Showing papers by "Washington State University published in 1971"

Parental behavior and dimensions of adolescent self-evaluation.

Abstract: The focus of the study is on the relationship between two dimensions of parental behavior: support and control, and the adolescent's self-evaluation. Drawing on sociological theory which stresses the importance of the evaluative behavior of significant others in the development of the individual's selfevaluation, it was hypothesized that both parental support and parental control would be positively related to adolescent self-evaluation. The findings strongly supported the first hypothesis but not the second. Two foci of selfevaluation were identified through factor analysis: Power and Worth, and were found to be relted to support but not control. Both the level of selfevaluation on power and worth and the relationships between the parental and the self variables varied somewhat by social class and by sex of parent and respondent. The findings were interpreted as giving added support to the interactionist proposition, that the self-concept arises through interaction with significant others, by pointing to the behavioral dimension especially salient in this respect, parental support. The study also suggests the importance of focusing on specific contents of self-evaluation, such as power and worth.

Conditioned taste aversions: Two-stimulus tests are more sensitive than one-stimulus tests

Abstract: Weanling and mature rats were presented with saccharin or saline solutions for 1 h on alternate days. Following exposure to saccharin, rats were injected with 0, 21, or 37 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide. Injections had no significant effect on saccharin preference in one-stimulus tests, but had a highly significant effect in two-stimulus tests.

Ultraviolet Light-induced Formation of Pisatin and Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase.

Abstract: The production of pisatin is induced3 in pea tissue by various plant pathogens (4, 8). This de novo synthesis can also be induced by an array of chemicals (9, 19, 22), most of which are known to have an affinity for double stranded DNA. Also, most of the inducers of pisatin or phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL)', EC 4.3.1.5 (a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of pisatin) have the potential to change the conformation of DNA. The induction of both pisatin and PAL is dependent on new RNA and protein synthesis (9, 22). We have proposed (9, 22) that the control of these cellular responses occurs at the gene transcription level and depends on the conformational state of the double stranded DNA (i.e., the DNA becomes more transcribable either by dissociating a repressor component or by assuming a more desirable conformation for transcription). If conformational changes in cellular DNA do, in fact, initiate this response, ultraviolet light which can dimerize thymidine bases and cause lesions in DNA (5, 23) should also influence this response. This paper describes the induced synthesis of pisatin and PAL by ultraviolet light.

The binding of Mg++ ions to polyadenylate, polyuridylate, and their complexes.

Abstract: The binding of Mg ++ to polyadenylate (poly A), Polyuridylate(poly U), and their complexes, poly (A + U) and poly (A + 2U), was studied by means of a technique in which the dye eriochrome black T is used to measure the concentration of free Mg−. The apparent binding constant KX = [MgN]/[Mg++][N], N = site for Mg++ binding (the phosphate group of the nucleotide), was found to decrease rapidly as the extent of binding increased and, at low extents of binding, as the concentration of Na− increased in poly A, poly (A + U), and poly (A + 2U), and somewhat less so in poly U. Kx is generally in the range 104 > KX > 102. The cause of these dependences is apparently, primarily, the displacement of Na+ by Mg++ in poly U and poly (A + U) on the basis of the similarity of extents of displacement measured in this work and those measured potentiometrically. was calculated and was found to approach zero as the concentration of Na+ increased. In poly U, poly (A + U), and poly (A + 2U) at low ΔH′ v.H. > 0, about + 2 kcal/“mole.” In poly A, also at low salt, ΔH′ v.H. ≈ −4 kcal/“mol” for the initial binding of Mg++, and increases to +2 kcal/“mol” at saturation. This enthalpic variation probably accounts for the anticooperativity in the binding of Mg++ not ascribable to the displacement of Na++.

Non-Random Sampling of Individualsin Cross-Cultural Research

Abstract: Although true random samples are necessary for the successful completion of some research projects, studies using non-random samples can also be valuable. Research using non-random samples can be improved, however, and our recommendation is for a more careful description of them, to appear in methodology sections of published research. This practice has three purposes: (1) It will allow other researchers to choose their samples with more precision. (2) Careful description allows others to combine various sets of data into a functional relation. (3) It allows others to evaluate the plausible rival hypotheses that may threaten a study's validity. Suggestions for the content of a sample description are given.

Systematic reinforcement: academic performance of underachieving students

Abstract: The effect of contingent tangible and social reinforcement on academic performance was investigated in an experimental classroom of 25 selected underachieving students. Measures were taken of both teacher and child behavior during a baseline and two experimental treatment periods. During Treatment I, a point system with tangible backup reinforcers was combined with contingent social reinforcers dispensed by the teaching staff to assess the effects on three measures of academic performance (i.e., per cent of time at work, work output per minute, and accuracy). During Treatment II, the contingencies for the tangible reinforcers were terminated while social reinforcement was continued to see if the positive effects of Treatment I on academic performance would persist. The results show that with combined tangible and social reinforcers, students' work time, rate of output per hour, and accuracy in all activities substantially increased. After termination of the tangible reinforcers, the students maintained their high rates of output per hour and accuracy for the remaining period of the study while the total amount of time at work returned to the baseline level.

Specificity of deoxyribonucleic Acid intercalating compounds in the control of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and pisatin levels.

Abstract: Compounds with planar triple ring systems such as acridine orange, 9-amino acridine, 9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine (tacrine), 6,9-diamino-2-ethoxyacridine lactate monohydrate (DE-acridine), 6-chloro-9-(3′-diethylamino-2′-hydroxypropylamino) -2-methoxyacridine·2 HCl (CDM-acridine), quinacrine, 6-chloro-9-(4′-diethylamino-1′-methylbutylamino) -2-methoxy-1,10-diazaanthracene (CDM 1,10-diazaanthracene), thionine, azure A, methylene blue, and pyronine Y when applied to excised pea pods were potent inducers of phenylalanine ammonia lyase or of pisatin, or of both. Compounds with an array of structural variation around the planar three-ring system were tested for their ability to induce these responses in pea tissue. In general, dimethylamino, diethylamino, or amino substitutions at position 2 and 6 or an amino (with or without an aliphatic side chain) substitution at position 9 of the three-ring system augmented induction potential. Methyl green, methylene blue, 2,7-diaminofluorene, nile blue, neutral red, pyrogallol red, ethidium bromide, nogalamycin, quinine, chloroquine, spermine, 8-azaguanine, gliotoxin, chromomycin A3, actinomycin D, and mitomycin C were also potent inducers. The inhibition of phenylalanine ammonia lyase induction by the application of actinomycin D (300 micrograms per milliliter) or 6-methylpurine (1 milligram per milliliter) within 1 hour after inducer application indicated that newly synthesized RNA is necessary for induction. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase induction was also inhibited by cycloheximide (150 micrograms per milliliter).

Pheromone Studies of the Two spotted Spider Mite. 1. Evidence of a Sex Pheromone

Abstract: Male Tetranychus urticae Koch are attracted strongly to quiescent deutonymphs and will remain until emergence of the adult female, when mating occurs. In laboratory bioassays, males were attracted to 1.5 µliters of crude ether extract of quiescent deutonymphs containing 0.01 deutonymphs per ml of solvent. Male attraction varied over the range of concentrations tested. Strongest attraction occurred at 1.0 deutonymph equivalents per ml with decreased attraction at the higher and lower concentrations. Tests were conducted on detached hop leaf discs placed upon moist absorbent cotton. A clump of moistened finely ground polyvinylpyrrolidone powder served as the best of several tested substrates for the crude extract. Male attraction was measured as a percent of responses to treated sites and corrected for occasional visits to untreated check sites. Male response averaged 37.2% (range 0–73.6%) for 1.5 µliters of extract per test site. Further refinement in bioassay procedure s necessary to aid in the identification of the attractant.

Magnetic Properties of Ferrous Chloride Complexes with Two-Dimensional Structures

Abstract: The quadrupole and magnetic interactions in compounds of the type ${(R\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{3})}_{2}\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{Cl}}_{4}$, where $R=\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{3},{\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5},{\mathrm{C}}_{3}{\mathrm{H}}_{7}$, and ${\mathrm{C}}_{6}$${\mathrm{H}}_{5}$C${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ have been studied. The M\"ossbauer spectra obtained at room temperature showed a quadrupole doublet with $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{Q}=2.1\ensuremath{-}2.3$ mm/sec for all four compounds and an isomer shift I. S. =1.2-1.25 mm/sec referred to stainless steel. The electronic ground state is $^{5}B_{2g}$. The liquid-nitrogen-temperature results showed a magnetic hyperfine splitting for all compounds except the benzyl compound. The internal magnetic field varies from 220 KOe in propyl to 240 KOe in methyl with axis of magnetization in the plane of the sheet. Magnetic-susceptibility measurements for methyl, propyl, and benzyl compounds showed the transition temperatures to be 96, 90, and 72\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, respectively. They also indicated that significant amounts of short-range order above the transition temperature are absent, and the compounds are antiferromagnetic. Finally, ESR calculations gave a $g$ in the range of 2.01-2.015 and a value of $J=8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}$ erg.

A general theory of empirical state determination in quantum physics: Part I

Abstract: This paper develops a method for extracting from data the quantum theoretical state representation belonging to any reproducible empirical scheme for preparing a physical system, provided only that at least one observable has its possible values limited to a finite set. In Part I, we formulate a general systematic procedure, based on the concept of irreducible tensor operators, for the selection of sets of observables sufficiently large to permit the unambiguous determination of an unknown quantum state.

Electrical Potential Differences in Cells of Barley Roots and Their Relation to Ion Uptake

Abstract: Single cell electropotentials of barley (Hordeum vulgare L., cv. ;Compana') root cortex were measured at different external concentrations of KCl in the presence of Ca(2+). The roots were low in salt from seedlings grown on 0.5 mm aerated CaSO(4) solution. Thus, the conditions were equivalent to those used to define the dual mechanisms found with radioactive tracer-labeled ion uptake. In 0.5 mm CaSO(4) alone, there is an increase with time of cell negativity from about -65 millivolts 15 minutes after cutting segments to about -185 millivolts in 6 to 8 hours. Two possible hypotheses, not mutually exclusive, are offered to explain this aging effect: that cutting exposes plasmodesmata which are leaky initially but which seal in time, and that some internal factors, e.g., hormones diffusing from the apex, have a regulatory effect on the cell potential, an influence which becomes dissipated in isolated segments and permits the development of a higher potential difference. In any case changes in selective ion transport must be involved. The cell potentials at KCl concentrations above 2.0 mm are more negative than would be expected for a passive diffusion potential. It is suggested that this discrepancy may be due to an electrogenic pump or to a higher K(+) concentration in the cytoplasm than in the remainder of the cell, or perhaps to both. Whether there is a clear relationship between cell potential and mechanisms 1 and 2 of cation transport depends upon whether the cell potentials of freshly cut or of aged tissue represent the values relevant to intact roots.

Phase relations of biotite and stilpnomelane in the greenschist facies

Abstract: Phase relations of biotite and stilpnomelane and associated silicate minerals have been studied in rocks of the greenschist facies, chiefly from Otago, New Zealand and western Vermont, but also from Scotland, Minnesota-Michigan iron range, and northwest Washington. That stilpnomelane in the greenschicht facies crystallizes initially with nearly all iron in the ferrous state is indicated by chemical analyses, high p-T experiments, and phase relationships. Alteration of stilpnomelane after metamorphism not only oxidizes iron but leaches potassium; corrections for both effects must be made in using analyses of brown stilpnomelane in studies of phase relations. Two discontinuous reactions which produce biotite at the biotite isograd have been identified: Stilpnomelane is stable in muscovite-free rocks throughout the biotite zone, and even up to the grade at which hornblende becomes stable. Phengitic muscovite is stable throughout the biotite zone in New Zealand and thus apparently does not contribute to the formation of biotite until a higher grade is reached.

Effect of Metabolic Inhibitors and Temperature on Uptake and Translocation of 45Ca and 42K by Intact Bean Plants

Abstract: The dependence of Ca uptake and translocation by intact roots of Phaseolus vulgaris on concurrent root metabolism was investigated using (45)Ca-labeled Hoagland solutions at one-half and one-twentieth strength (2.5 and 0.25 mM Ca(2+)). Adsorbed and absorbed (45)Ca fractions in the roots were distinguished on the basis of the time course of exchange with the outer solution. Uptake of (42)K, of which the characteristics are better known, was measured for comparison. The absorbed (45)Ca fraction showed a markedly nonlinear increase with time in contrast to the near linear increase in (42)K. Exposure of roots to cyanide, arsenate, 2,4-dinitrophenol, or low temperatures caused only slight reductions in (45)Ca absorption by roots, but significant reductions of (42)K. In all treatments involving inhibitors and low temperatures, the translocation to shoots of both (45)Ca and (42)K was strongly inhibited. The conclusion that much of the absorbed (45)Ca fraction in the root tissue is taken up by processes which are not rate-limited by metabolism is discussed.

The Developing Programs of Integrated Control of Pests of Apples in Washington and Peaches in California

Abstract: On both apples in Washington and peaches in California pest control programs which rely solely on chemicals result in serious problems with tetranychid mites. In both cases some pests are present which have very low economic injury levels and which require use of pesticides to maintain economic control. The common practice of using preventive schedules of pesticide application has resulted in destruction of natural enemies of mites. The use of acaricides for mite control, moreover, has not been entirely satisfactory because of selection for resistance and resurgences of mite populations. (See also Chapter 1, Section III, and other chapters in Section IV.)

Pheromone Studies of the Two spotted Spider Mite. 2. Behavioral Response of Males to Quiescent Deutonymphs

Abstract: Adult male Tetranychus urticae Koch were attracted to quiescent female deutonymphs with the onset of quiescence. The consistency of male attraction varied from 40–85% during the early part of the period and gradually increased to 80–100% prior to adult emergence. Average duration of the quiescent period was 40.4 hours at 24°C and 23.4 hours at 30°C. Occasional males were found that did not respond consistently to quiescent deutonymphs. The cause was not determined. Male attraction was greater at 30°C and 20–30% relative humidity than at 30°C and 90–95% relative humidity. Trials at 24°C and 20–30% relative humidity were intermediate. It was concluded that tests for bioassay of T. urlicae female sex pheromone could be conducted at 30°C and 20–30% relative humidity but should include sufficient replications to measure erratic male behavior.

Stimulation of heterotrophic and autotrophic growth of Sphaerotilus discophorus by manganous ions.

Abstract: Growth ofS. discophorus in a casamino acids-mineral salts medium was stimulated 3-fold on addition of 0.05% MnSO4·H2O to the medium. Growth was measured by determinations of total nitrogen, protein and DNA on the washed cellular material. Autotrophic growth ofS. discophorus strain 43-R was obtained in an inorganic mineral salts medium supplemented with trace amounts of the essential vitamins, thiamin, biotin and cyanocobalamin and with Mn++ as the sole available source of energy. A gas mixture of 5% CO2-95% air was bubbled continuously through the cultures during incubation. Concomitant with growth, Mn++ disappeared from the cultures and MnO2 was formed.