15 of 16 strains of Listeria monocytogenes on penicillin gradient plates incubated under aerobic conditions. The culture medium for maintenance of these L forms must contain an electrolyte in a concentration of 1% or sucrose in a concentration of 10%. The electrolytes NaCl, KCl, or MgSO(4) were used in both induction and maintenance media. Induction of L forms occurred more rapidly on media containing KCl. Listeria L forms had the same fermentation reactions as the parent bacterium. The L-form growth in liquid medium was slow, not extensive, and appeared as clumps on the bottom of culture tubes. The morphology of Listeria L forms was similar to that reported for other bacterial L forms. The L forms derived from strain 10403, serotype 1, were stable after two or more passages on penicillin media. They did not revert to the bacterial form after 40 subcultures on penicillin-free media. Some L-form colonies derived from strain 10403 did revert to the bacterial form when transferred directly from induction plates to penicillin-free media. Studies of the growth characteristics for L forms derived from strain 10403 gave the following results: an optimal temperature of 30 C, high electrolyte or sucrose concentration necessary for induction and maintenance, and no requirement for serum.
TL;DR: Analysis of the electrical behavior both in intact mantles and in isolated epithelia indicates that most of the PD develops across the external membranes of epithelial cells on the shell side, and a model based on calcium diffusion across a selectively permeable membrane can explain existent data.
Abstract: Mantles from freshwater clams develop potential differences (PD's) between the two surfaces when they are bathed in vitro with artificial saline solutions The magnitude and polarity of the PD is dependent on [Ca2+] in the solution bathing the mantle's shell surface When the solutions are gassed with 5% CO2 in oxygen, the PD is in the range 25 to 50 mv, shell side positive It decreases if [Ca2+] in the shell solution is elevated The concentration dependence is logarithmic with a slope of about -27 mv per 10-fold change in [Ca2+], slightly less than predicted by the Nernst equation for a membrane acting as a calcium electrode Analysis of the electrical behavior both in intact mantles and in isolated epithelia indicates that most of the PD develops across the external membranes of epithelial cells on the shell side There is no evidence that an active calcium transport system is involved in electrogenesis, and a model based on calcium diffusion across a selectively permeable membrane can explain existent data If CO2 is absent, the mantle PD is very small (2–10 mv), but still sensitive to change in external [Ca2+] It is proposed that CO2 alters intracellular pH, thereby changing the equilibrium between a large store of nonionized calcium and [Ca2+] in the cells A role for carbonic anhydrase in the CO2 effect is suggested by the action of a specific inhibitor of this enzyme The diffusion model predicts that increasing ionized calcium should increase the PD as is actually observed Some implications of this system for the physiology of calcium movement in vivo are discussed
TL;DR: Hydrogenomonas facilis and H. eutropha cultured in fructose medium retained high levels of ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase only when the following conditions were fulfilled: low aeration, FeCl(3) addition to fructose medium, and cell harvest at or prior to mid-exponential phase of growth.
Abstract: Ribulose-1, 5-diphosphate carboxylase synthesis and degradation in hydrogenemonas facilis and hydrogenemonas eutropha, noting effects of aeration, ferric chloride and oxygen tension
TL;DR: Four basic patterns of anatomical structure at the uterotubal junction are described and types are classified based upon the presence or absence of an intramural portion of the oviduct and of isthmal folds or plicae projecting into the lumen of the uterine cornu.
Abstract: Among eight species of mammals in this study (cattle, sheep, pig-tail and rhesus monkeys, rabbit, pig, rat, and dog) four basic patterns of anatomical structure at the uterotubal junction are described. The classification of types is based upon the presence or absence of an intramural portion of the oviduct and of isthmal folds or plicae projecting into the lumen of the uterine cornu.
Histological variations are reported for three tissues: epithelial and connective of the mucosa and smooth muscle of the tunica muscularis. In the epithelium during the estrous cycle the differences recorded include: (a) absence of ciliated cells in the distal end of the oviduct in rat and dog; (b) variations in ciliated and nonciliated cells in (1) cell height, (2) location, shape and stainability of the nucleus, and (3) in amount and stainability of apical cytoplasm; (c) presence of lymphoblast-like cells which appear to migrate through the epithelium from the lamina propria. The connective tissue of the mucosa, as a circular layer and as cores for the mucosal folds, shows variations in thickness and in relative density of cells and fibers of the matrix. Emphasis is given to the presence of an inner longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the tunica muscularis of the distal oviduct in six of the eight species.
TL;DR: Four Miltogramminae and 68 Sarcophaginae are keyed and recorded, of which 7 genera and 33 species are new, 40% have males with a typical female head, and one species is metallic green.
Abstract: Four Miltogramminae and 68 Sarcophaginae are keyed and recorded, of which 7 genera and 33 species are new. Most of the specimens were taken by Carl W., and Marian E. Rettenmeyer, over swarm raids of Eciton and Labidus (army ants), by Malaise trap, or laboratory reared. One species is metallic green; all other Sarcophaginae have (1) body gray or yellow-gray-pollinose, not glaucous-gray; (2) thorax trivittate, the vittae neither greatly broadened nor reduced; (3) antennae black, the arista long plumose, and (4) legs black, the tibial cicatrix moderate to small. Of the new species of Sarcophaginae 40% have males with a typical female head.
New taxa are: Anapunaphyto apicata , Chactoravinia postnoda (Mexico, Panama, Guatemala, Costa Rica), Dexosarcophaga ecitocola, varia, currani, halli, lopesi, malaisei, Duochaeta veniseta, Ectomyia jubilator , Emdenimyia banksi , Helicobia ajax (Panama, El Salvador, Colombia), Metopia astuta, macrocera , Nephochactopteryx aurescens, distincta, hyalina, marianae, maxima, rettenmeyeri, spinosa , Notochaeta bisetosa, frontalis, monochaeta, palpalis, panamensis, vexator , Oxysarcodexia jamesi, Panava inflata , Pessoamyia emblemasoma, Rettenmeyerina serrata Varcophaga varenna (Panama, Brazil), Xarcophaga xon .
TL;DR: Levels as low as 10ng/ml in some cows were associated with maintenance of pregnancy, though all cows which maintained pregnancy 264 days or longer following ovariectomy from 200 to 237 days had abnormal parturition and retained fetal membranes.
TL;DR: A large northwest-trending graben-faulted anticline involving all pre-Pennsylvanian rocks is exposed in the core of the San Juan Mountains near Silverton, Colorado as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A large northwest-trending graben-faulted anticline involving all pre-Pennsylvanian rocks is exposed in the core of the San Juan Mountains near Silverton, Colorado. The feature was formed before Late Cambrian time when younger Precambrian quartzites were extensively down-faulted into juxtaposition with the older Precambrian basement complex. The quartzites emerged topographically high and supplied local talus to Ignacio deposits (Late Cambrian) adjacent to the faults. Ignacio rocks do not cover the fault block, but thicken and become finer-grained away from the feature. As the Late Devonian seas advanced, the McCracken Sandstone Member of the Elbert Formation was deposited along the flanks of the structural feature, but apparently did not cross it. The upper Elbert intertidal dolomites were the first sediments to be deposited across the faulted fold where they lie directly on Precambrian quartzites. Latest Devonian or earliest Mississippian stromatolitic dolomites of the Ouray Formation overlie Elbert strata on the flanks of the old feature, and equivalent normal marine limestones are locally present within the down-faulted block. The Early Mississippian Leadville Formation thins abruptly onto the flanks of the graben-faulted anticline, where the lithologic aspect is one of stromatolitic dolomite formed in an inter-tidal zone. Within the graben, Leadville strata are thin or missing except as remnants in the overlying Molas regolith, suggesting that intense post-Leadville weathering removed those rocks across the regionally high structure. A small horst is present within the large graben where Pennsylvanian sedimentary rocks rest directly on upturned Precambrian quartzites. The graben was again down-faulted at some undetermined post-Desmoinesian time, for Middle Pennsylvanian beds are now in fault contact with Precambrian rocks along the flanking faults. A similar ancient fault block south of Ouray, Colorado, extends northwesterly into the sub-surface of the eastern Paradox basin. This feature parallels the nearby Uncompahgre uplift and may be genetically related to it.
TL;DR: Fifty-six female savanna African elephants were collected in western Uganda from November 1958 to April 1959 and the growth equation for female elephants up to 25 years in age was calculated.
Abstract: Fifty-six female savanna African elephants ( Loxodonta africana africana ) were collected in western Uganda from November 1958 to April 1959. Ages of 32 elephants from which teeth were available were estimated using criteria of molar-usage intervals, degree of molar replacement, and extent of molar wear. Based upon these estimated ages and total body weights, a growth equation for female elephants up to 25 years in age was calculated. The correlation coefficient based upon measurements of 56 specimens between body weight and shoulder height is 0.99, and between body weight and body length is 0.97.
TL;DR: It is found that the advantage of storing hatching eggs in plastic bags was reduced when control eggs were held in egg cases rather than in open filler flats, an indication that air circulation around the eggs can be a possible factor.
TL;DR: Qualitative and quantitative estimation of a proteinaceous chymotrypsin inhibitor in tissues of potato plants has revealed a transitory existence in all tissues except xylem, flowers, and seeds, where the inhibitor was not found.
Abstract: Qualitative and quantitative estimation of a proteinaceous chymotrypsin inhibitor in tissues of potato plants has revealed a transitory existence in all tissues except xylem, flowers, and seeds, where the inhibitor was not found. The distribution pattern in both aerial tissues and in tubers during development and senescence suggests that the concentrations of this protein in all tissues are influenced by meristematic regions of the plants. The transitory existence coinciding with breaking of apical dominance suggests that in the potato plant the protein may have some role in the process of establishing and maintaining meristematic tissue. A search for the protein in other Solanaceae species and in plants from non-related species has proven unsuccessful.
TL;DR: The measure of category clustering proposed by Bousfleld et al. as discussed by the authors was modified to take into account differences in the distribution of the expected value of number of repetitions.
Abstract: The measure of category clustering proposed by Bousfleld & Bousfleld (1966) was modified to take into account differences in the distribution of the expected value of number of repetitions. The possible effects of using the clustering index without this major modification are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a sampling design is presented for increasing the precision of life tables, and methods are given for determining the number of trees required for estimating the mean density when studying populations occupying large areas.
Abstract: Methods are presented for sampling and constructing life tables for Scolytus ventralis LeConte with the objective of comparing the histories of populations inhabiting individual trees. A bark area of 72 sq. in. was an effective sample unit. Within-tree variation was minimized by taking two sample units from two vertical strata at each sampling date. Trees were serially sampled several times during development of the insect.Population tables were constructed for each sampling date and life tables were developed from the complete series of population tables. The precision of the life table estimates varied between 10% and 40% of the mean and generally decreased as population density diminished during development. A sampling design is presented for increasing the precision of life tables, and methods are given for determining the number of trees required for estimating the mean density when studying populations occupying large areas.