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Showing papers by "Washington State University published in 1972"


Journal ArticleDOI
18 Feb 1972-Science
TL;DR: The transport of a factor out of damaged leaves takes place rapidly after the wound is inflicted and the levels of proteinase inhibitor, in both damaged and adjacent leaves, rises strikingly within a few hours.
Abstract: Wounding of the leaves of potato or tomato plants by adult Colorado potato beetles, or their larvae, induces a rapid accumulation of a proteinase inhibitor throughout the plants' tissues that are exposed to air. This effect of insect damage can be simulated by mechanically wounding the leaves. The transport of a factor out of damaged leaves takes place rapidly after the wound is inflicted and the levels of proteinase inhibitor, in both damaged and adjacent leaves, rises strikingly within a few hours. The rapid accumulation of a powerful inhibitor of major intestinal proteinases of animals in response to wounding of the leaves is probably a defense mechanism.

1,142 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 1972-Nature
TL;DR: In this article, the authors suggest that DMS is the natural sulphur compound which fills the role originally assigned to H2S; that of transferring sulphur from the seas through the air to land surfaces.
Abstract: ALL models of natural processes for the transfer of sulphur on a global scale1–4 require some volatile or gaseous sulphur compound to complete the cycle by providing a vehicle for the transfer of sulphur from the sea through the air to the land surfaces. In the past, this role has been assigned to H2S and an average atmospheric concentration of 2×10−10 by volume satisfied the mass transfer needs of the models. Attempts to detect the presence of these concentrations of H2S have always failed and, more important, the ocean surface waters are much too oxidizing to permit the existence of H2S at concentrations sufficient to sustain an atmospheric equilibrium concentration of 2×10−10 by volume. Many elements form volatile methyl derivatives; Challenger5 reported that many living systems produced dimethyl sulphide (DMS), and that prominent among them were marine algae. Here we suggest that DMS is the natural sulphur compound which fills the role originally assigned to H2S; that of transferring sulphur from the seas through the air to land surfaces.

670 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An inventory of North American forest regions for the frequency of occurrence of these chemicals released by different tree species showed that 15% was the lowest value for a specific forest-type that emitted terpenes to the atmosphere.
Abstract: Plant species release appreciable quantities of volatile organic substances to the atmosphere. The major compounds emitted are monoterpenes (C10) like α-pinene, β-pinene, and limonene and the hemiterpene (C5) isoprene. The rate of emission of isoprene is light dependent and ranges between 0.04 to 2.4 ppb/cm2/min/l for oak, cottonwood, and eucalyptus foliage. The rate of emission of a- and/3-pinene and limonene is dependent on the rate of transpiration, structural integrity of the oil cells and resin glands, and temperature of the foliage. Rates of emission for conifer foliage range from 0.4 to 3.5 ppb/g/min/l. An inventory of North American forest regions for the frequency of occurrence of these chemicals released by different tree species showed that 15% was the lowest value for a specific forest-type that emitted terpenes to the atmosphere. More commonly 100% of the trees of a given forest-type emitted terpenes to the atmosphere. An average of 70% is typical of the United States forested regions as a wh...

254 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1972-Wear
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the effect of impact of relatively large single particles on an aluminum surface and found that the material removal action has the same physical characteristics as multiple impingement erosion of solid surfaces.

226 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The method utilizes the inhibitor's stability to acid at elevated temperatures and its dissociation in 4 m guanidine hydrochloride into subunits (protomers) to produce the pure protein with a 47% recovery and a 40-fold purification.

168 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of bizarreness and interaction of mental images upon learning was investigated. But the results showed that the two variables are either confounded or not effectively manipulated.

154 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
21 Apr 1972-Science
TL;DR: These results demonstrate than an end product of ruminal fermentation of tryptophan can induce acute pulmonary disease in cattle and goats.
Abstract: Microorganisms from rumen converted L-tryptophan and indoleacetic acid to 3-methylindole in vitro. Oral doses of 3-methylindole caused interstitial pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle and goats. Intravenous infusion of this metabolite also induced pulmonary disease in cattle. These results demonstrate than an end product of ruminal fermentation of tryptophan can induce acute pulmonary disease in cattle and goats.

137 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the kinetics of chloride transport by the irrigated trout gill have been studied, and it is suggested that an active step for chloride transport is located on this membrane.
Abstract: 1. The kinetics of chloride transport by the irrigated trout gill have been studied. The transport system is saturable, and the half-saturation value is about 0.25mM. 2. Chloride uptake occurs equally well from solutions of non-penetrating cations and from NaCl solutions. The presence of potassium in the irrigating solution, however, significantly inhibits chloride uptake. 3. The trout gill is permeable to potassium, and there appears to be an active component to potassium influx. 4. Chloride transport is stimulated by injections of NaHCO3 and (NH4)HCO3. The carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, acetazolamide, has no apparent effect on chloride influx, and it is suggested that if a Cl-/HCO3- exchange exists in the trout gill, sufficient HCO3- can be supplied by the blood. 5. The mean intracellular potential (relative to the irrigating solution) of five gill filament cells was -32 mV. This indicates the presence of an energy barrier to chloride uptake at the outer membrane of the epithelium, and therefore it is postulated that an active step for chloride transport is located on this membrane.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The indirect effect in path analysis has been defined as equal to the difference between the correlation coefficient and the path coefficient as mentioned in this paper, which has led to ambiguous and inconsistent interpretation of the indirect effect.
Abstract: The indirect effect in path analysis has been defined as equal to the difference between the correlation coefficient and the path coefficient. This definition has led to ambiguous and inconsistent ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicated that both SC and EC produced weight losses in overweight women, but only the losses effected by EC were large enough to be of practical value.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Rats showed retrogarde amnesia when electroconvulsive shock was administered 24 h after a fear conditioning trial when the shock was preceded by some of the specific conditioning cues but not others, suggesting that ECS can act to produce retrograde amnesia by means other than disrupting memory consolidation.
Abstract: Rats showed retrogarde amnesia when electroconvulsive shock was administered 24 h after a fear conditioning trial when the shock was preceded by some of the specific conditioning cues but not others. This result replicates the findings of Misanin, Miller, & Lewis (1968) and suggests that ECS can act to produce retrograde amnesia by means other than disrupting memory consolidation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article found that pronounced words are better recognized than unpronounced words in a mixed-list task in which half of the items are pronounced at the time of study and half are not.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: M. vertebralis and perhaps other large calcareous foraminifers which are hosts to similar zooxanthellae-dinoflagellates may have an important ecologic relationship to hermatypic corals in serving as an alternate host in the life cycle of this symbiotic group.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS. Marginopora vertebralis Quoy and Gaimard is a large calcareous Foraminiferida adapted to euphotic sedimentary basins associated with tropical reefs. This and other species of foraminiferids commonly are abundant and loosely bind substrate sediments with their pseudopods to reduce erosion by waves and currents. Three stages of shell construction, embryonic, laminate and reproduction chamber stages, characterize major changes in the growth of individuals. A flexostyle in the embryonic apparatus and reproductive chambers that are well developed are reported for the 1st time in this species and genus. Reproduction in M. vertebralis is primarily asexual and reproductive activity is greatest during the late spring on the Great Barrier Reef. Reproductive maturity requires a year and commonly longer. M. vertebralis is host to at least one species and perhaps several species of zooxanthellae-dinoflagellates of which the most common is Gymnodinium rotundatum in its motile form. These zooxanthellae are abundant in the protoplasm of M. vertebralis, give the living foraminifer a distinctive yellow-brownish green color, and apparently are symbiotic. M. vertebralis and perhaps other large calcareous foraminifers which are hosts to similar zooxanthellae-dinoflagellates may have an important ecologic relationship to hermatypic corals in serving as an alternate host in the life cycle of this symbiotic group. Such a symbiotic and alternate-host relationship may explain the similar geographic distributions of large calcareous foraminifers and reef-building hermatypic corals.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The alkali metal-activated ATPase activity was greater in the gills of salt water fish than those adapted to fresh water, whereas the salt water enzyme showed a distinct optimum at pH 7.1.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: 6-phospho-D-gluconate appears to correlate with molecular size, i.

Journal ArticleDOI
03 Mar 1972-Science
TL;DR: The distribution of H-2 isoantigens on the plasma membrane of lymphocytes and thymocytes was studied with ferritin-conjugated alloantibody to study the impact of indirect labeling techniques on the antigenic structure.
Abstract: The distribution of H-2 isoantigens on the plasma membrane of lymphocytes and thymocytes was studied with ferritin-conjugated alloantibody. The spatial arrangement of the membrane components which possess H-2 isoantigens is markedly altered by the attachment of a second antibody, directed toward mouse gamma globulin or ferritin; the second anitibody appears to cause the aggregation of the sensitized H-2 antigens into discrete zones on the cell membrane. Other membrane antigens may be equally affected by indirect labeling techniques and, thus, topographic analysis of the antigenic structure should be done with antibody that is directly conjugated.

Journal ArticleDOI
04 Aug 1972-Science
TL;DR: The comments of the Commissioners as published show a deep schism within the Commission on the validity of the actions taken on this Declaration, and it is unfortunate that Mayr and his colleagues have not made this schism clear in their statement because it will be read and acted upon by many who have no access to the Declaration itself.
Abstract: publication. Several of the Commissioners objected to the inclusion of this vote with the Declaration because they did not consider it official, and this presumably forms the basis for the statement in Mayr et al. (1) concerning the vote. However, the issue was submitted a second time to the Commission, asking if they approved the publication of the vote, and the ballot on this question was 17 to 5 in favor. The comments of the Commissioners as published show a deep schism within the Commission on the validity of the actions taken on this Declaration, and we consider it unfortunate that Mayr and his colleagues have not made this schism clear in their statement because it will be read and acted upon by many who have no access to the Declaration itself. If the opinions of the majority of the Commissioners are to be accepted, one cannot accept the minority opinion expressed by Mayr et al. Mayr et al. state, as if 'a fait accompli, that the Commission cannot repeal Art. 23(b). However, in the history following Declaration 43, it is clear that the legal adviser to the Commission, the Secretary, and some Commissioners do believe that the Commission has the authority to delete or suspend parts of the Code, such as Art. 23(b). The important question for the working taxonomist is, if the Commission does have this authority, did they in fact repeal or suspend Art. 23(b). As defined by Art. 78 of the Code, a Declaration is a provisional amendment to the Code. It is to be issued by the Commission in a case that \"involves a situation that is not properly or completely covered by the Code,\" and this Declaration remains in force until the next succeeding Congress ratifies or rejects it. We believe that the Commission did suspend Art. 23(b) until the next International Congress of Zoology this summer and that zoologists who are seeking to preserve well-established names must apply to the Commission to preserve them under the plenary powers. BRUCE B. COLLETTE DANIEL M. COHEN National Marine Fisheries Service, Systematics Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C. 20560 JAMES A. PETERS Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C. 20560

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An inexpensive, easily managed token economy was used in a normal classroom for one academic year, and data were collected for the entire academic performance in spelling, language, handwriting, and math for that year.
Abstract: An inexpensive, easily managed token economy was used in a normal classroom for one academic year, and data were collected for the entire academic performance in spelling, language, handwriting, and math for that year. During a baseline period, assignment completion was variable. The introduction of a token economy with a point exchange every five days increased assignment completion and decreased variability of performance. An application of a token economy that had a point exchange averaging four days was accompanied by an assignment completion rate that approximated 100%. A reinforcement contingency for which quiet behavior rather than for assignment completion was eased quiet behavior was accompanied by a marked diminution of assignment completion. A reintroduction of the token reinforcement for assignment completion system increased assignment completion again.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The intact active center serine of trypsin is therefore not necessary for strong binding with naturally occurringtrypsin inhibitors.

Journal ArticleDOI
03 Jan 1972-Nature
TL;DR: In this paper, anomalously low palaeomagnetic inclinations in radiometrically dated batholithic rocks exposed in the Cascade Range of central Washington were found to suggest that these rocks originated roughly 25° further from the Cretaceous pole than their present location relative to the North American craton suggests.
Abstract: IN a recent study of the distribution of fusulinaceans in western Canada, Monger and Ross1 interpreted their observations in terms of three plate-tectonic models, two of which invoke or might involve large northward translations of portions of the western Cordillera relative to cratonic North America. In this communication we describe anomalously low palaeomagnetic inclinations in radiometrically dated batholithic rocks exposed in the Cascade Range of central Washington. If interpreted in accordance with the usual axial dipole hypothesis of palaeomagnetism2, our results suggest that these rocks originated roughly 25° further from the Cretaceous pole than their present location relative to the North American craton suggests. A simple application of plate tectonics based on existing models1,3,4 can tentatively account for our results. Alternative explanations seem unlikely.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A cytopathic agent was isolated and characterized as an isolate of Marek's disease herpesvirus (MDHV) with low pathogenicity, and referred to as the HN isolate, which did not cause clinical MareK's disease (MD) or death in a highly susceptible line of chickens within 5 weeks after exposure.
Abstract: A cytopathic agent was isolated and characterized as an isolate of Marek's disease herpesvirus (MDHV) with low pathogenicity, and referred to as the HN isolate. This isolate of MDHV did not cause clinical Marek's disease (MD) or death in a highly susceptible line of chickens within 5 weeks after exposure. Gross lesions of limited extent were noted in a few of the inoculated birds. Microscopic nerve lesions in the inoculated and contact-infected birds were invariably minimal, closely resembling C-type MD lesions.

Journal ArticleDOI
02 Jun 1972-Science
TL;DR: A new photoreversible pigment has been isolated from the blue-green alga Tolypothrix tenuis, which bears certain resemblances to phytochrome, except that absorption maxima for the two forms are in the green and red portions of the spectrum instead of the red and far-red.
Abstract: A new photoreversible pigment has been isolated from the blue-green alga Tolypothrix tenuis. This pigment bears certain resemblances to phytochrome, except that absorption maxima for the two forms are in the green and red portions of the spectrum instead of the red and far-red. The pigment may control diverse differentiative processes in blue-green algae.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Serial changes in hematocrit and plasma calcium and cholesterol in response to progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol are described in female white-crowned sparrows.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used Rokeach's value change procedure to induce self-dissatisfaction in two experimcntal groups, one under anonymous conditions and the other under non-anonymous, face-to-face interaction with the experimenter.
Abstract: An experiment was carried out to determine whether attempts to change values would be less successful under conditions of confrontation with a significant other than under conditions of private self-confrontation. Rokeach's value change procedure was used to induce self-dissatisfaction in two experimcntal groups, one under anonymous conditions and the other under non-anonymous, face-to-face interaction with the experimenter. The rcsults confirm previously reported findings that significant long-term changes in values can be brought about by inducing feelings of self-dissatisfaction about contradictions within one's value-attitude system. The findings also showed that changes in equality and freedom 8 to 9 weeks after the experiment were equally great under both anonymous and non-anonymous conditions compared with a control condition. The results are discussed especially in relation to their practical implications for psychotherapy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Subcellular fractionation indicated that the elongating activity was in the microsomal fraction and micro-Schmidt degradation of the individual acids showed that the synthesis of the very long acids was exclusively by elongation of preformed endogenous chains.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A multicomponent system stimulates male searching behavior for quiescent female deutonymphs and induced relatively linear male travel; and the trend toward linearity continued with time.
Abstract: The behavior of adult male Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae) was influenced by the presence of quiescent female deutonymphs and by female deutonymph web. Male tracks were recorded by long exposure infrared photography. Initial analysis of tracks was made by computing the angular change per millimeter of travel and the use of the coefficient of a straight line. There was a significant correlation between these techniques. The coefficient was therefore used in most analyses. The presence of quiescent female deutonymphs caused the tracks of males to become more linear with time. Males alone showed general convoluted movements during the test period. Female deutonymph web initiated relatively linear male travel, but there was no trend toward linearity with time. Web and quiescent female deutonymphs combined, induced relatively linear male travel; and the trend toward linearity continued with time. A multicomponent system stimulates male searching behavior for quiescent female deutonymphs.